Relationship of adiponectin to body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity and plasma lipoproteins: evidence for independent roles of age and sex

Kolterman OG, Insel J, Saekow M, Olefsky JM (1980) Mechanisms of insulin resistance in human obesity: evidence for receptor and postreceptor defects. J Clin Invest 65:1272–1284 Lillioja S, Bogardus C (1988) Obesity and insulin resistance: lessons learned from the Pima Indians. Diabetes Metab Rev 4:517–540 Bjorntorp P (1993) Visceral obesity: a "civilization syndrome". Obes Res 1:206–222 Peiris AN, Mueller RA, Smith GA, Struve MF, Kissebah AH (1986) Splanchnic insulin metabolism in obesity. Influence of body fat distribution. J Clin Invest 78:1648–1657 Vague J (1956) The degree of masculine differentiation of obesities: a factor determining predisposition to diabetes, atherosclerosis, gout, and uric calculous disease. Am J Clin Nutr 4:20 Fujioka S, Matsuzawa Y, Tokunaga K, Tarui S (1987) Contribution of intra-abdominal fat accumulation to the impairment of glucose and lipid metabolism in human obesity. Metabolism 36:54–59 Despres JP, Nadeau A, Tremblay A et al. (1989) Role of deep abdominal fat in the association between regional adipose tissue distribution and glucose tolerance in obese women. Diabetes 38:304–309 Fujimoto WY, Abbate SL, Kahn SE, Hokanson JE, Brunzell JD (1994) The visceral adiposity syndrome in Japanese-American men. Obes Res 2:364–371 Goodpaster BH, Kelley DE, Wing RR, Meier A, Thaete FL (1999) Effects of weight loss on regional fat distribution and insulin sensitivity in obesity. Diabetes 48:839–847 Purnell JQ, Kahn SE, Albers JJ, Nevin DN, Brunzell JD, Schwartz RS (2000) Effect of weight loss with reduction of intra-abdominal fat on lipid metabolism in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:977–982 Cnop M, Landchild MJ, Vidal J et al. (2002) The concurrent accumulation of intra-abdominal and subcutaneous fat explains the association between insulin resistance and plasma leptin concentrations: distinct metabolic effects of two fat compartments. Diabetes 51:1005–1015 Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Porte D Jr, Seeley RJ, Baskin DG (2000) Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature 404:661–671 Havel PJ (2000) Role of adipose tissue in body-weight regulation: mechanisms regulating leptin production and energy balance. Proc Nutr Soc 59:359–371 Gordon ES (1960) Non-esterified fatty acids in blood of obese and lean subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 8:740–747 Boden G (1997) Role of fatty acids in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and NIDDM. Diabetes 46:3–10 Shulman GI (2000) Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 106:171–176 Arner P (1995) Differences in lipolysis between human subcutaneous and omental adipose tissues. Ann Med 27:435–438 Rebrin K, Steil GM, Getty L, Bergman RN (1995) Free fatty acid as a link in the regulation of hepatic glucose output by peripheral insulin. Diabetes 44:1038–1045 Boden G, Cheung P, Stein TP, Kresge K, Mozzoli M (2002) FFA cause hepatic insulin resistance by inhibiting insulin suppression of glycogenolysis. Am J Physiol 283:E12–E19 Fisher EA, Ginsberg HN (2002) Complexity in the secretory pathway: the assembly and secretion of apolipoprotein B-containing Lipoproteins. J Biol Chem 277:17377–17380 Fruebis J, Tsao TS, Javorschi S et al. (2001) Proteolytic cleavage product of 30-kDa adipocyte complement-related protein increases fatty acid oxidation in muscle and causes weight loss in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:2005–2010 Maeda K, Okubo K, Shimomura I, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Matsubara K (1996) cDNA cloning and expression of a novel adipose specific collagen-like factor, apM1 (AdiPose Most abundant Gene transcript 1). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 221:286–289 Scherer PE, Williams S, Fogliano M, Baldini G, Lodish HF (1995) A novel serum protein similar to C1q, produced exclusively in adipocytes. J Biol Chem 270:26746–26749 Nakano Y, Tobe T, Choi-Miura NH, Mazda T, Tomita M (1996) Isolation and characterization of GBP28, a novel gelatin-binding protein purified from human plasma. J Biochem (Tokyo) 120:803–812 Hu E, Liang P, Spiegelman BM (1996) AdipoQ is a novel adipose-specific gene dysregulated in obesity. J Biol Chem 271:10697–10703 Saltiel AR (2001) You are what you secrete. Nat Med 7:887–888 Havel PJ (2002) Control of energy homeostasis and insulin action by adipocyte hormones: leptin, acylation stimulating protein, and adiponectin. Curr Opin Lipidol 13:51–59 Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N et al. (1999) Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 257:79–83 Hotta K, Funahashi T, Arita Y et al. (2000) Plasma concentrations of a novel, adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in type 2 diabetic patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20:1595–1599 Weyer C, Funahashi T, Tanaka S et al. (2001) Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes: close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1930–1935 Zoccali C, Mallamaci F, Tripepi G et al. (2002) Adiponectin, metabolic risk factors, and cardiovascular events among patients with end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:134–141 Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y et al. (1999) Novel modulator for endothelial adhesion molecules: adipocyte-derived plasma protein adiponectin. Circulation 100:2473–2476 Stefan N, Vozarova B, Funahashi T et al. (2002) Plasma adiponectin concentration is associated with skeletal muscle insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation, and low plasma concentration precedes a decrease in whole-body insulin sensitivity in humans. Diabetes 51:1884–1888 Kazumi T, Kawaguchi A, Sakai K, Hirano T, Yoshino G (2002) Young men with high-normal blood pressure have lower serum adiponectin, smaller LDL size, and higher elevated heart rate than those with optimal blood pressure. Diabetes Care 25:971–976 Maeda N, Takahashi M, Funahashi T et al. (2001) PPARgamma ligands increase expression and plasma concentrations of adiponectin, an adipose-derived protein. Diabetes 50:2094–2099 Yang WS, Jeng CY, Wu TJ et al. (2002) Synthetic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist, rosiglitazone, increases plasma levels of adiponectin in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 25:376–380 Hotta K, Funahashi T, Bodkin NL et al. (2001) Circulating concentrations of the adipocyte protein adiponectin are decreased in parallel with reduced insulin sensitivity during the progression to type 2 diabetes in rhesus monkeys. Diabetes 50:1126–1133 Kubota N, Terauchi Y, Yamauchi T et al. (2002) Disruption of adiponectin causes insulin resistance and neointimal formation. J Biol Chem 277:25863–25866 Maeda N, Shimomura I, Kishida K et al. (2002) Diet-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking adiponectin/ACRP30. Nat Med 17 (online) Knopp RH, Retzlaff BM, Walden CE et al. (1999) Effects of insulin resistance and obesity on the LDL response to egg ingestion. Circulation 100 (Suppl 1):I-116 Krotkiewski M, Bjorntorp P, Sjostrom L, Smith U (1983) Impact of obesity on metabolism in men and women. Importance of regional adipose tissue distribution. J Clin Invest 72:1150–1162 Shuman WP, Newell Morris LL, Leonetti DL et al. (1986) Abnormal body fat distribution detected by computed tomography in diabetic men. Invest Radiol 21:483–487 Schwartz RS, Shuman WP, Larson V et al. (1991) The effect of intensive endurance exercise training on body fat distribution in young and older men. Metabolism 40:545–551 Bergman RN, Ider YZ, Bowden CR, Cobelli C (1979) Quantitative estimation of insulin sensitivity. Am J Physiol 236:E667–E677 Beard JC, Bergman RN, Ward WK, Porte D Jr (1986) The insulin sensitivity index in man: correlation between clamp-derived and IVGTT-derived values. Diabetes 35:362–369 Prigeon RL, Kahn SE, Porte D Jr (1994) Reliability of error estimates from the minimal model: implications for measurements in physiological studies. Am J Physiol 266:E279–E286 Abbate SL, Fujimoto WY, Brunzell JD, Kahn SE (1993) Effect of heparin on insulin-glucose interactions measured by the minimal model technique: implications for reproducibility using this method. Metabolism 42:353–357 Morgan DR, Lazarow A (1963) Immunoassay of insulin: two antibody system: plasma insulin levels of normal, subdiabetic, and diabetic rats. Diabetes 12:115–126 Ma Z, Gingerich RL, Santiago JV, Klein S, Smith CH, Landt M (1996) Radioimmunoassay of leptin in human plasma. Clin Chem 42:942–946 Marcovina SM, Albers JJ, Kennedy H, Mei JV, Henderson LO, Hannon WH (1994) International Federation of Clinical Chemistry standardization project for measurements of apolipoproteins A-I and B. IV. Comparability of apolipoprotein B values by use of International Reference Material. Clin Chem 40:586–592 Purnell JQ, Marcovina SM, Hokanson JE et al. (1995) Levels of lipoprotein(a), apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein cholesterol distribution in IDDM. Results from follow-up in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes 44:1218–1226 Berg AH, Combs TP, Du X, Brownlee M, Scherer PE (2001) The adipocyte-secreted protein Acrp30 enhances hepatic insulin action. Nat Med 7:947–953 Combs TP, Berg AH, Obici S, Scherer PE, Rossetti L (2001) Endogenous glucose production is inhibited by the adipose-derived protein Acrp30. J Clin Invest 108:1875–1881 Motoshima H, Wu X, Sinha MK et al. (2002) Differential regulation of adiponectin secretion from cultured human omental and subcutaneous adipocytes: effects of insulin and rosiglitazone. Diabetes 51 (Suppl 2):A-88 Nishizawa H, Shimomura I, Kishida K et al. (2002) Androgens decrease plasma adiponectin, an insulin-sensitizing adipocyte-derived protein. Diabetes 51:2734–2741 Comuzzie AG, Funahashi T, Sonnenberg G et al. (2001) The genetic basis of plasma variation in adiponectin, a global endophenotype for obesity and the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:4321–4325 DeFronzo RA (1979) Glucose intolerance of aging. Evidence for tissue insensitivity to insulin. Diabetes 28:1095–1101 Chen M, Bergman RN, Pacini G, Porte D Jr (1985) Pathogenesis of age-related glucose intolerance in man: insulin resistance and decreased β-cell function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60:13–20 Schwartz RS, Shuman WP, Bradbury VL et al. (1990) Body fat distribution in healthy young and older men. J Gerontol 45:M181–M185 Colman E, Katzel LI, Rogus E, Coon P, Muller D, Goldberg AP (1995) Weight loss reduces abdominal fat and improves insulin action in middle-aged and older men with impaired glucose tolerance. Metabolism 44:1502–1508 Combs TP, Berg AH, Rajala MW et al. (2003) Sexual differentiation, pregnancy, caloric restriction, and aging affect the adipocyte-specific secretory protein adiponectin. Diabetes 52:268–276 Lindsay RS, Funahashi T, Hanson RL et al. (2002) Adiponectin and development of type 2 diabetes in the Pima Indian population. Lancet 360:57–58 Brunzell JD (2003) Dyslipidemia of the metabolic syndrome. In: Eckel RH (eds) Obesity: mechanism and clinical management. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia Matsubara M, Maruoka S, Katayose S (2002) Decreased plasma adiponectin concentrations in women with dyslipidemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:2764–2769 Despres JP, Ferland M, Moorjani S et al. (1989) Role of hepatic-triglyceride lipase activity in the association between intra-abdominal fat and plasma HDL cholesterol in obese women. Arteriosclerosis 9:485–492 Carr MC, Hokanson JE, Deeb SS, Purnell JQ, Mitchell ES, Brunzell JD (1999) A hepatic lipase gene promoter polymorphism attenuates the increase in hepatic lipase activity with increasing intra-abdominal fat in women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19:2701–2707 Iverius PH, Brunzell JD (1985) Human adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase: changes with feeding and relation to postheparin plasma enzyme. Am J Physiol 249:E107–E114 Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y et al. (2000) Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived plasma protein, inhibits endothelial NF-kappaB signaling through a cAMP-dependent pathway. Circulation 102:1296–1301 Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y et al. (2001) Adipocyte-derived plasma protein, adiponectin, suppresses lipid accumulation and class A scavenger receptor expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Circulation 103:1057–1063 Halleux CM, Takahashi M, Delporte ML et al. (2001) Secretion of adiponectin and regulation of apM1 gene expression in human visceral adipose tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 288:1102–1107