Enrichment of brain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is highly dependent upon the molecular carrier of dietary DHA: lysophosphatidylcholine is more efficient than either phosphatidylcholine or triacylglycerol

Sun, 2018, Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): an essential nutrient and a nutraceutical for brain health and diseases, Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 136, 3, 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.03.006

Cunnane, 2013, Docosahexaenoic acid homeostasis, brain aging and Alzheimer's disease: can we reconcile the evidence?, Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 88, 61, 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.04.006

Janssen, 2014, Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) from genesis to senescence: the influence of LCPUFA on neural development, aging, and neurodegeneration, Prog Lipid Res, 53, 1, 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.10.002

Arsenault, 2011, DHA improves cognition and prevents dysfunction of entorhinal cortex neurons in 3xTg-AD mice, PLoS ONE, 6, 10.1371/journal.pone.0017397

Perez, 2010, DHA diet reduces AD pathology in young APPswe/PS1delta E9 transgenic mice: possible gender effects, J Neurosci Res, 88, 1026

Lim, 2001, Changes in maze behavior of mice occur after sufficient accumulation of docosahexaenoic acid in brain, J Nutr, 131, 319, 10.1093/jn/131.2.319

Petursdottir, 2008, Effect of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on brain lipid fatty acid composition, learning ability, and memory of senescence-accelerated mouse, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 63, 1153, 10.1093/gerona/63.11.1153

Quinn, 2010, Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease: a randomized trial, JAMA, 304, 1903, 10.1001/jama.2010.1510

Chiu, 2008, The effects of omega-3 fatty acids monotherapy in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: a preliminary randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study, Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 32, 1538, 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.05.015

Freund-Levi, 2006, Omega-3 fatty acid treatment in 174 patients with mild to moderate alzheimer disease: OmegAD study: a randomized double-blind trial, Arch Neurol, 63, 1402, 10.1001/archneur.63.10.1402

Rodrigues, 2014, Influence of feeding graded levels of canned sardines on the inflammatory markers and tissue fatty acid composition of Wistar rats, Br J Nutr, 112, 309, 10.1017/S0007114514000853

Saito, 1998, Dose–response effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid on fatty acid profiles of serum and tissue lipids in rats, J Agr Food Chem, 46, 184, 10.1021/jf970385d

Lin, 2011, Altered essential fatty acid metabolism and composition in rat liver, plasma, heart and brain after microalgal DHA addition to the diet, J Nutr Biochem, 22, 758, 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.06.008

Kaur, 2010, Short-term docosapentaenoic acid (22:5 n-3) supplementation increases tissue docosapentaenoic acid, DHA and EPA concentrations in rats, Br J Nutr, 103, 32, 10.1017/S0007114509991334

Hiratsuka, 2008, Effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid connecting phospholipids on the lipid peroxidation of the brain in mice, J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 54, 501, 10.3177/jnsv.54.501

Tou, 2011, Different sources of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids affects apparent digestibility, tissue deposition, and tissue oxidative stability in growing female rats, Lipids Health Dis, 10, 179, 10.1186/1476-511X-10-179

Nguyen, 2014, Mfsd2a is a transporter for the essential omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid, Nature, 509, 503, 10.1038/nature13241

Sugasini, 2017, Dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as lysophosphatidylcholine, but not as free acid, enriches brain DHA and improves memory in adult mice, Sci Rep, 7, 11263, 10.1038/s41598-017-11766-0

Poumes-Ballihaut, 2001, Comparative bioavailability of dietary alpha-linolenic and docosahexaenoic acids in the growing rat, Lipids, 36, 793, 10.1007/s11745-001-0786-5

Kitson, 2016, Effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in phospholipids or triglycerides on brain DHA uptake and accretion, J Nutr Biochem, 33, 91, 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.02.009

Guil-Guerrero, 2014, Positional distribution assessment of essential fatty acids in several fats and oils including plant, fish, and microbial sources and subcutaneous fat of Galician horse, Eur J Lipid Sci Technol, 117, 701, 10.1002/ejlt.201400315

Zhang, 2018, Characterization of positional distribution of fatty acids and triacylglycerol molecular compositions of marine fish oils rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, Biomed Res Int, 2018, 3529682

Ikeda, 1998, Effects of long-term feeding of marine oils with different positional distribution of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on lipid metabolism, eicosanoid production, and platelet aggregation in hypercholesterolemic rats, Lipids, 33, 897, 10.1007/s11745-998-0286-7

Murota, 2018, Roe-derived phospholipid administration enhances lymphatic docosahexaenoic acid-containing phospholipid absorption in unanesthetized rats, Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 139, 40, 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.06.011

Winyard, 2011, Elucidation of phosphatidylcholine composition in krill oil extracted from Euphausia superba, Lipids, 46, 25, 10.1007/s11745-010-3472-6

Thomas, 2016, Epidermal growth factor prevents APOE4 and amyloid-beta-induced cognitive and cerebrovascular deficits in female mice, Acta Neuropathol Commun, 4, 111, 10.1186/s40478-016-0387-3

Vorhees, 2006, Morris water maze: procedures for assessing spatial and related forms of learning and memory, Nat Protoc, 1, 848, 10.1038/nprot.2006.116

Sugasini, 2017, Rate of acyl migration in lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is dependent upon the nature of the acyl group. Greater stability of sn-2 docosahexaenoyl LPC compared to the more saturated LPC species, PLoS ONE, 12, 10.1371/journal.pone.0187826

Croset, 2000, Characterization of plasma unsaturated lysophosphatidylcholines in human and rat, Biochem J, 345, 61, 10.1042/bj3450061

Graham, 1991, Sexual dimorphism in the preferential secretion of unsaturated lysophosphatidylcholine by rat hepatocytes but no secretion by sheep hepatocytes, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1081, 151, 10.1016/0005-2760(91)90020-I

Scagnelli, 1991, Plasma 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl phosphatidylcholine. Evidence for extensive phospholipase A1 hydrolysis and hepatic metabolism of the products, J Biol Chem, 266, 18002, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)55229-7

Wu, 2011, The salutary effects of DHA dietary supplementation on cognition, neuroplasticity, and membrane homeostasis after brain trauma, J Neurotrauma, 28, 2113, 10.1089/neu.2011.1872

Jump, 2012, Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and cardiovascular disease: thematic review series: new lipid and lipoprotein targets for the treatment of cardiometabolic diseases, J Lipid Res, 53, 2525, 10.1194/jlr.R027904

Di Minno, 2012, Omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, World J Gastroenterol, 18, 5839, 10.3748/wjg.v18.i41.5839

Gioxari, 2018, Intake of -ë-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Nutrition, 45, 114, 10.1016/j.nut.2017.06.023

Morris, 2003, Consumption of fish and n-3 fatty acids and risk of incident alzheimer disease, Arch Neurol, 60, 940, 10.1001/archneur.60.7.940

Chen, 2015, Plasma non-esterified docosahexaenoic acid is the major pool supplying the brain, Sci Rep, 5, 15791, 10.1038/srep15791

Thies, 1994, Preferential incorporation of sn-2 lysoPC DHA over unesterified DHA in the young rat brain, Amer J Physiol-Regul Integr C, 36, R1273, 10.1152/ajpregu.1994.267.5.R1273

Johnson, 2010, Traumatic brain injury and amyloid-[beta] pathology: a link to Alzheimer's disease?, Nat Rev Neurosci, 11, 361, 10.1038/nrn2808

Chouinard-Watkins, 2017, Docosahexaenoic acid prevents cognitive deficits in human apolipoprotein E epsilon 4-targeted replacement mice, Neurobiol Aging, 57, 28, 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.05.003

Yalagala, 2019, Dietary lysophosphatidylcholine-EPA enriches both EPA and DHA in the brain: potential treatment for depression, J Lipid Res, 60, 566, 10.1194/jlr.M090464

Feingold, 2018, Introduction to lipids and lipoproteins

Brindley, 1993, Hepatic secretion of lysophosphatidylcholine: a novel transport system for polyunsaturated fatty acids and choline, J Nutr Biochem, 4, 442, 10.1016/0955-2863(93)90061-Z

Sekas, 1985, Origin of plasma lysophosphatidylcholine: evidence for direct hepatic secretion in the rat, J Lab Clin Med, 105, 190

Pluckthun, 1982, Acyl and phosphoryl migration in lysophospholipids: importance in phospholipid synthesis and phospholipase specificity, Biochemistry, 21, 1743, 10.1021/bi00537a007

Kielbowicz, 2012, An LC method for the analysis of phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis products and its application to the monitoring of the acyl migration process, Talanta, 94, 22, 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.01.018

Subbaiah, 1994, Role of sn-2 acyl group of phosphatidyl choline in determining the positional specificity of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransfersae, Biochemistry, 33, 13259, 10.1021/bi00249a012

Liu, 1995, Specificity of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase and atherogenic risk. Comparative studies on the plasma composition and in vitro synthesis of cholesteryl esters in 14 vertebrate species, J Lipid Res, 36, 1813, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)41500-7

Chouinard-Watkins Rl, Lacombe RJS, Metherel AH, Masoodi M, Bazinet RP. DHA esterified to phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylcholine is more efficient at targeting the brain than DHA esterified to triacylglycerol. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63: 1801224. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201801224

Nair, 2016, A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and human, J Basic Clin Pharm, 7, 27, 10.4103/0976-0105.177703

Bekdash, 2016, Choline and the brain: an epigenetic perspective, 381

Aiyar, 2007, Lysophosphatidylcholine induces inflammatory activation of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells, Mol Cell Biochem, 295, 113, 10.1007/s11010-006-9280-x

Sevastou, 2013, Lysoglycerophospholipids in chronic inflammatory disorders: the PLA2/LPC and ATX/LPA axes, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, 1831, 42, 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.07.019

Huang, 2010, Lysophosphatidylcholine containing docosahexaenoic acid at the sn-1 position is anti-inflammatory, Lipids, 45, 225, 10.1007/s11745-010-3392-5

Hung, 2011, Oral administration of 2-docosahexaenoyl lysophosphatidylcholine displayed anti-inflammatory effects on zymosan A-induced peritonitis, Inflammation, 34, 147, 10.1007/s10753-010-9218-z

Hung, 2012, Prevention of 1-palmitoyl lysophosphatidylcholine-induced inflammation by polyunsaturated acyl lysophosphatidylcholine, Inflamm Res, 61, 473, 10.1007/s00011-012-0434-x