Levels and distribution of persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in water and sediments of Gomti River (India)—a tributary of the Ganges River
Tóm tắt
This study reports the concentration levels and distribution pattern of the persistent organochlorine pesticide (OCPs) residues in the water and bed-sediments of the Gomti River collected seasonally over a period of 2 years. The water and bed-sediment samples were collected from eight different sites and analyzed for aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, HCB, HCH isomers, DDT isomers/metabolites, endosulfan isomers (α and β), endosulfan sulfate, heptachlor and its metabolites, α-chlordane, γ-chlordane and methoxychlor. In the river water and sediments ΣOCPs residues ranged between 2.16 and 567.49 ng l−1 and 0.92 and 813.59 ng g−1, respectively. The results, further, suggested that source of DDT contamination is from the aged and weathered agricultural soils with signature of recently used DDT in the river catchments. To assess any adverse effect of OCPs contamination on river’s biological component, the threshold effect level (TEL) was used. The results revealed that bed-sediments of the Gomti River are contaminated with lindane, endrin, heptachlor epoxides and DDT, particularly at site-4 and may contribute to sediment toxicity in the freshwater ecosystem of the river.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Barlas, N. E. (1999). Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in aquatic systems and organisms in upper Sakarya Basin, Türkiye. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 62, 278–285.
Barlas, N. E. (2002). Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in water and sediment samples in inner Anatolia in Turkey. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 69, 236–242.
Beg, M. U., Saxena, R. P., Kidwai, R. M., Agarwal, S. N., Siddiqui, F., Sinha, R., et al. (1989). Toxicology map of India, Vol. 1 pesticides p. 351. Lucknow, India: ITRC.
Boonyatumanod, R., Tabucanon, M. S., Siriwong, C., & Prinyatanakun, P. (1997). Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in the Chao Phraya River, Thailand. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 44, 315–325.
Bossi, R., Larsen, B., & Premazzi, G. (1992). Polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and other chlorinated hydrocarbons in bottom sediment cores of Lake Garda (Italy). Science of the Total Environment, 24, 77–93.
Cocco, P., Blair, A., Congia, P., Saba, G., Flore, C., Ecca, M. R., et al. (1997). Proportional mortality of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in worker: A preliminary report. Archives of Environmental Health, 52, 299–303.
Danzo, B. J. (1998). The effects of environmental hormones on reproduction. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 54, 1249–1264.
Davies, D. L., & Bradlow, H. L. (1995). Can environmental estrogen cause breast cancer? Scientific American, 273, 166–172.
Doong, R. A., Sun, Y. C., Liao, P. L., Peng, C. K., & Wu, S. C. (2002). Distribution and fate of organochlorine pesticide residues in sediments from the selected river in Taiwan. Chemosphere, 48, 237–246.
Fellin, P., Barrie, L. A., Dougherty, D., Toom, D., Muir, D., Grift, N., et al. (1996). Air monitoring in the Arctic: Results for selected persistent organic pollutants for 1992. Environmnetal Toxicology and Chemistry, 15, 253–261.
Fung, C. N., Zheng, G. J., Connell, D. W., Zhang, X., Wong, H. L., Giesy, J. P., et al. (2005). Risk posed by organic contaminants in coastal sediments in the Pearl river delta, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50, 1036–1049.
Gaur, V. K., Gupta, S. K., Pandey, S. D., Gopal, K., & Misra, V. (2005). Distribution of heavy metals in sediment and water of River Gomti. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 102, 419–433.
Hellawell, J. M. (1988). Toxic substances in rivers and streams. Environmental Pollution, 50, 61–85.
Hileman, E. (1994) Environmental estrogens linked to reproductive abnormalities, cancer. Chemical and Engineering News, 31 January, pp. 19–23.
Hites, R. K., & Day, H. R. (1992). Unusual persistence of DDT in some western USA soils. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 48, 259–264.
Hung, D. Q., & Thiemann, W. (2002). Contamination by selected chlorinated pesticides in surface waters in Hanoi, Vietnam. Chemosphere, 47, 357–367.
Iwata, H., Tanabe, S., & Tatsukawa, R. (1993). A new view on the divergence of HCH isomer compositions in oceanic air. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 26, 302–305.
Kabbany, S. E., Rashed, M. M., & Zaye, M. A. (2000). Monitoring of the pesticide levels in some water supplies and agricultural land in El-Haram, Giza (A.R.E.). Journal of Hazardous Materials A, 72, 11–21.
Kim, J. H., & Smith, A. (2001). Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in soils from South Korea. Chemosphere, 43, 137–140.
Lakaschus, S., Weber, K., Wania, F., Bruhn, R., & Schrems, O. (2002). The air-sea equilibrium and time trend of hexachlorocyclohexanes in the Atlantic Ocean between the Artic and Antarctica. Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 138–145.
Malik, A., Singh, K. P., Mohan, D., & Patel, D. K. (2004). Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Gomti River system, India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 72, 1211–1218.
Matsumura, F. (1985). Toxicology of insecticides (2nd ed.). New York: Plenum.
McKenize-Smith, K., Tiller, D., & Allen, D. (1994). Organochlorine pesticide residues in water and sediments from the Ovens and King rivers, north-east Victoria, Australia. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 26, 390–483.
Metcaff, R. L. (1997). Pesticides in aquatic environment. In M. A. Q. Khan (Ed.) Pesticides in Environment (p. 127). New York: Plenum.
Nayak, A. K., Raha, R., & Das, A. K. (1995). Organochlorine pesticide residues in middle stream of the Ganga River, India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 54, 68–75.
Perez, R. A., Navarro, S., Barba, A., Marcos, C., Camara, M. A., Salas, F., et al. (2000). Presence of pesticides throughout trophic compartments of the web in the Mar Menor Lagoon (SE Spain). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40, 140–151.
Rajendran, R. B., & Subramanian, A. N. (1999). Chlorinated pesticide residues in surface sediments from the River Kaveri, South India. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, B34, 269–288.
Singh, R. P. (2001). Comparison of organochlorine pesticide levels in soil and groundwater of Agra, India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 67, 126–132.
Singh, K. P., Malik, A., Mohan, D., & Takroo, R. (2005a). Distribution of persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in Gomti River, India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 74, 146–154.
Singh, V. K., Singh, K. P., & Mohan, D. (2005b). Status of heavy metals in water bed sediments of River Gomti—a tributary of the Ganga River, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 105, 43–67.
Singh, K. P., Takroo, R., & Ray, P. K. (1987). Analysis of pesticide residues in water. Manual No. 1. ITRC, Lucknow (India).
Smith, S. L., MacDonald, D. D., Keenleyside, K. A., Ingersoll, C. G., & Field, L. J. (1991). A preliminary evaluation of sediment quality assessment values for freshwater ecosystems. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 22, 624–638.
UNEP (2003). Global report on regionally based assessment of persistent toxic substances. Geneva, Switzerland: UNEP Chemicals.
Walkely, A., & Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the Degthreff method for determining organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 27, 29–38.
Willett, K. L., Ulrich, E. M., & Hites, R. A. (1998). Differential toxicity and environmental fates of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers. Environmental Science and Technology, 32, 2197–2207.
Xu, S., Jiang, X., Dong, Y., Sun, C., Feng, J., Wang, L., et al. (2000). Polychlorinated organic compounds in Yangtse River sediments. Chemosphere, 41, 1897–1903.
Xue, N., Zhang, D., & Xu, X. (2006). Organochlorine pesticide multiresidues in surface sediments from Beijing Guanting reservoir. Water Research, 40, 183–194.
Yamaguchi, N., Gazzard, D., Scholey, G., & Macdonald, D. W. (2003). Concentrations and hazard assessment of PBC, organochlorine pesticide and mercury in fish species from the upper Thames: River pollution and its potential effects on top predators. Chemosphere, 50, 265–273.
Yang, R., Lv, A., Shi, J., & Jiang, G. (2005). The levels and distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sediments from the Haihe River, China. Chemosphere, 61, 347–354.
Zhang, Z., Dai, M., Hong, H., Zhou, J., & Yu, G. (2002b). Dissolved insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in the Pearl river estuary and South china Sea. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 4, 922–928.
Zhang, Z. L., Hong, H. S., Zhou, J. L., Huang, J., & Yu, G. (2003). Fate and assessment of persistent organic pollutants in water and sediment from Minjiang river estuary, Southeast China. Chemosphere, 52, 1423–1430.
Zhang, Z., Hong, H., Zhou, J., Yu, G., Chen, W., & Wang, X. (2002a). Transport and fate of organochlorine pesticides in the River Wuchuan, Southeast China. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 4, 435–441.
Zhou, R., Zhu, L., Yang, K., & Chen, Y. (2006). Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in surface water and sediments from Qiantang River, East China. Journal of Hazardous Materials A, 137, 68–75.