Why girls get married early in Sarawak, Malaysia - an exploratory qualitative study
Tóm tắt
Child marriage, a marriage that involves someone under the age of 18 years, is a long-standing social issue in Sarawak state, Malaysia. The state has taken several measures to improve situations of inequity for women who get married early; however, the practice is still a common part of the tradition and culture. The aim of this study was to explore the factors leading to child marriage in Sarawak state, Malaysia. This was an exploratory qualitative study conducted via semi-structured interviews with twenty-two women who were married when they were younger than 18 years old in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. Participants were recruited through purposive and convenient sampling with the use of data from a reproductive health clinic and recruitment in villages. Thematic analysis was used for data analysis. Four overarching themes were identified: health risk behaviour, family poverty, early marriage as fate, and family disharmony. In-depth understanding of the unique factors leading to child marriage locally will facilitate the introduction of new approaches to interventions to eradicate child marriage in Sarawak state, Malaysia.
Tài liệu tham khảo
UNICEF. Child protection from violence, exploitation and abuse: child marriage 2018. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/protection/57929_58008.html.
Department of Statistics Malaysia. Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics 2010. 2011.
The Commissioner of Law Revision Malaysia. ISLAMIC FAMILY LAW (FEDERAL TERRITORY) ACT 1984 2006. Available from: http://www2.esyariah.gov.my/esyariah/mal/portalv1/enakmen2011/Eng_act_lib.nsf/858a0729306dc24748257651000e16c5/1d314361e2750042482569810025f0fc?OpenDocument.
United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages. 1962. Available from: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/MinimumAgeForMarriage.aspx.
Nour NM. Child marriage: a silent health and human rights issue. Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2009;2(1):51.
Nour NM. Health consequences of child marriage in Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(11):1644.
Raj A. When the mother is a child: the impact of child marriage on the health and human rights of girls. Arch Dis Child. 2010;95(11):931–5. https://adc.bmj.com/content/95/11/931.short.
Alemu B. Early marriage in Ethiopia: causes and health consequences. Exch HIV AIDS Sex Gend. 2008;1:4–6.
Walker J-A. Early marriage in Africa–trends, harmful effects and interventions. Afr J Reprod Health. 2012;16(2):231–40.
Rotter JB. Internal versus external control of reinforcement: a case history of a variable. Am Psychol. 1990;45(4):489.
Fiori KL, Brown EE, Cortina KS, Antonucci TC. Locus of control as a mediator of the relationship between religiosity and life satisfaction: age, race, and gender differences. Ment Health Relig Cult. 2006;9(03):239–63.
Ritchie J, Lewis J, Nicholls CM, Ormston R. Qualitative research practice: a guide for social science students and researchers: sage; 2013.
Maxwell JA. Qualitative research design: an interactive approach: sage publications; 2013.
Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77–101.
Guest G, MacQueen KM, Namey EE. Applied thematic analysis: sage publications; 2011.
Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care. 2007;19(6):349–57.
Berger R. Now I see it, now I don’t: Researcher’s position and reflexivity in qualitative research. Qual Res. 2015;15(2):219–34.
Patton MQ. Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis. Health Serv Res. 1999;34(5 Pt 2):1189.
Liamputtong P. Research methods in health: foundations for evidence-based practice: Oxford University press; 2017.
Kohno A, Dahlui M, Farid NDN, Ali SH, Nakayama T. In-depth examination of issues surrounding the reasons for child marriage in Kelantan, Malaysia: a qualitative study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(9):e027377.
Saim NJ, Dufåker M, Ghazinour M. Teenagers’ experiences of pregnancy and the parents’ and partners’ reactions: a Malaysian perspective. J Fam Violence. 2014;29(4):465–72.
Chowdhury FD. The socio-cultural context of child marriage in a Bangladeshi village. Int J Soc Welf. 2004;13(3):244–53.
Ismail SZ. The Legal Perspective of Khalwat (Close Proximity) as a Shariah Criminal Offence in Malaysia. Pertanika J Soc Sci Humanit. 2016;24(3)905–17. https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/48451145/02_JSSH-0653-2012.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DThe_Legal_Perspective_of_Khalwat_Close_P.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20200226%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20200226T120225Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=2920b185269d18ea5a3e2dd0e7f96048f5fd46f9b51861872cba3e94b690ba45.
Mangeli M, Rayyani M, Cheraghi MA, Tirgari B. Factors that encourage early marriage and motherhood from the perspective of Iranian adolescent mothers: a qualitative study. Middle East J Fam Med. 2017;7(10):67.
Mustapa MC, Ismail KH, Mohamad MS, Ibrahim F. Knowledge on sexuality and reproductive health of Malaysian adolescents–a short review. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2015;211:221–5.
Roudsari RL, Javadnoori M, Hasanpour M, Hazavehei SMM, Taghipour A. Socio-cultural challenges to sexual health education for female adolescents in Iran. Iran J Reprod Med. 2013;11(2):101.
Bennett LR. Zina and the enigma of sex education for Indonesian Muslim youth. Sex Educ. 2007;7(4):371–86.
Bhanji S, Punjani N. Determinants of child (early) marriages among young girls: a public health issue. J Women’s Health Care. 2014;3(3):1–3.
Hidayana IM, Noor IR, Benedicta GD, Prahara H, Zahro FA, Kartikawati SR, et al. Factors Influencing Child Marriage, Teenage Pregnancy and Female Genital Mutilation/Circumcision in Lombok Barat and Sukabumi Districts, Indonesia. 2016.
Hong S-M, Giannakopoulos E. The relationship of satisfaction with life to personality characteristics. J Psychol. 1994;128(5):547–58.
Sabbe A, Oulami H, Hamzali S, Oulami N, Le Hjir FZ, Abdallaoui M, et al. Women’s perspectives on marriage and rights in Morocco: risk factors for forced and early marriage in the Marrakech region. Cult Health Sex. 2015;17(2):135–49.
Keshavarz S, Baharudin R. Parenting style in a collectivist culture of Malaysia. Eur J Soc Sci. 2009;10(1):66–73.
Palermo T, Peterman A. Are female orphans at risk for early marriage, early sexual debut, and teen pregnancy? Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. Stud Fam Plan. 2009;40(2):101–12.
Choon LJ, Hasbullah M, So A, Ling WS. Parental attachment, peer attachment, and delinquency among adolescents in Selangor, Malaysia. Asian Soc Sci. 2013;9(15):214.
Bowker LH, Klein MW. The etiology of female juvenile delinquency and gang membership: a test of psychological and social structural explanations. Adolescence. 1983;18(72):739.
King RD, Massoglia M, MacMillan R. The context of marriage and crime: gender, the propensity to marry, and offending in early adulthood. Criminology. 2007;45(1):33–65.
Laub JH, Nagin DS, Sampson RJ. Trajectories of change in criminal offending: good marriages and the desistance process. Am Sociol Rev. 1998;63(2):225–38. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2657324?seq=1.
Meldrum RM, Liamputtong P, Wollersheim D. Sexual health knowledge and needs: young Muslim women in Melbourne, Australia. Int J Health Serv. 2016;46(1):124–40.
Hatta ZA, Ali I. Poverty reduction policies in Malaysia: trends, strategies and challenges. Asian Cult Hist. 2013;5(2):48.
McNeely C, Shew ML, Beuhring T, Sieving R, Miller BC, Blum RW. Mothers’ influence on the timing of first sex among 14-and 15-year-olds. J Adolesc Health. 2002;31(3):256–65.