Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America - Tập 109 Số 40 - 2012
Madeline H. Meier1,2, Avshalom Caspi3,1,4,5,6, Antony Ambler7,6, HonaLee Harrington3,8,5, Renate Houts3,8,5, Richard S.E. Keefe3, Kay McDonald7, Aimee L. Ward7, Richie Poulton7, Terrie E. Moffitt3,1,4,5,6
1Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and
2Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and; Duke Transdisciplinary Prevention Research Center, Center for Child and Family Policy,
3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710;
4Duke Transdisciplinary Prevention Research Center, Center for Child and Family Policy,
5Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708;
6Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom; and
7Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710;; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and; Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708;

Tóm tắt

Recent reports show that fewer adolescents believe that regular cannabis use is harmful to health. Concomitantly, adolescents are initiating cannabis use at younger ages, and more adolescents are using cannabis on a daily basis. The purpose of the present study was to test the association between persistent cannabis use and neuropsychological decline and determine whether decline is concentrated among adolescent-onset cannabis users. Participants were members of the Dunedin Study, a prospective study of a birth cohort of 1,037 individuals followed from birth (1972/1973) to age 38 y. Cannabis use was ascertained in interviews at ages 18, 21, 26, 32, and 38 y. Neuropsychological testing was conducted at age 13 y, before initiation of cannabis use, and again at age 38 y, after a pattern of persistent cannabis use had developed. Persistent cannabis use was associated with neuropsychological decline broadly across domains of functioning, even after controlling for years of education. Informants also reported noticing more cognitive problems for persistent cannabis users. Impairment was concentrated among adolescent-onset cannabis users, with more persistent use associated with greater decline. Further, cessation of cannabis use did not fully restore neuropsychological functioning among adolescent-onset cannabis users. Findings are suggestive of a neurotoxic effect of cannabis on the adolescent brain and highlight the importance of prevention and policy efforts targeting adolescents.

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Tập 109 Số 40

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