Chen, G. Y.; Roy, I.; Yang, C. H.; Prasad, P. N. Nanochemistry and nanomedicine for nanoparticle-based diagnostics and therapy. Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, 2826–2885.
Lucky, S. S.; Soo, K. C.; Zhang, Y. Nanoparticles in photodynamic therapy. Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 1990–2042.
Lim, E. K.; Kim, T.; Paik, S.; Haam, S.; Huh, Y. M.; Lee, K. Nanomaterials for theranostics: Recent advances and future challenges. Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 327–394.
Lovell, J. F.; Liu, T. W. B.; Chen, J.; Zheng, G. Activatable photosensitizers for imaging and therapy. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 2839–2857.
Cheng, L.; Wang, C.; Feng, L. Z.; Yang, K.; Liu, Z. Functional nanomaterials for phototherapies of cancer. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 10869–10939.
Yuan, Y. Y.; Zhang, C. J.; Xu, S. D.; Liu, B. A self-reporting AIE probe with a built-in singlet oxygen sensor for targeted photodynamic ablation of cancer cells. Chem. Sci. 2016, 7, 1862–1866.
Yuan, Y. Y.; Zhang, C. J.; Kwok, R. T. K.; Xu, S. D.; Zhang, R. Y.; Wu, J. E.; Tang, B. Z.; Liu, B. Light-up probe for targeted and activatable photodynamic therapy with realtime in situ reporting of sensitizer activation and therapeutic responses. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 6586–6595.
Jin, C. S.; Lovell, J. F.; Chen, J.; Zheng, G. Ablation of hypoxic tumors with dose-equivalent photothermal, but not photodynamic, therapy using a nanostructured porphyrin assembly. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 2541–2550.
Yang, X.; Yang, M. X.; Pang, B.; Vara, M.; Xia, Y. N. Gold nanomaterials at work in biomedicine. Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 10410–10488.
Wang, K. K.; Zhang, Y. F.; Wang, J.; Yuan, A. H.; Sun, M. J.; Wu, J. H.; Hu, Y. Q. Self-assembled IR780-loaded transferrin nanoparticles as an imaging, targeting and PDT/PTT agent for cancer therapy. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 27421.
Pang, X. J.; Wang, J. P.; Tan, X. X.; Guo, F.; Lei, M. Z.; Ma, M.; Yu, M.; Tan, F. P.; Li, N. Dual-modal imagingguided theranostic nanocarriers based on indocyanine green and mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 13819–13829.
Shi, C. H.; Wu, J. B.; Pan, D. F. Review on near-infrared heptamethine cyanine dyes as theranostic agents for tumor imaging, targeting, and photodynamic therapy. J. Biomed. Opt. 2016, 21, 050901.
Li, N.; Zhao, P. X.; Astruc, D. Anisotropic gold nanoparticles: Synthesis, properties, applications, and toxicity. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 1756–1789.
Xu, H.; Li, Q.; Wang, L. H.; He, Y.; Shi, J. Y.; Tang, B.; Fan, C. H. Nanoscale optical probes for cellular imaging. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 2650–2661.
Ge, J. C.; Lan, M. H.; Zhou, B. J.; Liu, W. M.; Guo, L.; Wang, H.; Jia, Q. Y.; Niu, G. L.; Huang, X.; Zhou, H. Y. et al. A graphene quantum dot photodynamic therapy agent with high singlet oxygen generation. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 4596.
Ge, J. C.; Jia, Q. Y.; Liu, W. M.; Guo, L.; Liu, Q. Y.; Lan, M. H.; Zhang, H. Y.; Meng, X. M.; Wang, P. F. Red-emissive carbon dots for fluorescent, photoacoustic, and thermal theranostics in living mice. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 4169–4177.
Cao, L.; Meziani, M. J.; Sahu, S.; Sun, Y. P. Photoluminescence properties of graphene versus other carbon nanomaterials. Acc. Chem. Res. 2013, 46, 171–180.
Morimoto, Y.; Horie, M.; Kobayashi, N.; Shinohara, N.; Shimada, M. Inhalation toxicity assessment of carbon-based nanoparticles. Acc. Chem. Res. 2013, 46, 770–781.
Lim, S. Y.; Shen, W.; Gao, Z. Q. Carbon quantum dots and their applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 362–381.
Baker, S. N.; Baker, G. A. Luminescent carbon nanodots: Emergent nanolights. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 6726–6744.
Zeng, J.; Goldfeld, D.; Xia, Y. N. A plasmon-assisted optofluidic (PAOF) system for measuring the photothermal conversion efficiencies of gold nanostructures and controlling an electrical switch. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 4169–4173.
Ji, M. W.; Xu, M.; Zhang, W.; Yang, Z. Z.; Huang, L.; Liu, J. J.; Zhang, Y.; Gu, L.; Yu, Y. X.; Hao, W. C. et al. Structurally well-defined Au@Cu2-xS core–shell nanocrystals for improved cancer treatment based on enhanced photothermal efficiency. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 3094–3101.
Song, J. B.; Wang, F.; Yang, X. Y.; Ning, B.; Harp, M. G.; Culp, S. H.; Hu, S.; Huang, P.; Nie, L. M.; Chen, J. Y. et al. Gold nanoparticle coated carbon nanotube ring with enhanced Raman scattering and photothermal conversion property for theranostic applications. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 7005–7015.
Hu, Y.; Wang, R. Z.; Wang, S. G.; Ding, L.; Li, J. C.; Luo, Y.; Wang, X. L.; Shen, M. W.; Shi, X. Y. Multifunctional Fe3O4 @ Au core/shell nanostars: A unique platform for multimode imaging and photothermal therapy of tumors. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 28325.
Li, D.; Han, D.; Qu, S. N.; Liu, L.; Jing, P. T.; Zhou, D.; Ji, W. Y.; Wang, X. Y.; Zhang, T. F.; Shen, D. Z. Supra-(carbon nanodots) with a strong visible to near-infrared absorption band and efficient photothermal conversion. Light: Sci. Appl. 2016, 5, e16120.
Hu, S. L.; Trinchi, A.; Atkin, P.; Cole, I. Tunable photoluminescence across the entire visible spectrum from carbon dots excited by white light. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 2970–2974.
Tang, L. B.; Ji, R. B.; Li, X. M.; Bai, G. X.; Liu, C. P.; Hao, J. H.; Lin, J. Y.; Jiang, H. X.; Teng, K. S.; Yang, Z. B. et al. Deep ultraviolet to near-infrared emission and photoresponse in layered N-doped graphene quantum dots. ACS Nano 2014, 8, 6312–6320.
Wu, L.; Luderer, M.; Yang, X. X.; Swain, C.; Zhang, H. Y.; Nelson, K.; Stacy, A. J.; Shen, B. Z.; Lanza, G. M.; Pan, D. J. Surface passivation of carbon nanoparticles with branched macromolecules influences near infrared bioimaging. Theranostics 2013, 3, 677–686.
Shen, Y. Z.; Shuhendler, A. J.; Ye, D. J.; Yu, J. J.; Chen, H. Y. Two-photon excitation nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2016, 45, 6725–6741.
Cao, L.; Wang, X.; Meziani, M. J.; Lu, F. S.; Wang, H. F.; Luo, P. G.; Lin, Y.; Harruff, B. A.; Veca, L. M.; Murray, D. et al. Carbon dots for multiphoton bioimaging. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 11318–11319.
Fowley, C.; McHale, A. P.; McCaughan, B.; Fraix, A.; Sortino, S.; Callan, J. F. Carbon quantum dot-NO photoreleaser nanohybrids for two-photon phototherapy of hypoxic tumors. Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 81–84.
Wang, J.; Zhang, Z. H.; Zha, S.; Zhu, Y. Y.; Wu, P. Y.; Ehrenberg, B.; Chen, J. Y. Carbon nanodots featuring efficient FRET for two-photon photodynamic cancer therapy with a low fs laser power density. Biomaterials 2014, 35, 9372–9381.
Li, J. L.; Bao, H. C.; Hou, X. L.; Sun, L.; Wang, X. G.; Gu, M. Graphene oxide nanoparticles as a nonbleaching optical probe for two-photon luminescence imaging and cell therapy. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 1830–1834.
Lan, M. H.; Wu, J. S.; Liu, W. M.; Zhang, W. J.; Ge, J. C.; Zhang, H. Y.; Sun, J. Y.; Zhao, W. W.; Wang, P. F. Copolythiophene-derived colorimetric and fluorometric sensor for visually supersensitive determination of lipopolysaccharide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 6685–6694.
Guo, X.; Wang, C. F.; Yu, Z. Y.; Chen, L.; Chen, S. Facile access to versatile fluorescent carbon dots toward lightemitting diodes. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 2692–2694.
Kozák, O.; Sudolská, M.; Pramanik, G.; Cígler, P.; Otyepka, M.; Zboril, R. Photoluminescent carbon nanostructures. Chem. Mater. 2016, 28, 4085–4128.
Yang, S. W.; Sun, J.; Li, X. B.; Zhou, W.; Wang, Z. Y.; He, P.; Ding, G. Q.; Xie, X. M.; Kang, Z. H.; Jiang, M. H. Large-scale fabrication of heavy doped carbon quantum dots with tunable-photoluminescence and sensitive fluorescence detection. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 8660–8667.
Brouwer, A. M. Standards for photoluminescence quantum yield measurements in solution (IUPAC technical report). Pure Appl. Chem. 2011, 83, 2213–2228.
Yang, F.; Zhao, M. L.; Zheng, B. Z.; Xiao, D.; Wu, L.; Guo, Y. Influence of pH on the fluorescence properties of graphene quantum dots using ozonation pre-oxide hydrothermal synthesis. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 25471–25479.
Zhao, S. J.; Lan, M. H.; Zhu, X. Y.; Xue, H. T.; Ng, T.-W.; Meng, X. M.; Lee, C.-S.; Wang, P. F.; Zhang, W. J. Green synthesis of bifunctional fluorescent carbon dots from garlic for cellular imaging and free radical scavenging. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 17054–17060.
Turro, N. J. Modern Molecular Photochemistry; University Science Books: Mill Valley, CA, 1991.
Englman, R.; Jortner, J. The energy gap law for radiationless transitions in large molecules. J. Mol. Phys. 1970, 18, 145–164.
Lan, M. H.; Zhang, J. F.; Zhu, X. Y.; Wang, P. F.; Chen, X. F.; Lee, C. S.; Zhang, W. J. Highly stable organic fluorescent nanorods for living-cell imaging. Nano Res. 2015, 8, 2380–2389.
Sharma, A.; Gadly, T.; Gupta, A.; Ballal, A.; Ghosh, S. K.; Kumbhakar, M. Origin of excitation dependent fluorescence in carbon nanodots. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2016, 7, 3695–3702.
Xu, Q. F.; Zhou, Q.; Hua, Z.; Xue, Q.; Zhang, C. F.; Wang, X. Y.; Pan, D. Y.; Xiao, M. Single-particle spectroscopic measurements of fluorescent graphene quantum dots. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 10654–10661.
Khan, S.; Gupta, A.; Verma, N. C.; Nandi, C. K. Timeresolved emission reveals ensemble of emissive states as the origin of multicolor fluorescence in carbon dots. Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 8300–8305.
Singh, S.; Aggarwal, A.; Bhupathiraju, N. V. S. D. K.; Arianna, G.; Tiwari, K.; Drain, C. M. Glycosylated porphyrins, phthalocyanines, and other porphyrinoids for diagnostics and therapeutics. Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 10261–10306.
Pu, S. C.; Yang, M. J.; Hsu, C. C.; Lai, C. W.; Hsieh, C. C.; Lin, S. H.; Cheng, Y. M.; Chou, P. T. The empirical correlation between size and two-photon absorption cross section of CdSe and CdTe quantum dots. Small 2006, 2, 1308–1313.
Liu, Q.; Guo, B. D.; Rao, Z. Y.; Zhang, B. H.; Gong, J. R. Strong two-photon-induced fluorescence from photostable, biocompatible nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots for cellular and deep-tissue imaging. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 2436–2441.
Kong, B.; Zhu, A. W.; Ding, C. Q.; Zhao, X. M.; Li, B.; Tian, Y. Carbon dot-based inorganic–organic nanosystem for two-photon imaging and biosensing of pH variation in living cells and tissues. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 5844–5848.
Peng, X. J.; Yang, Z. G.; Wang, J. Y.; Fan, J. L.; He, Y. X.; Song, F. L.; Wang, B. S.; Sun, S. G.; Qu, J. L.; Qi, J. et al. Fluorescence ratiometry and fluorescence lifetime imaging: Using a single molecular sensor for dual mode imaging of cellular viscosity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 6626–6635.
Fan, M.; Yao, J.; Tung, C.-H. Molecular Photochemistry and Materials Science; Chinese Science Publishing & Media Ltd.: Beijing, 2008. (in Chinese)