Defining the phenotype of schizophrenia: cognitive dysmetria and its neural mechanisms

Biological Psychiatry - Tập 46 - Trang 908-920 - 1999
Nancy C Andreasen1,2, Peg Nopoulos1,2, Daniel S O’Leary1, Del D Miller1,2, Thomas Wassink1,2, Michael Flaum1,2
1The Mental Health Clinical Research Center, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA (NCA, PN, DSO, DDM, TW, MF)
2Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA (NCA, PN, DDM, TW, MF)

Tài liệu tham khảo

Albee, 1964, Childhood intelligence of future schizophrenics and neighborhood peers, J Psychol, 58, 141, 10.1080/00223980.1964.9916730 Allen, 1997, Attentional activation of the cerebellum independent of motor involvement, Science, 275, 1940, 10.1126/science.275.5308.1940 Andreasen, 1979, Affective flattening and the criteria for schizophrenia, Am J Psychiatry, 136, 944, 10.1176/ajp.136.7.944 Andreasen, 1979, The clinical assessment of thought, language, and communication disorders, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 36, 1325, 10.1001/archpsyc.1979.01780120055007 Andreasen, 1979, The clinical assessment of thought, language, and communication disorders, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 36, 1315, 10.1001/archpsyc.1979.01780120045006 Andreasen, 1982, Negative symptoms in schizophrenia, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 39, 784, 10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290070020005 Andreasen, 1983 Andreasen, 1984 Andreasen, 1985 Andreasen, 1985, Positive vs. negative schizophrenia, Schizophr Bull, 11, 380, 10.1093/schbul/11.3.380 Andreasen, 1986 Andreasen, 1987, The diagnosis of schizophrenia, Schizophr Bull, 13, 9, 10.1093/schbul/13.1.9 Andreasen, 1994, The mechanisms of schizophrenia, Curr Opin Neurobiol, 4, 245, 10.1016/0959-4388(94)90080-9 Andreasen, 1995, Symptoms, signs, and diagnosis of schizophrenia, Lancet, 346, 477, 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91325-4 Andreasen, 1996, Pieces of the schizophrenia puzzle fall into place, Neuron, 16, 697, 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80090-2 Andreasen, 1997, Linking mind and brain in the study of mental illnesses, Science, 275, 1586, 10.1126/science.275.5306.1586 Andreasen, 1997, The role of the thalamus in schizophrenia, Can J Psychiatry, 42, 27, 10.1177/070674379704200104 Andreasen N (1999): A unitary model of schizophrenia: Bleuler’s “fragmented phrene” as schizencephaly. Arch Gen Psychiatry, in press. Andreasen, 1995, Symptoms of schizophrenia, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 52, 341, 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950170015003 Andreasen, 1995, Correlational studies of the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), Psychopathology, 28, 7, 10.1159/000284894 Andreasen, 1994, Thalamic abnormalities in schizophrenia visualized through magnetic resonance image averaging, Science, 266, 294, 10.1126/science.7939669 Andreasen, 1993, Diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia, Schizophr Bull, 19, 199, 10.1093/schbul/19.2.199 Andreasen, 1990, Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in schizophrenia, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 47, 35, 10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810130037006 Andreasen, 1994, Regional brain abnormalities in schizophrenia measured with magnetic resonance imaging, JAMA, 272, 1763, 10.1001/jama.1994.03520220057031 Andreasen, 1994, Characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia, 351 Andreasen, 1991, Positive and negative symptoms, 28 Andreasen, 1997, Diagnosis, methodology and subtypes of schizophrenia, Neuropsychobiology, 35, 61, 10.1159/000119390 Andreasen, 1990, Positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 47, 615, 10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810190015002 Andreasen, 1986, Evaluation of positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia, Psychiatrie & Psychobiologie, I, 108, 10.1017/S0767399X00003199 Andreasen, 1986, Structural abnormalities in the frontal system in schizophrenia, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 43, 136, 10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800020042006 Andreasen, 1994, Positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 90, 51, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb05891.x Andreasen, 1997, Neural substrates of frontal function in schizophrenia, 523 Andreasen, 1996, Neural substrates of facial recognition, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 8, 139, 10.1176/jnp.8.2.139 Andreasen, 1995, I. PET studies of memory, NeuroImage, 2, 284, 10.1006/nimg.1995.1036 Andreasen, 1995, II. PET studies of memory, NeuroImage, 2, 296, 10.1006/nimg.1995.1037 Andreasen, 1995, Remembering the past, Am J Psychiatry, 152, 1576, 10.1176/ajp.152.11.1576 Andreasen, 1996, Schizophrenia and cognitive dysmetria, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 93, 9985, 10.1073/pnas.93.18.9985 Andreasen, 1997, “Hypofrontality” in schizophrenia, Lancet, 349, 1730, 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)08258-X Andreasen, 1997, The cerebellum plays a role in consciously-retrieved episodic memory, Neuroimage, 5, 619 Andreasen, 1982, Negative versus positive schizophrenia, Arch Gen Psych, 39, 789, 10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290070025006 Andreasen, 1998, Cognitive dysmetria as an integrative theory of schizophrenia, Schizophr Bull, 24, 203, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033321 Andreasen, 1992, Hypofrontality in neuroleptic-naive and chronic schizophrenic patients, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 49, 943, 10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820120031006 Andreasen, 1994, The neural mechanisms of mental phenomena Andreasen, 1995, Abnormalities in midline attentional circuitry in schizophrenia, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 5, 37, 10.1016/0924-977X(95)00028-N Armstrong, 1995, The ontogeny of human gyrification, Cereb Cortex, 1, 56, 10.1093/cercor/5.1.56 Armstrong, 1993, Cortical folding and the evolution of the human brain, J Hum Evol, 25, 387, 10.1006/jhev.1993.1057 Arndt, 1991, The distinction of positive and negative symptoms, Br J Psychiatry, 158, 317, 10.1192/bjp.158.3.317 Arndt, 1995, A longitudinal study of symptom dimensions in schizophrenia, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 52, 352, 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950170026004 Arndt, 1996, Tests for comparing images based on randomization and permutatic methods, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 16, 1271, 10.1097/00004647-199611000-00023 Berman, 1988, Physiological dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. IV. Further evidence for regional and behavioral specificity, Arch Gen Psych, 45, 616, 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800310020002 Bilder, 1985, Symptomatic and neuropsychological components of defect states, Schizophr Bull, 11, 409, 10.1093/schbul/11.3.409 Bleuler E, (1950): translated by J. Zinkin. Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias (1911). New York: International Universities Press. Bogerts, 1990, Reduced temporal limbic structure volumes on magnetic resonance images in first episode schizophrenia, Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging, 35, 1, 10.1016/0925-4927(90)90004-P Bogerts, 1990, Post-mortem volume measurements of limbic system and basal ganglia structures in chronic schizophrenics, Schizophr Res, 3, 295, 10.1016/0920-9964(90)90013-W Braff, 1993, Information processing and attention dysfunctions in schizophrenia, Schizophr Bull, 19, 233, 10.1093/schbul/19.2.233 Brodal, 1981 Brown, 1992, Syndromes of chronic schizophrenia and some clinical correlates, Br J Psychiatry, 161, 317, 10.1192/bjp.161.3.317 Buchsbaum, 1990, The frontal lobes, basal ganglia, and temporal lobes as sites for schizophrenia, Schizophr Bull, 16, 379, 10.1093/schbul/16.3.379 Buchsbaum, 1982, Cerebral glucography with positron tomography, Arch Gen Psych, 39, 251, 10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290030001001 Buchsbaum, 1996, PET and MRI of the thalamus in never-medicated patients with schizophrenia, Am J Psychiatry, 153, 191, 10.1176/ajp.153.2.191 Buckner, 1995, Functional anatomical studies of explicit and implicit memory retrieval tasks, J Neurosci, 15, 12, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-01-00012.1995 Carlsson, 1990, Schizophrenia, Schizophr Bull, 16, 425, 10.1093/schbul/16.3.425 Carman, 1995, Computational methods for reconstructing and unfolding the cerebral cortex, Cereb Cortex, 5, 506, 10.1093/cercor/5.6.506 Carpenter, 1995, New diagnostic issues in schizophrenia disorders, Clin Neurosci, 3, 57 Crespo Faccaro, 1999, Recalling word list reveals cognitive dysmetria in schizophrenia patients. A PET study, Am J Psychiatry, 156, 386, 10.1176/ajp.156.3.386 Crow, 1980, Molecular pathology of schizophrenia, Br Med J, 280, 66, 10.1136/bmj.280.6207.66 Crow, 1980, Positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms and the role of dopamine, Br J Psychiatry, 137, 383, 10.1192/S0007125000071919 Crow, 1985, The two syndrome concept, Schizophr Bull, 11, 471, 10.1093/schbul/11.3.471 DeGreef, 1991, Follow-up MRI study in first-episode schizophrenia, Schizophr Res, 5, 204, 10.1016/0920-9964(91)90075-3 DeLisi, 1990, Brain morphology in first episode cases of schizophrenia, Schizophr Res, 3, 20, 10.1016/0920-9964(90)90078-L DeLisi, 1991, Brain morphology in first-episode schizophrenic-like psychotic patients, Biol Psychiatry, 29, 159, 10.1016/0006-3223(91)90044-M DeLisi, 1994, Asymmetries in the superior temporal lobe in male and female first-episode schizophrenic patients, Schizophr Res, 12, 19, 10.1016/0920-9964(94)90080-9 DeLisi, 1997, Schizophrenia as a chronic active brain process, Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging Section, 74 74, 129, 10.1016/S0925-4927(97)00012-7 Done, 1994, Childhood antecedents of schizophrenia and affective illness, Br Med J, 309, 699, 10.1136/bmj.309.6956.699 Fiez, 1992, Impaired non-motor learning and error detection associated with cerebellar damage, Brain, 115, 155, 10.1093/brain/115.1.155 Flashman, 1996, Soft signs and neuropsychological performance in schizophrenia, Am J Psychiatry, 153, 526, 10.1176/ajp.153.4.526 Flaum M, Nopoulos P, Cizadlo T, Ziebell S, Arndt S, Andreasen N (1997): A large MRI follow-up study of ventricular volume in recent onset psychosis. 36th Annual American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. Waikoloa, Hawaii. Flaum, 1995, Symptom dimensions and brain morphology in schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders, J Psychiatr Res, 29, 261, 10.1016/0022-3956(94)00046-T Flaum, 1996, Automated morphologic and functional analysis of neuroanatomic regions of interest on MR imaging data, Neuroimage, 3, S131, 10.1016/S1053-8119(96)80133-9 Frith, 1995, Regional brain activity in chronic schizophrenic patients during performance of a verbal fluency task, Br J Psychiatry, 167, 343, 10.1192/bjp.167.3.343 Glickstein, 1985, Corticopontine projection of the macaque, J Comp Neurol, 235, 343, 10.1002/cne.902350306 Gold S, Arndt S, Nopoulos P, O’Leary DS, Andreasen NC (1999) A longitudinal study of cognitive function in first episode and recent onset schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry, in press. Goldfarb, 1967, Factors in the development of schizophrenic children, 70 Goldman-Rakic, 1988, Changing concepts of cortical connectivity, 177 Gupta, 1995, Premorbid adjustment as a predictor of phenomenological and neurobiological indices in schizophrenia, Schizophr Res, 16, 189, 10.1016/0920-9964(94)00073-H Gur, 1998, A follow-up magnetic resonance imaging study of schizophrenia, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 55, 145, 10.1001/archpsyc.55.2.145 Gur, 1991, Relations among clinical scales in schizophrenia, Am J Psychiatry, 148, 472, 10.1176/ajp.148.4.472 Gur, 1994, Clinical subtypes of schizophrenia, Am J Psychiatry, 151, 343, 10.1176/ajp.151.3.343 Gur, 1993, Neuroimaging in schizophrenia research, Schizophr Bull, 19, 337, 10.1093/schbul/19.2.337 Heath, 1979, Gross pathology of the cerebellum in patients diagnosed and treated as functional psychiatric disorders, J Nerv Ment Dis, 167, 585, 10.1097/00005053-197910000-00001 Hoff AL, Sakuma M, Wieneke M, Horon R, Kushner M, DeLisi LE (1999) A longitudinal neuropsychological follow-up study of patients with first episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry, in press. Jaskiw, 1994, Cerebral ventricular enlargement in schizophreniform disorder does not progress. A seven year follow-up study, Schizophr Res, 14, 23, 10.1016/0920-9964(94)90005-1 Jones, 1997, Cortical development and thalamic pathology in schizophrenia, Schizophr Bull, 23, 483, 10.1093/schbul/23.3.483 Jones, 1994, Child development risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort, Lancet, 344, 1398, 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90569-X Kemali, 1989, Ventricle-to-brain ratio in schizophrenia, Biol Psychiatry, 26, 753, 10.1016/0006-3223(89)90115-7 Kim, 1994, Activation of a cerebellar output nucleus during cognitive processing, Science, 265, 949, 10.1126/science.8052851 Kraepelin, 1919 Kulhara, 1986, Positive and negative subtypes of schizophrenia, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 74, 353, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb06254.x Leiner, 1989, Reappraising the cerebellum, Behav Neurosci, 103, 998, 10.1037/0735-7044.103.5.998 Leiner, 1991, The human cerebro-cerebellar system, Behav Brain Res, 44, 113, 10.1016/S0166-4328(05)80016-6 Leiner, 1995, The underestimated cerebellum, Hum Brain Map, 2, 244, 10.1002/hbm.460020406 Lenzenweger, 1989, Models of positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia, J Abnorm Psychol, 98, 62, 10.1037/0021-843X.98.1.62 Liddle, 1987, The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia. A re-examination of the positive-negative dichotomy, Br J Psychiatry, 151, 145, 10.1192/bjp.151.2.145 Liddle, 1996, Functional imaging-schizophrenia, Br Med Bull, 52, 486, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011562 Liddle, 1991, Schizophrenic syndromes and frontal lobe performance, Br J Psychiatry, 158, 340, 10.1192/bjp.158.3.340 Lieberman, 1992, Qualitative assessment of brain morphology in acute and chronic schizophrenia, Am J Psychiatry, 149, 784, 10.1176/ajp.149.6.784 Lieberman, 1993, Brain morphology, dopamine, and eye-tracking abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 50, 357, 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820170035005 Magnotta, 1999, Quantitative in vivo measurement of gyrification in the human brain, Cereb Cortex, 9, 151, 10.1093/cercor/9.2.151 Marneros, 1991, Long-term investigation in stability of negative/positive distinction, 28 Middleton, 1994, Anatomical evidence for cerebellar and basal ganglia involvement in higher cognitive function, Science, 266, 458, 10.1126/science.7939688 Miller, 1993, Alogia, attentional impairment, and inappropriate affect, Compr Psychiatry, 34, 221, 10.1016/0010-440X(93)90002-L Minas, 1992, Positive and negative symptoms in the psychoses, Schizophr Res, 8, 143, 10.1016/0920-9964(92)90031-Y Moscarelli, 1987, An international perspective on assessment of negative and positive symptoms in schizophrenia, Am J Psychiatry, 144, 1595, 10.1176/ajp.144.12.1595 Murray, 1992, A neurodevelopmental approach to the classification of schizophrenia, Schizophr Bull, 18, 319, 10.1093/schbul/18.2.319 Nair, 1997, Progression of cerebroventricular enlargement and the subtyping of schizophrenia, Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging Section, 74 74, 141, 10.1016/S0925-4927(97)00013-9 Nasrallah, 1986, Cerebral ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 43, 157, 10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800020067008 Nopoulos, 1995, Gray matter heterotopias in schizophrenia, Psychiatr Res Neuroimaging, 61, 11, 10.1016/0925-4927(95)02573-G Nopoulos, 1996, Pattern of brain morphology in patients with schizophrenia and large cavum septi pellucidi, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 8, 147, 10.1176/jnp.8.2.147 Nopoulos, 1995, Brain morphology in first episode schizophrenia, Am J Psychiatry, 152, 1721, 10.1176/ajp.152.12.1721 Pakkenberg, 1990, Pronounced reduction of total neuron number in mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and nucleus accumens in schizophrenics, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 47, 1023, 10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810230039007 Paulsen, 1998, Memory encoding and retrieval of novel faces in patients with schizophrenia, Soc Neurosci, 24, 681 Peralta, 1992, Are there more than two syndromes in schizophrenia, Br J Psychiatry, 161, 335, 10.1192/bjp.161.3.335 Raichle, 1994, Images of the mind, Ann Rev Psychol, 45, 333, 10.1146/annurev.ps.45.020194.002001 Schmahmann, 1991, An emerging concept, Arch Neurol, 48, 1178, 10.1001/archneur.1991.00530230086029 Schmahmann, 1995, Prefrontal cortex projections to the basilar pons, Neurosci Lett, 199, 175, 10.1016/0304-3940(95)12056-A Schuldberg, 1990, Positive and negative symptoms in chronic psychiatric outpatients, Psychol Assess J Consult Clin Psychol, 2, 262 Schultz, 1982, Abnormal scans in young schizophrenics, Psychopharmacol Bull, 18, 163 Schultz, 1983, Ventricular enlargement in teenage patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder, Am J Psychiatry, 140, 1592, 10.1176/ajp.140.12.1592 Shakow, 1936, Studies of motor function in schizophrenia, J Gen Psychol, 15, 63, 10.1080/00221309.1936.9917905 Silbersweig, 1995, A functional neuroanatomy of hallucinations in schizophrenia, Nature, 378, 176, 10.1038/378176a0 Sisodiya, 1997, Disproportion of cerebral surface areas and volumes in cerebral dysgensis MRI-based evidence for connectional abnormalities, Brain, 120, 271, 10.1093/brain/120.2.271 Sisodiya, 1996, The demonstration of gyral abnormalities in patients with cryptogenic partial epilepsy using three-dimensional MRI, Arch Neurol, 53, 28, 10.1001/archneur.1996.00550010038014 Sponheim, 1991, Stability of ventricular size after the onset of psychosis in schizophrenia, Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging, 40, 21, 10.1016/0925-4927(91)90026-M Swayze, 1990, Developmental abnormalities of the corpus callosum in schizophrenia, Arch Neurol, 47, 805, 10.1001/archneur.1990.00530070103018 Swayze, 1997, Magnetic resonance imaging of brain anomalies in fetal alcohol syndrome, Pediatrics, 99, 232, 10.1542/peds.99.2.232 Taylor, 1991, The role of the cerebellum in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol, 4, 251 Van Essen, 1997, A tension-based theory of morphogenesis and compact wiring in the central nervous system, Nature, 385, 313, 10.1038/385313a0 Van Essen, 1997, Structural and functional analyses of human cerebral cortex using surface-based atlas, J Neurosci, 17, 7079, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-18-07079.1997 Vita, 1994, Stability of cerebral appearance of the first psychotic symptoms to the later diagnosis of schizophrenia, Biol Psychiatry, 35, 960, 10.1016/0006-3223(94)91243-2 Walker, 1982, Soft signs of neurological dysfunction in schizophrenia, Biol Psychiatry, 17, 381 Walker, 1990, Prediction of adult-onset schizophrenia from childhood home movies of patients, Am J Psychiatry, 147, 1052, 10.1176/ajp.147.8.1052 Walker, 1994, Neuromotor prescursors of schizophrenia, Schizophr Bull, 20, 441, 10.1093/schbul/20.3.441 Weinberger, 1988, Schizophrenia and the frontal lobe, TINS, 11, 367 Weinberger, 1986, Physiological dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia I, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 43, 114, 10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800020020004 Wiser, 1998, Dysfunctional cortico-cerebellar circuits cause “cognitive dysmetria” in schizophrenia, Neuroreport, 9, 1895, 10.1097/00001756-199806010-00042 Woods, 1998, Is schizophrenia a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder? Toward a unitary pathogenetic mechanism, Am J Psychiatry, 155, 1661, 10.1176/ajp.155.12.1661 Woods, 1991, Brain volume loss in schizophrenia, Schizophr Res, 5, 202, 10.1016/0920-9964(91)90074-2 Zilles, 1989, Gyrification in the cerebral cortex of primates, Brain Behav Evol, 34, 143, 10.1159/000116500