14 Antithrombotic treatment of cerebrovascular disease

Acheson, 1969, Controlled trial of dipyridamole in cerebral vascular disease, British Medical Journal, 1, 614, 10.1136/bmj.1.5644.614 Adams, 1974, Cerebral embolism and mitral stenosis: survival with and without anticoagulants, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 37, 378, 10.1136/jnnp.37.4.378 Akbarian, 1968, Thromboembolic complications of prosthetic cardiac valves, Circulation, 37, 826, 10.1161/01.CIR.37.5.826 Altman, 1976, Aspirin and prophylaxis of thromboembolic complications in patients with substitute heart valves, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 72, 127, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)40105-0 1985, Persantine aspirin trial in cerebral ischemia. Part II: Endpoint results, Stroke, 16, 406, 10.1161/01.STR.16.3.406 Askey, 1950, Thromboembolism associated with auricular fibrillation, Journal of the American Medical Association, 144, 97, 10.1001/jama.1950.02920020017005 Baker, 1962, Anticoagulant therapy in cerebral infarction. Report on cooperative study, Neurology, 12, 823, 10.1212/WNL.12.12.823 Baker, 1966, Transient ischemic attacks, Neurology, 16, 841, 10.1212/WNL.16.9.841 Barnett, 1983, Heart in ischemic stroke—a changing emphasis, Neurologic Clinics, 1, 291, 10.1016/S0733-8619(18)31184-8 Barnhorst, 1975, Long-term follow-up of isolated replacement of the aortic or mitral valve with the Starr-Edwards prosthesis, American Journal of Cardiology, 35, 228, 10.1016/0002-9149(75)90006-5 Blakely, 1979, A prospective trial of sulfinpyrazone and survival after thrombotic stroke, Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 42, 382 Bounds, 1981, Mechanisms and timing of deaths from cerebral infarction, Stroke, 12, 474, 10.1161/01.STR.12.4.474 Bousser, 1983, ‘AICLA’ Controlled trial of aspirin and dipyridamole in the secondary prevention of athero-thrombotic cerebral ischemia, Stroke, 14, 5, 10.1161/01.STR.14.1.5 Boysen, 1988, Danish very-low dose aspirin after carotid endarterectomy trial, Stroke, 19, 1211, 10.1161/01.STR.19.10.1211 Breddin, 1980, The German-Austrian Aspirin Trial: a comparison of acetylsalicylic acid, placebo and phenprocoumon in secondary prevention of myocardial infarction, Circulation, 62, V63 Britton, 1985, Progression of stroke after arrival at hospital, Stroke, 16, 629, 10.1161/01.STR.16.4.629 Britton, 1987, High-dose acetylsalicylic acid after cerebral infarction. A Swedish Cooperative Study, Stroke, 18, 325, 10.1161/01.STR.18.2.325 1978, A randomized trial of aspirin and sulfinpyrazone in threatened stroke, New England Journal of Medicine, 299, 53, 10.1056/NEJM197807132990201 Candelise, 1982, A randomized trial of aspirin and sulfinpyrazone in patients with TIA, Stroke, 13, 175, 10.1161/01.STR.13.2.175 Carter, 1961, Anticoagulant treatment in progressive stroke, British Medical Journal, 2, 70, 10.1136/bmj.2.5244.70 1983, Immediate anticoagulation of embolic stroke: a randomized trial, Stroke, 14, 668, 10.1161/01.STR.14.5.668 1984, Immediate anticoagulation of embolic stroke: brain hemorrhage and management options, Stroke, 15, 779, 10.1161/01.STR.15.5.779 Chesebro, 1983, Trial of combined warfarin plus dipyridamole or aspirin therapy in prosthetic heart valve replacement: danger of aspirin compared with dipyridamole, American Journal of Cardiology, 51, 1537, 10.1016/0002-9149(83)90673-2 Cohn, 1984, Early and late risk of aortic valve replacement, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 88, 695, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)35437-6 Cooperative Study, 1965, Long-term anticoagulant therapy after myocardial infarction, Journal of the American Medical Association, 193, 929, 10.1001/jama.1965.03090110067016 Coulshed, 1970, Systemic embolism in mitral valve disease, British Heart Journal, 32, 26, 10.1136/hrt.32.1.26 Dale, 1977, Prevention of arterial thromboembolism with acetylsalicylic acid. A controlled clinical study in patients with aortic ball valves, American Heart Journal, 94, 101, 10.1016/S0002-8703(77)80351-7 Daley, 1981, Systemic arterial embolism in rheumatic heart disease, American Heart Journal, 42, 566, 10.1016/0002-8703(51)90152-4 Dewar, 1983, A study of embolism in mitral valve disease and atrial fibrillation, British Heart Journal, 49, 133, 10.1136/hrt.49.2.133 Dobkin, 1983, Heparin for lacunar stroke in progression, Stroke, 14, 421, 10.1161/01.STR.14.3.421 Drapkin, 1972, Anticoagulant therapy after acute myocardial infarction, Journal of the American Medical Association, 222, 541, 10.1001/jama.222.5.541 Duke, 1983, Clinical trial of low-dose subcutaneous heparin for the prevention of stroke progression: natural history of acute partial stable stroke, 399 Duke, 1986, Intravenous heparin for the prevention of stroke progression in acute partial stable stroke: a randomized controlled trial, Annals of Internal Medicine, 105, 825, 10.7326/0003-4819-105-6-825 Duvoisin, 1967, Factors affecting thromboembolism associated with prosthetic heart valves, Circulation, 35/36, I Dyken, 1973, Differences in the occurrence of carotid transient ischemic attacks associated with antiplatelet aggregation therapy, Stroke, 4, 732, 10.1161/01.STR.4.5.732 1987, The European Stroke Prevention Study (ESPS) principal end-points, Lancet, ii, 1351 Evans, 1972, Effect of drugs that suppress platelet surface interaction on incidence of amaurosis fugax and transient cerebral ischemia, Surgical Forum, 23, 239 Fazekas, 1963, Vertebral-basilar insufficiency, Archives of Neurology, 8, 115, 10.1001/archneur.1963.00460020115010 Fields, 1977, Controlled trial of aspirin in cerebral ischemia, Stroke, 8, 301, 10.1161/01.STR.8.3.301 Fields, 1978, Controlled trial of aspirin in cerebral ischemia. Part II: surgical group, Stroke, 9, 309, 10.1161/01.STR.9.4.309 Fisher, 1958, Use of anticoagulants in cerebral thrombosis, Neurology (Minn), 8, 311, 10.1212/WNL.8.5.311 Fisher, 1982, Lacunar strokes and infarcts: a review, Neurology (NY), 32, 871, 10.1212/WNL.32.8.871 Fleming, 1971, Mitral valve disease, systemic embolism and anticoagulants, Postgraduate Medical Journal, 47, 599, 10.1136/pgmj.47.551.599 Freeman, 1963, Anticoagulants for treatment of atrial fibrillation, Journal of the American Medical Association, 184, 1007, 10.1001/jama.1963.03700260039007 Friedman, 1969, Transient ischemic attacks in a community, Journal of the American Medical Association, 210, 1428, 10.1001/jama.1969.03160340036007 Gautier, 1985, Stroke in progression, Stroke, 16, 729, 10.1161/01.STR.16.4.729 Gent, 1980, A randomized trial of aspirin and sulfinpyrazone in patients with threatened stroke. Results and methodologic issues, Circulation, 62, 97 Gent, 1985, A secondary prevention, randomized trial of suloctidil in patients with a recent history of thromboembolic stroke, Stroke, 16, 416, 10.1161/01.STR.16.3.416 Gent, 1989, The Canadian-American Ticlopidine Study (CATS) in thromboembolic stroke, Lancet, i, 1215, 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)92327-1 Hachinski, 1985, The Acute Stroke, 4 Haley, 1988, Failure of heparin to prevent progression in progressing ischemic infarction, Stroke, 19, 10, 10.1161/01.STR.19.1.10 Harrison, 1971, Effect of aspirin in amaurosis fugax, Lancet, ii, 743, 10.1016/S0140-6736(71)92108-8 Harvald, 1962, Long-term anticoagulant therapy after myocardial infarction, Lancet, ii, 626, 10.1016/S0140-6736(62)92540-0 Hass, 1989, A randomized trial comparing ticlopidine hydrochloride with aspirin for the prevention of stroke in high-risk patients, New England Journal of Medicine, 321, 501, 10.1056/NEJM198908243210804 Hill, 1962, Cerebrovascular disease: trial of long-term anticoagulant therapy, British Medical Journal, 2, 1003, 10.1136/bmj.2.5311.1003 Hinton, 1977, Influence of etiology of atrial fibrillation on incidence of systemic embolism, American Journal of Cardiology, 40, 509, 10.1016/0002-9149(77)90064-9 Hirsh, 1986, Anticoagulant and platelet antiaggregant agents, 925 Johannessen, 1984, Left ventricular thrombosis and cerebrovascular accident in acute myocardial infarction, British Heart Journal, 51, 553, 10.1136/hrt.51.5.553 Johannessen, 1988, Risk factors for embolisation in patients with left ventricular thrombi and acute myocardial infarction, British Heart Journal, 60, 104, 10.1136/hrt.60.2.104 Joint Committee for Stroke Resources, 1977, Cerebral ischemia: the role of thrombosis and of antithrombotic therapy, Stroke, 8, 150, 10.1161/01.STR.8.1.150 Jones, 1976, Treatment profile (clinical course) of acute carotid system cerebral infarction, Stroke, 7, 64, 10.1161/01.STR.7.1.64 Kopf, 1987, Long-term performance of the St Jude Medical valve: low incidence of thromboembolism and hemorrhagic complications with modest doses of warfarin, Circulation, 76, 132 Levine, 1986, Hemorrhagic complications of long-term anticoagulant therapy for ischemic cerebral vascular disease, Stroke, 17, 111, 10.1161/01.STR.17.1.111 Lodder, 1988, Cooperative study on the value of long term anticoagulation in patients with stroke and non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation, British Medical Journal, 296, 1435, 10.1136/bmj.296.6634.1435 Loeliger, 1967, A double-blind trial of long-term anticoagulant treatment after myocardial infarction, Acta Medica Scandinavica, 182, 549, 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1967.tb10881.x Marshall, 1964, The natural history of transient ischemic cerebrovascular attacks, Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 33, 309 Marshall, 1960, Anticoagulant therapy in acute cerebrovascular accidents: a controlled trial, Lancet, i, 995, 10.1016/S0140-6736(60)90885-0 Matias-Guiu, 1987, Low-dose acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) plus dipyridamole versus dipyridamole alone in the prevention of stroke in patients with reversible ischemic attacks, Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 76, 413, 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1987.tb03596.x Medical Research Council, 1964, An assessment of long-term anticoagulant administration after cardiac infarction, British Medical Journal, 2, 837, 10.1136/bmj.2.5413.837 Medical Research Council, 1969, Assessment of short-term anticoagulant administration after cardiac infarction, British Medical Journal, 8, 335 Millikan, 1965, Anticoagulant therapy in cerebrovascular disease, 183 Millikan, 1975, A classification and outline of cerebrovascular disease. II, Stroke, 6, 564, 10.1161/01.STR.6.5.564 Moggio, 1978, Incidence of emboli with cloth-covered Starr-Edwards valve without anticoagulation and with varying forms of anticoagulation, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 75, 296, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)41303-2 Mundall, 1972, Transient monocular blindness and increased platelet aggregability treated with aspirin, Neurology, 22, 280, 10.1212/WNL.22.3.280 Nunez, 1981, Aspirin or coumadin as the drug of choice for valve replacement with porcine bioprosthesis, Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 33, 354, 10.1016/S0003-4975(10)63227-4 Nunez, 1984, Prevention of thromboembolism using aspirin after mitral valve replacement with porcine bioprosthesis, Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 37, 84, 10.1016/S0003-4975(10)60717-5 Oczkowski, 1986, Cardiogenic stroke, Medical Clinics of North America, 35, 5052 Olsson, 1976, Long-term anticoagulant therapy for transient ischemic attacks and minor strokes with minimum residuum, Stroke, 7, 444, 10.1161/01.STR.7.5.444 Pearce, 1965, Long-term anticoagulant therapy in transient cerebral ischemic attacks, Lancet, i, 6, 10.1016/S0140-6736(65)90920-7 Petersen, 1989, Placebo-controlled, randomised trial of warfarin and aspirin for prevention of thromboembolic complications in chronic atrial fibrillation, Lancet, i, 175, 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)91200-2 Roden, 1981, Transient cerebral ischaemic attacks—management and prognosis, Postgraduate Medical Journal, 57, 275, 10.1136/pgmj.57.667.275 Roy, 1986, Usefulness of anticoagulant therapy in the prevention of embolic complications of atrial fibrillation, American Heart Journal, 112, 1039, 10.1016/0002-8703(86)90318-2 Sacco, 1982, Survival and recurrence following stroke: The Framingham Study, Stroke, 13, 290, 10.1161/01.STR.13.3.290 Sackett, 1986, Rules of evidence and clinical recommendations on the use of antithrombotic agents, Chest, 89, 2S, 10.1378/chest.89.2_Supplement.2S Schmidt, 1988, Results of the seven-year prospective study of stroke patients, Stroke, 19, 942, 10.1161/01.STR.19.8.942 Sherman, 1984, Thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation, Archives of Neurology, 41, 708, 10.1001/archneur.1984.04050180030011 Siekert, 1963, Surgical and anticoagulant therapy of occlusive cerebrovascular disease, Annals of Internal Medicine, 58, 637, 10.7326/0003-4819-58-4-637 Silver, 1984, Early mortality following stroke: a prospective review, Stroke, 15, 492, 10.1161/01.STR.15.3.492 1980, A double-blind trial to assess long-term anticoagulant therapy in elderly patients after myocardial infarction, Lancet, ii, 989 Smith, 1989, The Warfarin Reinfarction Study (WARIS). Effects of oral anticoagulation on mortality, recurrent infarction and cerebral vascular attacks in survivors of acute myocardial infarction, Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 62, 1013 Sorensen, 1983, Acetylsalicylic acid in the prevention of stroke in patients with reversible cerebral ischemic attacks. A Danish Cooperative Study, Stroke, 14, 15, 10.1161/01.STR.14.1.15 Sullivan, 1971, Pharmacologic control of thromboembolic complications of cardiac-valve replacement, New England Journal of Medicine, 284, 1391, 10.1056/NEJM197106242842501 Szekely, 1964, Systemic embolism and anticoagulant prophylaxis in rheumatic heart disease, British Medical Journal, 1, 1209, 10.1136/bmj.1.5392.1209 Toole, 1975, Transient ischemic attacks due to atherosclerosis. A prospective study of 160 patients, Archives of Neurology, 32, 5, 10.1001/archneur.1975.00490430027003 Turpie, 1988, Randomised comparison of two intensities of oral anticoagulant therapy after tissue heart valve replacement, Lancet, i, 1242, 10.1016/S0140-6736(88)92070-3 1988, United Kingdom transient ischaemic attack (UK-TIA) aspirin trial: interim results, British Medical Journal, 296, 316, 10.1136/bmj.296.6618.316 Veterans Administration Hospital Investigators, 1973, Anticoagulants in acute myocardial infarction. Results of a cooperative clinical trial, Journal of the American Medical Association, 225, 724, 10.1001/jama.1973.03220340034009 Wells, 1959, Cerebral embolism. The natural history, prognostic signs, and effects of anticoagulation, Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 81, 667, 10.1001/archneurpsyc.1959.02340180001001 Whisnant, 1973, Transient cerebral ischemic attacks in a community. Rochester, Minn. 1955 through 1969, 48, 194 Williams, 1980, Considerations in selection and management of patients undergoing valve replacement with glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine bioprostheses, Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 30, 247, 10.1016/S0003-4975(10)61253-2 Wolf, 1978, Epidemiologic assessment of chronic atrial fibrillation and risk of stroke. The Framingham study, Neurology, 28, 973, 10.1212/WNL.28.10.973 Wolf, 1983, Duration of atrial fibrillation and imminence of stroke: the Framingham study, Stroke, 14, 664, 10.1161/01.STR.14.5.664 Wolf, 1987, Atrial fibrillation: a major contributor to stroke in the elderly. The Framingham study, Archives of Internal Medicine, 147, 1561, 10.1001/archinte.1987.00370090041008