A review of integrated photocatalyst adsorbents for wastewater treatment

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering - Tập 6 - Trang 7411-7425 - 2018
N. Yahya1,2, F. Aziz1,2, N.A. Jamaludin1,2, M. A. Mutalib3, A.F. Ismail1,2, W.N. W. Salleh1,2, J. Jaafar1,2, N. Yusof1,2, N. A. Ludin3
1Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
2Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
3Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Tài liệu tham khảo

Saleh, 2015, Mercury sorption by silica/carbon nanotubes and silica/activated carbon: a comparison study, J. Water Suppl.: Res. Technol. – Aqua, 64, 892, 10.2166/aqua.2015.050 Zucker, 2015, Influence of wastewater particles on ozone degradation of trace organic contaminants, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 301, 10.1021/es504314t Wang, 2015, Research progress of perovskite materials in photocatalysis- and photovoltaics-related energy conversion and environmental treatment, Chem. Soc. Rev., 44, 5371, 10.1039/C5CS00113G Upadhyay, 2014, Role of graphene/metal oxide composites as photocatalysts, adsorbents and disinfectants in water treatment: a review, RSC Adv., 4, 3823, 10.1039/C3RA45013A Qin, 2015, Fabrication and visible-light photocatalytic behavior of perovskite praseodymium ferrite porous nanotubes, J. Power Sources, 285, 178, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.03.096 Jing, 2014, Efficient adsorption/photodegradation of organic pollutants from aqueous systems using Cu2O nanocrystals as a novel integrated photocatalytic adsorbent, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2, 14563, 10.1039/C4TA02459A Saleh, 2016, Nanocomposite of carbon nanotubes/silica nanoparticles and their use for adsorption of Pb (II): from surface properties to sorption mechanism, Desal. Water Treat., 57, 10730, 10.1080/19443994.2015.1036784 Miranda-García, 2010, Degradation study of 15 emerging contaminants at low concentration by immobilized TiO2 in a pilot plant, Catal. Today, 151, 107, 10.1016/j.cattod.2010.02.044 Leong, 2014, TiO2 based photocatalytic membranes: a review, J. Membr. Sci., 472, 167, 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.08.016 Chen, 2016, Electrochemical preparation of uniform CuO/Cu2O heterojunction on beta-cyclodextrin-modified carbon fibers, J. Appl. Electrochem., 46, 379, 10.1007/s10800-016-0926-4 Saleh, 2015, Isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies on Hg (II) adsorption from aqueous solution by silica-multiwall carbon nanotubes, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 22, 16721, 10.1007/s11356-015-4866-z Saleh, 2018, Simultaneous adsorptive desulfurization of diesel fuel over bimetallic nanoparticles loaded on activated carbon, J. Clean. Prod., 172, 2123, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.208 Zhu, 2016, Adsorption of pyridine from aqueous solutions by polymeric adsorbents MN 200 and MN 500. Part 1: adsorption performance and PFG-NMR studies, Chem. Eng. J., 306, 67, 10.1016/j.cej.2016.07.039 Rahman, 2013, Color removal of reactive procion dyes by Clay adsorbents, Proc. Environ. Sci., 17, 270, 10.1016/j.proenv.2013.02.038 Pal, 2016, Mixed titanium, silicon, and aluminum oxide nanostructures as novel adsorbent for removal of rhodamine 6G and methylene blue as cationic dyes from aqueous solution, Chemosphere, 163, 142, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.020 Rossner, 2009, Removal of emerging contaminants of concern by alternative adsorbents, Water Res., 43, 3787, 10.1016/j.watres.2009.06.009 Zhao, 2014, Highly effective antifouling performance of PVDF/graphene oxide composite membrane in membrane bioreactor (MBR) system, Desalination, 340, 59, 10.1016/j.desal.2014.02.022 Ramesha, 2011, Graphene and graphene oxide as effective adsorbents toward anionic and cationic dyes, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 361, 270, 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.05.050 Kyzas, 2014, Graphene oxide and its application as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 89, 196, 10.1002/jctb.4220 Wang, 2011, Preparation of a graphene-based magnetic nanocomposite for the removal of an organic dye from aqueous solution, Chem. Eng. J., 173, 92, 10.1016/j.cej.2011.07.041 Saleh, 2017, Magnetic activated carbon loaded with tungsten oxide nanoparticles for aluminum removal from waters, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 5, 2853, 10.1016/j.jece.2017.05.038 Alansi, 2018, Visible-light responsive BiOBr nanoparticles loaded on reduced graphene oxide for photocatalytic degradation of dye, J. Mol. Liq., 253, 297, 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.01.034 Saleh, 2012, Photo-catalyzed degradation of hazardous dye methyl orange by use of a composite catalyst consisting of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and titanium dioxide, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 371, 101, 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.12.038 Saleh, 2011, Functionalization of tungsten oxide into MWCNT and its application for sunlight-induced degradation of rhodamine B, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 362, 337, 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.06.081 Peng, 2016, Perovskite LaFeO3/montmorillonite nanocomposites: synthesis, interface characteristics and enhanced photocatalytic activity, Sci. Rep., 6, 19723, 10.1038/srep19723 David, 2011, Photodegradation of famotidine by integrated photocatalytic adsorbent (IPCA) and kinetic study, Catal. Lett., 141, 300, 10.1007/s10562-010-0485-y Burns, 1999, Effect of inorganic ions in heterogeneous photocatalysis of TCE, J. Environ. Eng., 125, 77, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:1(77) Fan, 2016, Fabrication of 3D CeVO4/graphene aerogels with efficient visible-light photocatalytic activity, Ceram. Int., 42, 10487, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.03.072 Bahnemann, 1991, Mechanistic studies of water detoxification in illuminated TiO2 suspensions, Sol. Energy Mater., 24, 564, 10.1016/0165-1633(91)90091-X Malengreaux, 2017, Study of the photocatalytic activity of Fe3+, Cr3+, La3+ and Eu3+ single-doped and co-doped TiO2 catalysts produced by aqueous sol-gel processing, J. Alloys Compd., 691, 726, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.08.211 Ohno, 2004, Preparation of S-doped TiO 2 photocatalysts and their photocatalytic activities under visible light, Appl. Catal. A, 265, 115, 10.1016/j.apcata.2004.01.007 Moon, 2001, Preparation and characterization of the Sb-doped TiO2 photocatalysts, J. Mater. Sci., 36, 949, 10.1023/A:1004819706292 Zhu, 2004, Characterization of Fe–TiO 2 photocatalysts synthesized by hydrothermal method and their photocatalytic reactivity for photodegradation of XRG dye diluted in water, J. Mol. Catal. A Chem., 216, 35, 10.1016/j.molcata.2004.01.008 Wei, 2004, Preparation and photocatalysis of TiO2 nanoparticles co-doped with nitrogen and lanthanum, J. Mater. Sci., 39, 1305, 10.1023/B:JMSC.0000013889.63705.f3 Zhou, 2010, Preparation and properties of vanadium-doped TiO2 photocatalysts, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 43, 035301, 10.1088/0022-3727/43/3/035301 Li, 2012, Preparation and photocatalytic property of lanthanum-doped TiO2 nanoparticles Khalid, 2015, Co-doping effect of carbon and yttrium on photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles for methyl orange degradation, J. Ovonic Res., 11, 107 Reynoso-Soto, 2013, Photocatalytic degradation of nitrobenzene using nanocrystalline TiO2 photocatalyst doped with Zn ions, J. Mex. Chem. Soc., 57, 298 Yadav, 2016, Enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity of Cr3+-doped anatase TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized by sol–gel method, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron., 27, 526 Zuas, 2018 Khan, 2013, Preparation of Y-doped TiO 2 by hydrothermal method and investigation of its visible light photocatalytic activity by the degradation of methylene blue, J. Mol. Catal. A Chem., 376, 71, 10.1016/j.molcata.2013.04.009 Sun, 2008, Photocatalytic degradation of Orange G on nitrogen-doped TiO 2 catalysts under visible light and sunlight irradiation, J. Hazard. Mater., 155, 312, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.062 Ohno, 2004, Preparation of S-doped TiO2 photocatalysts and their photocatalytic activities under visible light, Appl. Catal. A, 265, 115, 10.1016/j.apcata.2004.01.007 Brinker, 2013 Zhu, 2006, Hydrothermal doping method for preparation of Cr 3+-TiO 2 photocatalysts with concentration gradient distribution of Cr 3+, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 62, 329, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2005.08.013 Lin, 2013, Effect of C content and calcination temperature on the photocatalytic activity of C-doped TiO 2 catalyst, Sep. Purif. Technol., 116, 114, 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.05.018 Malengreaux, 2017, Study of the photocatalytic activity of Fe 3+, Cr 3+, La 3+ and Eu 3+ single-doped and co-doped TiO 2 catalysts produced by aqueous sol-gel processing, J. Alloys Compd., 691, 726, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.08.211 Song, 2012, Influences of pH value in deposition-precipitation synthesis process on Pt-doped TiO 2 catalysts for photocatalytic oxidation of NO, J. Environ. Sci., 24, 1519, 10.1016/S1001-0742(11)60980-7 Shi, 2012, ABO3-based photocatalysts for water splitting, Prog. Nat. Sci.: Mater. Int., 22, 592, 10.1016/j.pnsc.2012.12.002 Thirumalairajan, 2012, Controlled synthesis of perovskite LaFeO3 microsphere composed of nanoparticles via self-assembly process and their associated photocatalytic activity, Chem. Eng. J., 209, 420, 10.1016/j.cej.2012.08.012 Abd Mutalib, 2018, Progress towards highly stable and lead-free perovskite solar cells, Mater. For. Renew. Sustain. Energy, 7, 7, 10.1007/s40243-018-0113-0 Li, 2016, Visible-light-driven composite La2O3/TiO2 nanotube arrays: synthesis and improved photocatalytic activity, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process., 43, 55, 10.1016/j.mssp.2015.11.021 Mutalib, 2018, Enhancement in photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by LaFeO3-GO integrated photocatalyst-adsorbents under visible light irradiation, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 35, 548, 10.1007/s11814-017-0281-0 Wu, 2011, Synthesis, structures and photocatalytic activities of microcrystalline ABi2Nb2O9 (A=Sr, Ba) powders, J. Solid State Chem., 184, 81, 10.1016/j.jssc.2010.10.033 Basha, 2011, On the adsorption/photodegradation of amoxicillin in aqueous solutions by an integrated photocatalytic adsorbent (IPCA): experimental studies and kinetics analysis, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 10, 1014, 10.1039/c0pp00368a Nguyen-Phan, 2012, Mesoporous titanosilicate/reduced graphene oxide composites: layered structure, high surface-to-volume ratio, doping effect and application in dye removal from water, J. Mater. Chem., 22, 20504, 10.1039/c2jm33309k Rapsomanikis, 2014, Nanocrystalline TiO2 and halloysite clay mineral composite films prepared by sol-gel method: synergistic effect and the case of silver modification to the photocatalytic degradation of basic blue-41 Azo dye in water, Glob. Nest J., 16, 485, 10.30955/gnj.001323 Haque, 2005, Preparation and performance of integrated photocatalyst adsorbent (IPCA) employed to degrade model organic compounds in synthetic wastewater, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem., 169, 21, 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.05.019 Liu, 2015, Novel visible light-induced g-C3N4–Sb2S3/Sb4O5Cl2 composite photocatalysts for efficient degradation of methyl orange, Catal. Commun., 70, 17, 10.1016/j.catcom.2015.07.015 Sun, 2016, Ag/g-C3N4 photocatalysts: microwave-assisted synthesis and enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity, Catal. Commun., 79, 45, 10.1016/j.catcom.2016.03.004 Huang, 2016, Synthesis of AgCl/Bi3O4Cl composite and its photocatalytic activity in RhB degradation under visible light, Catal. Commun., 76, 19, 10.1016/j.catcom.2015.12.018 Ning, 2016, One-pot fabrication of Bi3O4Cl/BiOCl plate-on-plate heterojunction with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 185, 203, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.12.021 Lin, 2006, Photocatalytic activity of a Bi-based oxychloride Bi3O4Cl, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 24629, 10.1021/jp065373m Pourbeyram, 2016, Effective removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions by graphene oxide–zirconium phosphate (GO–Zr-P) nanocomposite, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 55, 5608, 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00728 Yu, 2016, A comparison study of mechanism: Cu2+ adsorption on different adsorbents and their surface-modified adsorbents, J. Chem., 2016, 8, 10.1155/2016/7936258 Saleh, 2017, Silver nanoparticles for detection of methimazole by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Mater. Res. Bull., 91, 173, 10.1016/j.materresbull.2017.03.041 Al-Shalalfeh, 2017, Spherical silver nanoparticles as substrates in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for enhanced characterization of ketoconazole, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 76, 356, 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.081 Tka, 2018, Amines modified fibers obtained from natural Populus tremula and their rapid biosorption of acid blue 25, J. Mol. Liq., 250, 423, 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.12.026 Hassanzadeh-Tabrizi, 2016, Synthesis of ZnO/CuO nanocomposite immobilized on γ-Al2O3 and application for removal of methyl orange, Appl. Surf. Sci., 384, 237, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.04.165 Wu, 2016, Removal of uranium and fluorine from wastewater by double-functional microsphere adsorbent of SA/CMC loaded with calcium and aluminum, Appl. Surf. Sci., 384, 466, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.05.056 Qiu, 2016, Efficient removal of Cr(VI) by magnetically separable CoFe2O4/activated carbon composite, J. Alloys Compd., 678, 179, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.03.304 Ersan, 2016, Adsorption of organic contaminants by graphene nanosheets, carbon nanotubes and granular activated carbons under natural organic matter preloading conditions, Sci. Total Environ., 565, 811, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.224 Hegazi, 2013, Removal of heavy metals from wastewater using agricultural and industrial wastes as adsorbents, HBRC J., 9, 276, 10.1016/j.hbrcj.2013.08.004 Fernandez, 2015, Development and characterization of activated hydrochars from orange peels as potential adsorbents for emerging organic contaminants, Bioresour. Technol., 183, 221, 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.02.035 Liu, 2016, Magnetically separable Ag/AgCl-zero valent iron particles modified zeolite X heterogeneous photocatalysts for tetracycline degradation under visible light, Chem. Eng. J., 302, 475, 10.1016/j.cej.2016.05.083 Macht, 2011, Specific surface area of clay minerals: comparison between atomic force microscopy measurements and bulk-gas (N2) and -liquid (EGME) adsorption methods, Appl. Clay Sci., 53, 20, 10.1016/j.clay.2011.04.006 Fletcher, 2007, Role of surface functional groups in the adsorption kinetics of water vapor on microporous activated carbons, J. Phys. Chem. C, 111, 8349, 10.1021/jp070815v Nasrollahpour, 2016, Photochemical degradation of methylene blue by metal oxide-supported activated carbon photocatalyst, Desal. Water Treat., 57, 8854, 10.1080/19443994.2015.1035675 Vimonses, 2010, An adsorption–photocatalysis hybrid process using multi-functional-nanoporous materials for wastewater reclamation, Water Res., 44, 5385, 10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.033 Chong, 2009, Optimisation of an annular photoreactor process for degradation of Congo Red using a newly synthesized titania impregnated kaolinite nano-photocatalyst, Sep. Purif. Technol., 67, 355, 10.1016/j.seppur.2009.04.001 Zhang, 2009, Photocatalytic TiO2/adsorbent nanocomposites prepared via wet chemical impregnation for wastewater treatment: a review, Appl. Catal. A, 371, 1, 10.1016/j.apcata.2009.09.038 Kanakaraju, 2015, Titanium dioxide/zeolite integrated photocatalytic adsorbents for the degradation of amoxicillin, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 166–167, 45, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.11.001 Gomez, 2015, In situ generated TiO2 over zeolitic supports as reusable photocatalysts for the degradation of dichlorvos, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 162, 167, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.06.047 Jaime-Acuña, 2016, Disperse orange 30 dye degradation by assisted plasmonic photocatalysis using Ag-CdZnSO/zeolitic matrix nanocomposites, Catal. Commun., 75, 103, 10.1016/j.catcom.2015.11.009 Zainudin, 2010, Characteristics of supported nano-TiO2/ZSM-5/silica gel (SNTZS): photocatalytic degradation of phenol, J. Hazard. Mater., 174, 299, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.051 Khatamian, 2010, Preparation and photo-catalytic activity of nano-TiO2–ZSM-5 composite, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process., 13, 156, 10.1016/j.mssp.2010.10.002 Ökte, 2009, Characteristics of lanthanum loaded TiO2-ZSM-5 photocatalysts: decolorization and degradation processes of methyl orange, Appl. Catal. A, 354, 132, 10.1016/j.apcata.2008.11.022 Neren Ökte, 2008, Photodecolorization of methyl orange by yttrium incorporated TiO2 supported ZSM-5, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 85, 92, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2008.07.025 Zhao, 2014, Advantages of TiO2/5A composite catalyst for photocatalytic degradation of antibiotic oxytetracycline in aqueous solution: comparison between TiO2 and TiO2/5A composite system, Chem. Eng. J., 248, 280, 10.1016/j.cej.2014.03.050 Chen, 2016, Preparation and characterization of nitrogen-doped TiO2/diatomite integrated photocatalytic pellet for the adsorption-degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride using visible light, Chem. Eng. J., 302, 682, 10.1016/j.cej.2016.05.108 Zhang, 2016, TiO2 nanotube-carbon macroscopic monoliths with multimodal porosity as efficient recyclable photocatalytic adsorbents for water purification, Mater. Chem. Phys., 173, 452, 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2016.02.037 Akkari, 2016, ZnO/clay nanoarchitectures: synthesis, characterization and evaluation as photocatalysts, Appl. Clay Sci., 131, 131, 10.1016/j.clay.2015.12.013 Vadivel, 2014, Graphene oxide–BiOBr composite material as highly efficient photocatalyst for degradation of methylene blue and rhodamine-B dyes, J. Water Process Eng., 1, 17, 10.1016/j.jwpe.2014.02.003 Bera, 2016, Hierarchically structured ZnO-graphene hollow microspheres towards effective reusable adsorbent for organic pollutant via photodegradation process, J. Alloys Compd., 669, 177, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.02.007 Basha, 2010, Studies on the adsorption and kinetics of photodegradation of pharmaceutical compound, indomethacin using novel photocatalytic adsorbents (IPCAs), Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 49, 11302, 10.1021/ie101304a McEvoy, 2016, Synthesis and characterization of Ag/AgBr-activated carbon composites for visible light induced photocatalytic detoxification and disinfection, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem., 321, 161, 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.02.004 Kamal, 2015, Adsorption and photocatalyst assisted dye removal and bactericidal performance of ZnO/chitosan coating layer, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 81, 584, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.060 Wang, 2011, Photodegradation of methyl orange by photocatalyst of CNTs/P-TiO2 under UV and visible-light irradiation, J. Hazard. Mater., 185, 77, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.125 Ahmad, 2013, Graphene–Ag/ZnO nanocomposites as high performance photocatalysts under visible light irradiation, J. Alloys Compd., 577, 717, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.06.137 Nakajima, 2005, Combined use of photocatalyst and adsorbent for the removal of inorganic arsenic(III) and organoarsenic compounds from aqueous media, J. Hazard. Mater., 120, 75, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.11.030 Zhang, 2016, Separation free C3N4/SiO2 hybrid hydrogels as high active photocatalysts for TOC removal, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 194, 105, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.04.049 Sohrabnezhad, 2016, Silver bromide in montmorillonite as visible light-driven photocatalyst and the role of montmorillonite, Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Proces., 122, 10.1007/s00339-016-0349-4 Fresno, 2014, Photocatalytic materials: recent achievements and near future trends, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2, 2863, 10.1039/C3TA13793G Colmenares, 2013, A novel biomass-based support (Starbon) for TiO2 hybrid photocatalysts: a versatile green tool for water purification, RSC Adv., 3, 20186, 10.1039/C3RA43673J Anirudhan, 2017, Synthesis and characterization of polyacrylic acid- grafted-carboxylic graphene/titanium nanotube composite for the effective removal of enrofloxacin from aqueous solutions: adsorption and photocatalytic degradation studies, J. Hazard. Mater., 324, 117, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.09.073 Liu, 2017, Porous BN/TiO2 hybrid nanosheets as highly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysts, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 207, 72, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.02.011 Aliofkhazraei, 2016 Pucher, 2008, A photocatalytic active adsorbent for gas cleaning in a fixed bed reactor, Int. J. Photoenergy, 2008, 7, 10.1155/2008/759736 Zhang, 2015, Preparation of magnetic ZnLa0.02Fe1.98O4/MWCNTs composites and investigation on its adsorption of methyl orange from aqueous solution, Mater. Res. Bull., 66, 176, 10.1016/j.materresbull.2015.02.047 Shao, 2014, Application of Mn/MCM-41 as an adsorbent to remove methyl blue from aqueous solution, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 429, 25, 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.05.004 Taufik, 2017, Synergistic effect between ternary iron–zinc–copper mixed oxides and graphene for photocatalytic water decontamination, Ceram. Int., 43, 3510, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.10.176 Tafreshi, 2017, Box–Behnken experimental design for optimization of ammonia photocatalytic degradation by ZnO/Oak charcoal composite, Process Saf. Environ. Prot., 106, 203, 10.1016/j.psep.2017.01.015 Chen, 2016, Construction of rGO/Fe3O4/Ag3PO4 multifunctional composite as recyclable adsorbent and photocatalysts towards the mixture of dyes in water under visible light irradiation, Mater. Lett., 185, 561, 10.1016/j.matlet.2016.09.061 Velasco, 2010, Role of activated carbon features on the photocatalytic degradation of phenol, Appl. Surf. Sci., 256, 5254, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.12.113 Linares, 2014, Mesoporous materials for clean energy technologies, Chem. Soc. Rev., 43, 7681, 10.1039/C3CS60435G Wu, 2012, Adsorption properties and mechanism of mesoporous adsorbents prepared with fly ash for removal of Cu(II) in aqueous solution, Appl. Surf. Sci., 261, 902, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.08.122 Busuioc, 2007, Growth of anatase nanoparticles inside the mesopores of SBA-15 for photocatalytic applications, Catal. Commun., 8, 527, 10.1016/j.catcom.2006.02.013 Puma, 2008, Preparation of titanium dioxide photocatalyst loaded onto activated carbon support using chemical vapor deposition: a review paper, J. Hazard. Mater., 157, 209, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.040 Huang, 2011, A new method to prepare high-surface-area N–TiO 2/activated carbon, Mater. Lett., 65, 326, 10.1016/j.matlet.2010.10.025 Wang, 2016, High photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline under visible light with Ag/AgCl/activated carbon composite plasmonic photocatalyst, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 35, 83, 10.1016/j.jiec.2015.12.023 McEvoy, 2014, Synthesis and characterization of Ag/AgCl–activated carbon composites for enhanced visible light photocatalysis, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 144, 702, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.07.062 McEvoy, 2013, Visible-light-driven inactivation of Escherichia coli K-12 using an Ag/AgCl–activated carbon composite photocatalyst, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem., 267, 25, 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2013.04.026 Muthirulan, 2013, Beneficial role of ZnO photocatalyst supported with porous activated carbon for the mineralization of alizarin cyanin green dye in aqueous solution, J. Adv. Res., 4, 479, 10.1016/j.jare.2012.08.005 Wang, 2010, Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic activity of a novel composite photocatalyst: ceria-coated activated carbon, J. Hazard. Mater., 184, 1, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.07.034 Lu, 2011, Characterization and photocatalytic activity of Zn 2+–TiO 2/AC composite photocatalyst, Appl. Surf. Sci., 258, 1656, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.09.042 Xu, 2008, Synthesis of fluorine-doped titania-coated activated carbon under low temperature with high photocatalytic activity under visible light, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 69, 2366, 10.1016/j.jpcs.2008.03.017 Sun, 2009, Photodegradation of azo dye Congo Red from aqueous solution by the WO 3–TiO 2/activated carbon (AC) photocatalyst under the UV irradiation, Mater. Chem. Phys., 115, 303, 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.12.008 Zhang, 2005, Preparation of an Ag–TiO 2 photocatalyst coated on activated carbon by MOCVD, Mater. Chem. Phys., 91, 73, 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2004.10.058 Ao, 2008, Magnetically separable composite photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic activity, J. Hazard. Mater., 160, 295, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.02.114 Shi, 2009, Preparation of Fe (III) and Ho (III) co-doped TiO 2 films loaded on activated carbon fibers and their photocatalytic activities, Chem. Eng. J., 151, 241, 10.1016/j.cej.2009.02.034 Choi, 2006, Sol–gel preparation of mesoporous photocatalytic TiO 2 films and TiO 2/Al 2 O 3 composite membranes for environmental applications, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 63, 60, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2005.09.012 Tryba, 2008, Increase of the photocatalytic activity of TiO, Int. J. Photoenergy, 2008, 10.1155/2008/721824 Liu, 2007, Preparation and characterization of a novel activated carbon‐supported N‐doped visible light response photocatalyst (TiO2− xNy/AC), J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 82, 453, 10.1002/jctb.1688 El-Sheikh, 2007, Oxidized activated carbon as support for titanium dioxide in UV-assisted degradation of 3-chlorophenol, Sep. Purif. Technol., 54, 117, 10.1016/j.seppur.2006.08.020 Sohrabnezhad, 2014, Plasmon-assisted degradation of methylene blue with Ag/AgCl/montmorillonite nanocomposite under visible light, Spectrochim. Acta, Part A, 130, 129, 10.1016/j.saa.2014.02.188 Qiu, 2016, Efficient removal of Cr (VI) by magnetically separable CoFe 2 O 4/activated carbon composite, J. Alloys Compd., 678, 179, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.03.304 Yang, 2008, Surface properties and catalytic performance of activated carbon fibers supported TiO 2 photocatalyst, Surf. Rev. Lett., 15, 337, 10.1142/S0218625X08011469 Ramesh, 2007, Adsorption of inorganic and organic arsenic from aqueous solutions by polymeric Al/Fe modified montmorillonite, Sep. Purif. Technol., 56, 90, 10.1016/j.seppur.2007.01.025 Sdiri, 2011, Evaluating the adsorptive capacity of montmorillonitic and calcareous clays on the removal of several heavy metals in aqueous systems, Chem. Eng. J., 172, 37, 10.1016/j.cej.2011.05.015 Xu, 2015, Quantum sized zinc oxide immobilized on bentonite clay and degradation of CI acid Red 35 in aqueous under ultraviolet light, Int. J. Photoenergy, 2015, 10.1155/2015/750869 Bouna, 2013, Physicochemical study of photocatalytic activity of TiO2 supported palygorskite clay mineral, Int. J. Photoenergy, 2013, 10.1155/2013/815473 Herrmann, 1999, Heterogeneous photocatalysis: fundamentals and applications to the removal of various types of aqueous pollutants, Catal. Today, 53, 115, 10.1016/S0920-5861(99)00107-8 Belver, 2017, Zr-doped TiO2 supported on delaminated clay materials for solar photocatalytic treatment of emerging pollutants, J. Hazard. Mater., 322, 233, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.02.028 Lutz, 2014, Synthesis, modification, and Properties— A case revisited, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2014, 20, 10.1155/2014/724248 Guesh, 2016, Enhanced photocatalytic activity of TiO2 supported on zeolites tested in real wastewaters from the textile industry of Ethiopia, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 225, 88, 10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.12.001 Takeuchi, 2009, Enhancement of the photocatalytic reactivity of TiO2 nano-particles by a simple mechanical blending with hydrophobic mordenite (MOR) zeolite, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 89, 406, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2008.12.022 Kamegawa, 2013, Design of TiO2-zeolite composites with enhanced photocatalytic performances under irradiation of UV and visible light, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 165, 142, 10.1016/j.micromeso.2012.08.013 Dresselhaus, 2002, Intercalation compounds of graphite, Adv. Phys., 51, 1, 10.1080/00018730110113644 Allen, 2010, Honeycomb carbon: a review of graphene, Chem. Rev., 110, 132, 10.1021/cr900070d Xiang, 2012, Graphene-based semiconductor photocatalysts, Chem. Soc. Rev., 41, 782, 10.1039/C1CS15172J Stoller, 2008, Graphene-based ultracapacitors, Nano Lett., 8, 3498, 10.1021/nl802558y Wang, 2011, Synthesis of reduced graphene oxide-anatase TiO2 nanocomposite and its improved photo-induced charge transfer properties, Nanoscale, 3, 1640, 10.1039/c0nr00714e Lightcap, 2010, Anchoring semiconductor and metal nanoparticles on a two-dimensional catalyst mat. Storing and shuttling electrons with reduced graphene oxide, Nano Lett., 10, 577, 10.1021/nl9035109 Kamat, 2011, Graphene-based nanoassemblies for energy conversion, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2, 242, 10.1021/jz101639v Moon, 2013, Poly (vinyl alcohol)/poly (acrylic acid)/TiO 2/graphene oxide nanocomposite hydrogels for pH-sensitive photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants, Mater. Sci. Eng. B, 178, 1097, 10.1016/j.mseb.2013.07.002 Yahya, 2018, Adsorption and photocatalytic study of integrated photocatalyst adsorbent (IPCA) using LaFeO3-GO nanocomposites for removal of synthetic dyes, Chem. Eng. Trans., 63, 517 Yoo, 2011, Enhanced photocatalytic activity of graphene oxide decorated on TiO 2 films under UV and visible irradiation, Curr. Appl. Phys., 11, 805, 10.1016/j.cap.2010.11.077 Lee, 2012, New series connection method for bulk-heterojunction polymer solar cell modules, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 98, 208, 10.1016/j.solmat.2011.11.008 Alim, 2015, Improved photocatalytic activity of anatase titanium dioxide by reduced graphene oxide, Malaysian J. Fundam. Appl. Sci., 11 Zubir, 2015 Bhatnagar, 2009, Applications of chitin- and chitosan-derivatives for the detoxification of water and wastewater - a short review, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 152, 26, 10.1016/j.cis.2009.09.003 Ren, 2013, Magnetic EDTA-modified chitosan/SiO2/Fe3O4 adsorbent: preparation, characterization, and application in heavy metal adsorption, Chem. Eng. J., 226, 300, 10.1016/j.cej.2013.04.059 Peng, 2013, Chitosan-modified palygorskite: preparation, characterization and reactive dye removal, Appl. Clay Sci., 74, 81, 10.1016/j.clay.2012.10.002 Crini, 2008, Application of chitosan, a natural aminopolysaccharide, for dye removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption processes using batch studies: a review of recent literature, Prog. Polym. Sci. (Oxf.), 33, 399, 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.11.001 Ngadi, 2014, Removal of ethyl orange dye using hybrid chitosan and zinc oxide, J. Teknol., 67 Haldorai, 2013, Multifunctional chitosan-copper oxide hybrid material: photocatalytic and antibacterial activities, Int. J. Photoenergy, 2013, 8, 10.1155/2013/245646 Zainal, 2009, Characterization of TiO 2–Chitosan/Glass photocatalyst for the removal of a monoazo dye via photodegradation–adsorption process, J. Hazard. Mater., 164, 138, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.154 Wang, 2006, Preparation and photocatalytic properties of silica gel-supported TiO 2, Mater. Lett., 60, 974, 10.1016/j.matlet.2005.10.061 Pu, 2007, Microemulsion synthesis of nanosized SiO2/TiO2 particles and their photocatalytic activity, Chin. J. Catal., 28, 251, 10.1016/S1872-2067(07)60023-0 Zhong, 2014, Fabrication and catalytic performance of SiO2-ZnO composite photocatalyst, Synth. React. Inorg., Metal-Org., Nano-Metal Chem., 44, 1203, 10.1080/15533174.2013.799208