From laggard to leader: Explaining offshore wind developments in the UK

BBC, 2012a. Leith Chosen for Wind Turbine Factory by Gamesa, BBC Online. BBC, 2012b. Areva to Site Wind Turbine Factory in Scotland. BBC Online. Bilgili, 2011, Offshore wind power development in Europe and its comparison with onshore counterpart, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 15, 905, 10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.006 BIS, 2009, 92 Breton, 2009, Status, plans and technologies for offshore wind turbines in Europe and North America, Renew. Energy, 34, 646, 10.1016/j.renene.2008.05.040 BVG Associates, 2011. UK content analysis of Robin Rigg offshore wind farm. 〈http://www.eon-uk.com/downloads/E.ON_Robin_Rigg_UK_content_report_October_2011.pdf〉. BWEA, 2003. BWEA briefing note: Britain poised on the brink of a new energy epoch. 〈http://www.bwea.com/offshore/round2.html〉. BWEA, 2009. UK offshore wind: charting the right course. 〈http://www.bwea.com/pdf/publications/ExSummary.pdf〉. BWEA, 2010. Report confirms North Sea as ‘Saudi Arabia of wind’. 〈http://www.bwea.com/media/news/articles/pr20100520.html〉. Committee on Climate Change (CCC), 2010. Building a Low-Carbon Economy – The UK׳s Innovation Challenge, London Carbon Trust (2003): Building options for UK renewable energy 〈http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publications/pages/publicationdetail.aspx?id=CT-2003-08〉. Crown Estate, 2011, 8 DECC, 2009 DECC, 2011 DECC, 2012 2004 European Commission, 2007. Energising Europe: A Real Market with Secure Supply. IP/07/1361. Brussels. EWEA, 2011 Foxon, 2013, Transition pathways for a UK low carbon electricity future, Energy Policy, 52, 10, 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.04.001 Foxon, 2010, Developing transition pathways for a low carbon electricity system in the UK, Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, 77, 1203, 10.1016/j.techfore.2010.04.002 Gaudiosi, 1996, Offshore wind energy in the world context, Renew. Energy, 9, 899, 10.1016/0960-1481(96)88425-4 Geels, 2002, Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case-study, Res. Policy, 31, 1257, 10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00062-8 George, 2005 Green, 2011, The economics of offshore wind, Energy Policy, 39, 496, 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.10.011 Greenacre, 2010, 138 Halliday, 2010 Hughes, 1979, The electrification of America: the system builders, Technol. Cult., 20, 124, 10.2307/3103115 IEA, 2011 IEA, 2012 IEA, 2012, 10.1787/9789264187450-en IPCC, 2011, Summary for policymakers Jacobsson, 2006, The politics and policy of energy system transformation – explaining the German diffusion of renewable energy technology, Energy Policy, 34, 256, 10.1016/j.enpol.2004.08.029 Jones, 2010, Understanding ‘local’ opposition to wind development in the UK: how big is a backyard?, Energy Policy, 38, 3106, 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.01.051 2010 Kemp, 1998, Regime shifts to sustainability through processes of niche formation: the approach of strategic niche management, Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag., 10, 175, 10.1080/09537329808524310 Kern, 2014, Measuring and explaining policy paradigm change: the case of UK energy policy, Policy Politics, 10.1332/030557312X655765 LCICG, 2012 Luo, L., Lacal-Arantegui, R. et al., 2012. A Systemic Assessment of the European Offshore Wind Innovation. Insights from the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany and the United Kingdom, European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Energy and Transport. Markard, 2009, The offshore trend: structural changes in the wind power sector, Energy Policy, 37, 3545, 10.1016/j.enpol.2009.04.015 Markard, 2012, Sustainability transitions: an emerging field of research and its prospects, Res. Policy, 41, 955, 10.1016/j.respol.2012.02.013 Michaelowa, A., 2004. The German Wind Energy Lobby. How to Successfully Promote Costly Technological Change. HWWA Discussion Paper 296. Mitchell, 2006, Effectiveness through risk reduction: a comparison of the renewable obligation in England and Wales and the feed-in system in Germany, Energy Policy, 34, 297, 10.1016/j.enpol.2004.08.004 Mitchell, 2004, Renewable energy policy in the UK 1990–2003, Energy Policy, 32, 1935, 10.1016/j.enpol.2004.03.016 Murray, J., 2012. Siemens Hails Major Step Forward for Hull Turbine Plant. Business Green. Neij, 2008, Cost development of future technologies for power generation – a study based on experience curves and complementary bottom-up assessments, Energy Policy, 36, 2200, 10.1016/j.enpol.2008.02.029 Newell, 2010 Ofgem, 2012 Raven, 2007, Niche accumulation and hybridisation strategies in transition processes towards a sustainable energy system: an assessment of differences and pitfalls, Energy Policy, 35, 2390, 10.1016/j.enpol.2006.09.003 Real Power, 2005. Issue 3. 〈http://www.bwea.com/pdf/realpower/realpower03.pdf〉. Real Power, 2006a. Issue 5. 〈http://www.bwea.com/pdf/realpower/real-power-05.pdf〉. Real Power, 2006b. Issue 8. 〈http://www.bwea.com/pdf/realpower/RealPower08.pdf〉. Real Power, 2007. Issue 10. 〈http://www.bwea.com/pdf/realpower/realpower_10.pdf〉. Real Power, 2008. Issue 14. 〈http://www.bwea.com/pdf/realpower/realpower_14.pdf〉. Real Power, 2010. Issue 19. 〈http://www.bwea.com/pdf/realpower/realpower_19.pdf〉. RenewableUK, 2012 Schot, 2008, Strategic niche management and sustainable innovation journeys: theory, findings, research agenda, and policy, Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag., 20, 537, 10.1080/09537320802292651 Smith, 2007, Translating sustainabilities between green niches and socio-technical regimes, Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag., 19, 427, 10.1080/09537320701403334 Smith, 2014, Spaces for sustainable innovation: Solar photovoltaic electricity in the UK, Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, 81, 115, 10.1016/j.techfore.2013.02.001 Smith, 2012, What is protective space? Reconsidering niches in transitions to sustainability, Res. Policy, 41, 1025, 10.1016/j.respol.2011.12.012 Smith, 2005, The governance of sustainable socio-technical transitions, Res. Policy, 34, 1491, 10.1016/j.respol.2005.07.005 Smith, 2010, Innovation studies and sustainability transitions: the allure of the multi-level perspective and its challenges, Res. Policy, 39, 435, 10.1016/j.respol.2010.01.023 Toke, 2011, The UK offshore wind power programme: a sea-change in UK energy policy?, Energy Policy, 39, 526, 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.08.043 Trident Energy, 2011. Offshore Wind. 〈http://www.tridentenergy.co.uk/offshore-renewable-energy/offshore-wind/〉 (retrieved 23.06.13). TSB, 2011 Verhees, 2013, The development of solar PV in The Netherlands: a case of survival in unfriendly contexts, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 19, 275, 10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.011 Wood, 2011, What lessons have been learned in reforming the Renewables Obligation? An analysis of internal and external failures in UK renewable energy policy, Energy Policy, 39, 2228, 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.012 Woodman, 2011, Learning from experience? The development of the Renewables Obligation in England and Wales 2002–2010, Energy Policy, 39, 3914, 10.1016/j.enpol.2011.03.074 Wynn, G., 2013. UK Shows Offshore Wind More Costly than Solar. Reuters.com 〈http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/27/column-wynn-uk-offshorewind-idUSL5N0F322W20130627〉 Yin, 1994