Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: New twists in an old tale

Lewis, 1990, Leukotrienes and other products of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway: biochemistry and relation to pathobiology in human diseases, N. Eng. J. Med., 323, 645, 10.1056/NEJM199009063231006 Tilley, 2001, Mixed messages: modulation of inflammation and immune responses by prostaglandins and thromboxanes, J. Clin. Invest., 108, 15, 10.1172/JCI200113416 Miles, 2002, In vitro effects of eicosanoids derived from different 20-carbon Fatty acids on production of monocyte-derived cytokines in human whole blood cultures, Cytokine, 20, 215, 10.1006/cyto.2002.2007 Levy, 2001, Lipid mediator class switching during acute inflammation: signals in resolution, Nat. Immunol., 2, 612, 10.1038/89759 Vachier, 2002, Endogenous anti-inflammatory mediators from arachidonate in human neutrophils, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 290, 219, 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6155 Serhan, 2003, Reduced inflammation and tissue damage in transgenic rabbits overexpressing 15-lipoxygenase and endogenous anti-inflammatory lipid mediators, J. Immunol., 171, 6856, 10.4049/jimmunol.171.12.6856 Gewirtz, 2002, Lipoxin A4 analogs attenuate induction of intestinal epithelial proinflammatory gene expression and reduce the severity of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis, J. Immunol., 168, 5260, 10.4049/jimmunol.168.10.5260 Lee, 1985, Effects of dietary enrichment with eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on in vitro neutrophil and monocyte leukotriene generation and neutrophil function, N. Eng. J. Med., 312, 1217, 10.1056/NEJM198505093121903 Endres, 1989, The effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the synthesis of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by mononuclear cells, N. Eng. J. Med., 320, 265, 10.1056/NEJM198902023200501 Sperling, 1993, Dietary ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit phosphoinositide formation and chemotaxis in neutrophils, J. Clin. Invest., 91, 651, 10.1172/JCI116245 Gibney, 1993, The effects of short- and long-term supplementation with fish oil on the incorporation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids into cells of the immune system in healthy volunteers, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 47, 255 Caughey, 1996, The effect on human tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β production of diets enriched in n-3 fatty acids from vegetable oil or fish oil, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 63, 116, 10.1093/ajcn/63.1.116 Yaqoob, 2000, Encapsulated fish oil enriched in α-tocopherol alters plasma phospholipid and mononuclear cell fatty acid compositions but not mononuclear cell functions, Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 30, 260, 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2000.00623.x Healy, 2000, The effect of low to moderate amounts of dietary fish oil on neutrophil lipid composition and function, Lipids, 35, 763, 10.1007/s11745-000-0583-1 Rees, 2006, Dose-related effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on innate immune function in healthy humans: a comparison of young and older men, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 83, 331, 10.1093/ajcn/83.2.331 Meydani, 1991, Oral (n-3) fatty acid supplementation suppresses cytokine production and lymphocyte proliferation: comparison between young and older women, J. Nutr., 121, 547, 10.1093/jn/121.4.547 Trebble, 2003, Prostaglandin E2 production and T-cell function after fish-oil supplementation: response to antioxidant co-supplementation, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 78, 376, 10.1093/ajcn/78.3.376 Kelley, 1999, Docosahexaenoic acid ingestion inhibits natural killer cell activity and production of inflammatory mediators in young healthy men, Lipids, 34, 317, 10.1007/s11745-999-0369-5 Von Schacky, 1993, N-3 fatty acids and cysteinyl-leukotriene formation in humans in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 121, 302 Goldman, 1983, Human neutrophil chemotactic and degranulating activities of leukotriene B5 (LTB5) derived from eicosapentaenoic acid, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 117, 282, 10.1016/0006-291X(83)91572-3 Lee, 1984, Characterization and biologic properties of 5,12-dihydroxy derivatives of eicosapentaenoic acid, including leukotriene-B5 and the double lipoxygenase product, J. Biol. Chem., 258, 2383, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)43363-1 Dooper, 2002, The modulatory effects of prostaglandin-E on cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells are independent of the prostaglandin subtype, Immunology, 107, 152, 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2002.01474.x Serhan, 2000, Anti-inflammatory lipid signals generated from dietary n-3 fatty acids via cyclooxygenase-2 and transcellular processing: a novel mechanism for NSAID and n-3 PUFA therapeutic actions, J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 4, 643 Serhan, 2000, Novel functional sets of lipid-derived mediators with antinflammatory actions generated from omega-3 fatty acids via cyclooxygenase 2-nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and transcellular processing, J. Exp. Med., 192, 1197, 10.1084/jem.192.8.1197 Serhan, 2008, Resolving inflammation: dual anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution lipid mediators, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 8, 349, 10.1038/nri2294 Hong, 2003, Novel docosatrienes and 17S-resolvins generated from docosahexaenoic acid in murine brain, human blood and glial cells: autocoids in anti-inflammation, J. Biol. Chem., 278, 14677, 10.1074/jbc.M300218200 Marcheselli, 2003, Novel docosanoids inhibit brain ischemia reperfusion-mediated leukocyte infiltration and pro-inflammatory gene expression, J. Biol. Chem., 278, 43807, 10.1074/jbc.M305841200 Mukherjee, 2004, Neuroprotectin D1: a docosahexaenoic acid-derived docosatriene protects human retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative stress, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 8491, 10.1073/pnas.0402531101 Serhan, 2004, Resolvins, docosatrienes, and neuroprotectins, novel omega-3-derived mediators, and their endogenous aspirin-triggered epimers, Lipids, 39, 1125, 10.1007/s11745-004-1339-7 Serhan, 2005, Novel eicosanoid and docosanoid mediators: resolvins, docosatrienes, and neuroprotrectins, Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care, 8, 115, 10.1097/00075197-200503000-00003 Hudert, 2006, Transgenic mice rich in endogenous omega-3 fatty acids are protected from colitis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 11276, 10.1073/pnas.0601280103 Arita, 2005, Resolvin E1, an endogenous lipid mediator derived from omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid, protects against 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 7621, 10.1073/pnas.0409271102 Babcock, 2002, Modulation of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage tumor necrosis factor-α production by ω-3 fatty acid is associated with differential cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression and is independent of interleukin-10, J. Surg. Res., 107, 135 De Caterina, 1994, The omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoate reduces cytokine-induced expression of proatherogenic and proinflammatory proteins in human endothelial cells, Arterioscler. Thromb., 14, 1829, 10.1161/01.ATV.14.11.1829 Khalfoun, 1997, Docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids inhibit in vitro human endothelial cell production of interleukin-6, Adv. Exp. Biol. Med., 400, 589 Billiar, 1988, Fatty acid uptake and Kupffer Cell function: fish oil alters eicosanoid and monokine production to endotoxin stimulation, Surgery, 104, 343 Renier, 1993, Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent the development of atherosclerotic lesions in mice: modulation of macrophage secretory activities, Arterioscler. Thomb., 13, 1515, 10.1161/01.ATV.13.10.1515 Yaqoob, 1995, Effects of dietary lipid manipulation upon inflammatory mediator production by murine macrophages, Cell. Immunol., 163, 120, 10.1006/cimm.1995.1106 Calder, 2001, N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation and immunity: pouring oil on troubled waters or another fishy tale?, Nutr. Res., 21, 309, 10.1016/S0271-5317(00)00287-6 Calder, 2006, N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 83, 1505S, 10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1505S Chandrasekar, 1994, Decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased antioxidant enzyme gene expression by ω-3 lipids in murine lupus nephritis, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 200, 893, 10.1006/bbrc.1994.1534 Robinson, 1996, Dietary marine lipids suppress continuous expression of interleukin-1β gene expression, Lipids, 31, S23, 10.1007/BF02637046 Kumar, 2004, Nuclear factor-kappaB: its role in health and disease, J. Mol. Med., 82, 434, 10.1007/s00109-004-0555-y Sigal, 2006, Basic science for the clinician 39: NF-kappaB-function, activation, control, and consequences, J. Clin. Rheumatol., 12, 207, 10.1097/01.rhu.0000231385.94784.e4 Perkins, 2007, Integrating cell-signalling pathways with NF-kappaB and IKK function, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 8, 49, 10.1038/nrm2083 Lo, 1999, Fish oil decreases macrophage tumor necrosis factor gene transcription by altering the NF kappa B activity, J. Surg. Res., 82, 216, 10.1006/jsre.1998.5524 Novak, 2003, NF-kappa B inhibition by omega-3 fatty acids modulates LPS-stimulated macrophage TNF-alpha transcription, Am. J. Physiol., 284, L84 Zhao, 2004, Eicosapentaenoic acid prevents LPS-induced TNF-alpha expression by preventing NF-kappaB activation, J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 23, 71, 10.1080/07315724.2004.10719345 Lo, 2000, Fish oil modulates macrophage P44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity induced by lipopolysaccharide, J. Parent. Ent. Nutr., 24, 159, 10.1177/0148607100024003159 Van den Berghe, 2003, A paradigm for gene regulation: inflammation, NF-kappaB and PPAR, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 544, 181, 10.1007/978-1-4419-9072-3_22 Kliewer, 1997, Fatty acids and eicosanoids regulate gene expression through direct interactions with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 4318, 10.1073/pnas.94.9.4318 Forman, 1997, Hypolipidemic drugs, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and eicosanoids are ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and delta, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 4312, 10.1073/pnas.94.9.4312 Göttlicher, 1992, Fatty acids activate a chimera of the clofibric acid-activated receptor and the glucocorticoid receptor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 4653, 10.1073/pnas.89.10.4653