To Reduce the Global Burden of Human Schistosomiasis, Use ‘Old Fashioned’ Snail Control

Trends in Parasitology - Tập 34 Số 1 - Trang 23-40 - 2018
Susanne H. Sokolow1,2, Chelsea L. Wood3, Isabel J. Jones1, Kevin D. Lafferty4, Armand M. Kuris2, Michael H. Hsieh5,6,7, Giulio A. De Leo1
1Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA,
2Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
3School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195-5020, USA
4U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, c/o Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
5Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
6Children's National Health System, Washington DC, 20010, USA
7The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Kajihara, 2011, The war against a regional disease in Japan. A history of the eradication of Schistosomiasis japonica, Trop. Med. Health, 39, 3

Tanaka, 1997, From discovery to eradication of schistosomiasis in Japan: 1847–1996, Int. J. Parasitol., 27, 1465, 10.1016/S0020-7519(97)00183-5

Sokolow, 2016, Global assessment of schistosomiasis control over the past century shows targeting the snail intermediate host works best, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10, 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004794

King, 2015, Historical perspective: snail control to prevent schistosomiasis, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9, 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003657

Gray, 2010, Schistosomiasis elimination: lessons from the past guide the future, Lancet Infect. Dis., 10, 733, 10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70099-2

Fenwick, 2011, Schistosomiasis elimination, Lancet Infect. Dis., 11, 346, 10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70110-4

Bergquist, 2017, Controlling schistosomiasis with praziquantel: How much longer without a viable alternative?, Infect. Dis. Poverty, 6, 74, 10.1186/s40249-017-0286-2

Engels, 2002, The global epidemiological situation of schistosomiasis and new approaches to control and research, Acta Trop., 82, 139, 10.1016/S0001-706X(02)00045-1

Sokolow, 2015, Reduced transmission of human schistosomiasis after restoration of a native river prawn that preys on the snail intermediate host, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 112, 9650, 10.1073/pnas.1502651112

Rollinson, 2001, Interactions between intermediate snail hosts of the genus Bulinus and schistosomes of the Schistosoma haematobium group, Parasitology, 123, S245, 10.1017/S0031182001008046

Galinier, 2017, A multistrain approach to studying the mechanisms underlying compatibility in the interaction between Biomphalaria glabrata and Schistosoma mansoni, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11, 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005398

IUCN, 2017

Pointier, 2011, The biological control of the snail hosts of schistosomes: the role of competitor snails and biological invasions, 215

Rollinson, 2013, Time to set the agenda for schistosomiasis elimination, Acta Trop., 128, 423, 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.04.013

Allan, 2017, Schistosome infectivity in the snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, is partially dependent on the expression of Grctm6, a Guadeloupe Resistance Complex protein, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11, 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005362

McCullough, 1980, Molluscicides in schistosomiasis control, Bull. World Health Organ., 58, 681

Dai, 2008, A novel molluscicidal formulation of niclosamide, Parasitol. Res., 103, 405, 10.1007/s00436-008-0988-2

Coelho, 2016, Critical analysis of molluscicide application in schistosomiasis control programs in Brazil, Infect. Dis. Poverty, 5, 57, 10.1186/s40249-016-0153-6

Li, 2014, Multi-targeted therapy of cancer by niclosamide: A new application for an old drug, Cancer Lett., 349, 8, 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.04.003

Xu, 2016, Identification of small-molecule inhibitors of Zika virus infection and induced neural cell death via a drug repurposing screen, Nat. Med., 22, 1101, 10.1038/nm.4184

Laamrani, 2000, Evaluation of environmental methods to control snails in an irrigation system in Central Morocco, Trop. Med. Int. Health, 5, 545, 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2000.00606.x

Incani, 1987, The Venezuelan experience in the control of schistosomiasis mansoni, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 82, 89, 10.1590/S0074-02761987000800014

al-Madani, 1990, Schistosomiasis control in Saudi Arabia with special reference to the period 1983–1988, Public Health, 104, 261, 10.1016/S0033-3506(05)80475-5

Sokolow, 2017, Nearly 400 million people are at higher risk of schistosomiasis because dams block the migration of snail-eating river prawns, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 372, 10.1098/rstb.2016.0127

Steinmann, 2006, Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk, Lancet Infect. Dis., 6, 411, 10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70521-7

Howarth, 1991, Environmental impacts of classical biological control, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 36, 485, 10.1146/annurev.en.36.010191.002413

Bale, 2008, Biological control and sustainable food production, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 363, 761, 10.1098/rstb.2007.2182

Pointier, 2000, Biological control of the snail hosts of schistosomiasis in areas of low transmission: the example of the Caribbean area, Acta Trop., 77, 53, 10.1016/S0001-706X(00)00123-6

Ouedraogo, 2016, Schistosomiasis in school-age children in Burkina Faso after a decade of preventive chemotherapy, Bull. World Health Organ., 94, 37, 10.2471/BLT.15.161885

Swartz, 2015, Infection with schistosome parasite in snails leads to increased predation by prawns: implications for human schistosomiasis control, J. Exp. Biol., 218, 3962, 10.1242/jeb.129221

Sokolow, 2014, Regulation of laboratory populations of snails (Biomphalaria and Bulinus spp.) by river prawns, Macrobrachium spp. (Decapoda Palaemonidae): implications for control of schistosomiasis, Acta Trop., 132C, 64, 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.12.013

Alkalay, 2014, The prawn Macrobrachium vollenhovenii in the Senegal River basin: towards sustainable restocking of all-male populations for biological control of schistosomiasis, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8

King, 2010, Parasites and poverty: the case of schistosomiasis, Acta Trop., 113, 95, 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.11.012

Garchitorena, 2017, Disease ecology, health and the environment: a framework to account for ecological and socio-economic drivers in the control of neglected tropical diseases, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 372, 10.1098/rstb.2016.0128

Chades, 2011, General rules for managing and surveying networks of pests, diseases, and endangered species, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 108, 8323, 10.1073/pnas.1016846108

McVinish, 2016, Limiting the spread of disease through altered migration patterns, J. Theor. Biol., 393, 60, 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.12.019

Mari, 2017, Big-data-driven modeling unveils country-wide drivers of endemic schistosomiasis, Sci. Rep., 7, 489, 10.1038/s41598-017-00493-1

King, 2009, Toward the elimination of schistosomiasis, N. Engl. J. Med., 360, 106, 10.1056/NEJMp0808041

Gurarie, 2005, Heterogeneous model of schistosomiasis transmission and long-term control: the combined influence of spatial variation and age-dependent factors on optimal allocation of drug therapy, Parasitology, 130, 49, 10.1017/S0031182004006341

Brown, 1994

Clements, 2009, A comparative study of the spatial distribution of schistosomiasis in Mali in 1984–1989 and 2004–2006, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 3, 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000431

Kloos, 1983, Water contact behavior and schistosomiasis in an upper Egyptian village, Soc. Sci. Med., 17, 545, 10.1016/0277-9536(83)90297-6

Babiker, 1985, Focality and seasonality of Schistosoma mansoni transmission in the Gezira Irrigated Area, Sudan, J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 88, 57

Woolhouse, 1989, Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the population dynamics of Bulinus globosus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi and in the epidemiology of their infection with schistosomes, Parasitology, 98, 21, 10.1017/S0031182000059655

Muhoho, 1997, Cercarial density in the river of an endemic area of schistosomiasis haematobia in Kenya, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 57, 162, 10.4269/ajtmh.1997.57.162

Kuris, 2008, Ecosystem energetic implications of parasite and free-living biomass in three estuaries, Nature, 454, 515, 10.1038/nature06970

Beale, 2012, Incorporating uncertainty in predictive species distribution modelling, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 367, 247, 10.1098/rstb.2011.0178

Wardrop, 2014, Interpreting predictive maps of disease: highlighting the pitfalls of distribution models in epidemiology, Geospat. Health, 9, 237, 10.4081/gh.2014.397

Stensgaard, 2006, Modeling freshwater snail habitat suitability and areas of potential snail-borne disease transmission in Uganda, Geospat. Health, 1, 93, 10.4081/gh.2006.284

Walz, 2015, Use of an ecologically relevant modelling approach to improve remote sensing-based schistosomiasis risk profiling, Geospat. Health, 10, 398, 10.4081/gh.2015.398

Walz, 2015, Risk profiling of schistosomiasis using remote sensing: approaches, challenges and outlook, Parasites Vectors, 8, 163, 10.1186/s13071-015-0732-6

Perez-Saez, 2016, Hydrology and density feedbacks control the ecology of intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis across habitats in seasonal climates, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 113, 6427, 10.1073/pnas.1602251113

Walz, 2015, Modeling and validation of environmental suitability for schistosomiasis transmission using remote sensing, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9, 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004217

Bass, 2015, Diverse applications of environmental DNA methods in parasitology, Trends Parasitol., 31, 499, 10.1016/j.pt.2015.06.013

Thomsen, 2015, Environmental DNA – An emerging tool in conservation for monitoring past and present biodiversity, Biol. Conserv., 183, 4, 10.1016/j.biocon.2014.11.019

Ciddio, 2017, The spatial spread of schistosomiasis: A multidemensional network model applied to Saint-Louis region, Senegal, Adv. Water Resour., 108, 406, 10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.10.012

Lee, 1967

Lenhart, 2007

Sturrock, 2001, Seasonality in the transmission of schistosomiasis and in populations of its snail intermediate hosts in and around a sugar irrigation scheme at Richard Toll, Senegal, Parasitology, 123, S77, 10.1017/S0031182001008125

Kloos, 1982, Molluscicidal effects of eucalyptus, Vet. Rec., 111, 148, 10.1136/vr.111.7.148-a

Chimbari, 2012, Enhancing schistosomiasis control strategy for Zimbabwe: building on past experiences, J. Parasitol. Res., 2012, 10.1155/2012/353768

Windbichler, 2011, A synthetic homing endonuclease-based gene drive system in the human malaria mosquito, Nature, 473, 212, 10.1038/nature09937

Hammond, 2016, A CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive system targeting female reproduction in the malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae, Nat. Biotechnol., 34, 78, 10.1038/nbt.3439

Adema, 2017, Whole genome analysis of a schistosomiasis-transmitting freshwater snail, Nat. Commun., 8

Perry, 2015, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome modification in the mollusc, Crepidula fornicata, Genesis, 53, 237, 10.1002/dvg.22843

Esvelt, 2014, Concerning RNA-guided gene drives for the alteration of wild populations, Elife, 10.7554/eLife.03401.019

Allan, 2017, Schistosome infectivity in the snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, is partially dependent on the expression of Grctm6, a Guadeloupe Resistance Complex protein, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11, 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005362

Schaefer, 2017, Unexpected mutations after CRISPR-Cas9 editing in vivo, Nat. Methods, 14, 547, 10.1038/nmeth.4293

Baltimore, 2015, Biotechnology. A prudent path forward for genomic engineering and germline gene modification, Science, 348, 36, 10.1126/science.aab1028

Uhazy, 1978, Schistosoma mansoni: identification of chemicals that attract or trap its snail vector, Biomphalaria glabrata, Science, 201, 924, 10.1126/science.684418

Etges, 1966, Repellent action of some chemical molluscicides on schistosome vector snails, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 15, 618, 10.4269/ajtmh.1966.15.618

Loreau, 1991, Shade as a means of ecological control of Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 85, 443, 10.1080/00034983.1991.11812590

Ramaswamy, 2003, Topical application of DEET for schistosomiasis, Trends Parasitol., 19, 551, 10.1016/j.pt.2003.10.001

Mkoji, 1999, Impact of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii on Schistosoma haematobium transmission in Kenya, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 61, 751, 10.4269/ajtmh.1999.61.751

Khalil, 2011, Can the freshwater crayfish eradicate schistosomiasis in Egypt and Africa?, J. Am. Sci., 7, 457

Benstead, 1999, Effects of a low-head dam and water abstraction on migratory tropical stream biota, Ecol. Appl., 9, 656, 10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0656:EOALHD]2.0.CO;2

Roberts, 1990, Predation and control of laboratory populations of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata by the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 84, 401, 10.1080/00034983.1990.11812486

Evers, 2006, The schistosome intermediate host, Bulinus nyassanus, is a ‘preferred’ food for the cichlid fish, Trematocranus placodon, at Cape Maclear, Lake Malawi, Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 100, 75, 10.1179/136485906X78553

Madsen, 2011, Density of Trematocranus placodon (Pisces: Cichlidae): a predictor of density of the schistosome intermediate host, Bulinus nyassanus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae), in Lake Malawi, Ecohealth, 8, 177, 10.1007/s10393-011-0737-3

Slootweg, 1994, The biological control of intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis by fish, Rev. Fish Biol. Fish., 4, 67, 10.1007/BF00043261

Gashaw, 2008, Assessment of the potential of competitor snails and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) as biocontrol agents against snail hosts transmitting schistosomiasis, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 102, 774, 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.04.045

Ndlela, 2000, A preliminary assessment of the potential of the Muschovy duck (Cairina maschata) as a biocontrol agent of schistosomiasis intermediate host snails, Cent. Afr. J. Med., 46, 271

Nassi, 1979, Evaluation of a trial to control Biomphalaria glabrata in Guadeloupe by using a sterilizing trematode (author’s transl), Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp., 54, 185, 10.1051/parasite/1979542185

Pointier, 2000, Biological control of the snail hosts of schistosomiasis in areas of low transmission: the example of the Caribbean area, Acta Trop., 77, 53, 10.1016/S0001-706X(00)00123-6

Hechinger, 2011, Social organization in a flatworm: trematode parasites form soldier and reproductive castes, Proc. Biol. Sci., 278, 656

Jourdane, 1990, Influence of intramolluscan larval stages of Echinostoma liei on the infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae, J. Helminthol., 64, 71, 10.1017/S0022149X00011925

Jourdane, 1986, Topographic shifting of primary sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni in Biomphalaria pfeifferi as a result of coinfection with Echinostoma caproni, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 48, 269, 10.1016/0022-2011(86)90054-6

Tang, 2009, Development of larval Schistosoma japonicum blocked in Oncomelania hupensis by pre-infection with larval Exorchis sp, J. Parasitol., 95, 1321, 10.1645/GE-2055.1

Basch, 1969, Cotylurus lutzi sp. n. (Trematoda: Strigeidae) and its life cycle, J. Parasitol., 55, 527, 10.2307/3277292

Laidemitt, 2017, Loads of trematodes: discovering hidden diversity of paramphistomoids in Kenyan ruminants, Parasitology, 144, 131, 10.1017/S0031182016001827

Southgate, 1989, The influence of Calicophoron microbothrium on the susceptibility of Bulinus tropicus to Schistosoma bovis, Parasitol. Res., 75, 381, 10.1007/BF00931134

Spatz, 2012, Susceptibility of wild populations of Biomphalaria spp. from neotropical South America to Schistosoma mansoni and interference of Zygocotyle lunata, J. Parasitol., 98, 1291, 10.1645/GE-3002.1

Johnson, 2009, Community diversity reduces Schistosoma mansoni transmission, host pathology and human infection risk, Proc. Biol. Sci., 276, 1657

Upatham, 1972, Interference by unsusceptible aquatic animals with the capacity of the miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon to infect Biomphalaria glabrata (Say) under field-simulated conditions in St Lucia, West Indies, J. Helminthol., 46, 277, 10.1017/S0022149X00024421

Hopkins, 2013, Parasite predators exhibit a rapid numerical response to increased parasite abundance and reduce transmission to hosts, Ecol. Evol., 3, 4427, 10.1002/ece3.634

Molyneux, 2012, The ‘Neglected Tropical Diseases’: now a brand identity; responsibilities, context and promise, Parasites Vectors, 5, 23, 10.1186/1756-3305-5-23

Bergquist, 2008, Trick or treat: the role of vaccines in integrated schistosomiasis control, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 2, 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000244

Remais, 2012, Balance between clinical and environmental responses to infectious diseases, Lancet, 379, 1457, 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61227-0

Secor, 2015, Something old, something new: is praziquantel enough for schistosomiasis control?, Future Med. Chem., 7, 681, 10.4155/fmc.15.9

Arfaa, 1970, Progress towards the control of bilharziasis in Iran, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 64, 912, 10.1016/0035-9203(70)90111-2

El-Halawani, 1978, Evaluation of molluscicidal control of schistosomiasis in the Middle East, 349

Jordan, 2000, From katayama to the Dakhla Oasis: the beginning of epidemiology and control of bilharzia, Acta Trop., 77, 9, 10.1016/S0001-706X(00)00121-2

Ebisawa, 1998, Epidemiology and eradication of Schistosomiasis japonica in Japan, J. Travel Med., 5, 33, 10.1111/j.1708-8305.1998.tb00454.x

Pointier, 2001, Invading freshwater snails and biological control in Martinique Island, French West Indies, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 96, 67, 10.1590/S0074-02762001000900009

Dhunputh, 1994, Progress in the control of schistosomiasis in Mauritius, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 88, 507, 10.1016/0035-9203(94)90138-4

Amarir, 2011, National serologic survey of Haematobium schistosomiasis in Morocco: evidence for elimination, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 84, 15, 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0378

Barkia, 2014, Contribution of mobile teams to efforts to eliminate schistosomiasis at Schistosoma haematobium in Morocco – narrative review article, Iran. J. Public Health, 43, 1167

Boelee, 2004, Environmental control of schistosomiasis through community participation in a Moroccan oasis, Trop. Med. Int. Health, 9, 997, 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01301.x

Khallaayoune, 1992, Seasonal patterns in the transmission of Schistosoma haematobium in Attaouia, Morocco, J. Helminthol., 66, 89, 10.1017/S0022149X00012645

Laamrani, 2000, New challenges in schistosomiasis control in Morocco, Acta Trop., 77, 61, 10.1016/S0001-706X(00)00114-5

Laamrani, 2000, Schistosoma haematobium in Morocco: moving from control to elimination, Parasitol. Today, 16, 257, 10.1016/S0169-4758(00)01665-3

Nuttall, 1994, GIS Management tools for the control of tropical diseases: applications in Botswana, Senegal, and Morocco, 59

Haddock, 1981, Control of schistosomiasis: the Puerto Rican experience, Soc. Sci. Med. D, 15, 501

Rey, 1982, Schistosomiasis in Tunisia. Results after 10 years of the endemics control, Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exotique Ses Filiales, 75, 505

Al-Madani, 1990, Schistosomiasis control in Saudi Arabia with special reference to the period 1983–1988, Public Health, 104, 261, 10.1016/S0033-3506(05)80475-5

Barakat, 2014, Human schistosomiasis in the Middle East and North Africa Region, 23, 10.1007/978-3-7091-1613-5_2

Hotez, 2012, Neglected tropical diseases of the Middle East and North Africa: review of their prevalence, distribution, and opportunities for control, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6, 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001475

Lotfy, 2010, Human schistosomiasis in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A review, J. Med. Res. Inst., 31, 1

WHO, 2007, Inter-country meeting on strategies to eliminate schistosomiasis from the Eastern Mediterranean Region

Youssef, 1998, Schistosomiasis in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Iraq, Urology, 51, 170, 10.1016/S0090-4295(98)00061-2

Izhar, 2002, Recent situation of schistosomiasis in Indonesia, Acta Trop., 82, 283, 10.1016/S0001-706X(02)00020-7

Baquir, 1974, Letter: Present status of Hor Rajab bilharziasis control project Iraq 15, WHO-TA, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 68, 345, 10.1016/0035-9203(74)90053-4

Lotfy, 2009, Human schistosomiasis in Egypt: Historical review, assessment of the current picture and prediction of the future trends, J. Med. Res. Inst., 30, 1

Khalil, 2011, Can the freshwater crayfish eradicate schistosomiasis in Egypt and Africa?, J. Am. Sci., 7, 457

Farooq, 1966, The effect of area-wide snail control on the endemicity of bilharziasis in Egypt, Bull. World Health Organ., 35, 369

El-Khoby, 2000, The epidemiology of schistosomiasis in Egypt: Summary findings in nine governorates, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 62, 88, 10.4269/ajtmh.2000.62.88

El Khoby, 1998, The USAID/Government of Egypt’s Schistosomiasis Research Project (SRP), Parasitol. Today, 14, 92, 10.1016/S0169-4758(97)01206-4

Barakat, 2013, Epidemiology of schistosomiasis in Egypt: Travel through time: Review, Cairo Univ. J. Adv. Res., 4, 425, 10.1016/j.jare.2012.07.003

Zhou, 2005, The public health significance and control of schistosomiasis in Chinan – then and now, Acta Trop., 96, 97, 10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.07.005

Xianyi, 2005, Policy and practice schistosomiasis control in China: The impact of a 10-year World Bank Loan Project (1992–2001), Bull. World Health Organ., 83, 43

de Noya, 1992, New approaches for the control and eradication of schistosomiasis in Venezuela, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 87, 227, 10.1590/S0074-02761992000800035

De Noya, 1999, The last fifteen years of schistosomiasis in Venezuela: Features and evolution, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 94, 139, 10.1590/S0074-02761999000200002

Pointier, 2000, Biological control of the snail hosts of schistosomiasis in areas of low transmission: the example of the Caribbean area, Acta Trop., 77, 53, 10.1016/S0001-706X(00)00123-6

Bergquist, 2010, Controlling schistosomiasis in Southeast Asia: a tale of two countries, Adv. Parasitol., 72, 109, 10.1016/S0065-308X(10)72005-4

Blas, 2004, The schistosomiasis problem in the Philippines: a review, Parasitol. Int., 53, 127, 10.1016/j.parint.2004.01.003

Jordan, 1985

Pointier, 1995, Ecology and control of the snail intermediate hosts of trematodes in an heterogenous environment: the Biomphalaria glabrata model in the insular focus of, Res. Rev. Parasitol., 55, 121

Stothard, 2009, The epidemiology and control of urinary schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in schoolchildren on Unguja Island, Zanzibar, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 103, 1031, 10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.03.024

Knopp, 2013, From morbidity control to transmission control: time to change tactics against helminths on Unguja Island, Zanzibar, Acta Trop., 128, 412, 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.04.010

Knopp, 2012, Study and implementation of urogenital schistosomiasis elimination in Zanzibar (Unguja and Pemba islands) using an integrated multidisciplinary approach, BMC Public Health, 12, 930, 10.1186/1471-2458-12-930

Urbani, 2002, Epidemiology and control of mekongi schistosomiasis, Acta Trop., 82, 157, 10.1016/S0001-706X(02)00047-5

Sornmani, 1976, Current status of schistosomiasis in Laos, Thailand and Malaysia, Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 7, 149

Ohmae, 2004, Schistosomiasis mekongi: From discovery to control, Parasitol. Int., 53, 135, 10.1016/j.parint.2004.01.004

Sinuon, 2007, Control of Schistosoma mekongi in Cambodia: results of eight years of control activities in the two endemic provinces, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 101, 34, 10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.04.011

Coura, 2004, Epidemiological and control aspects of schistosomiasis in Brazilian endemic areas, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 99, 13, 10.1590/S0074-02762004000900003

Barbosa, 1971, Control of Schistosomiasis mansoni in a small Northeast Brazilian community, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 65, 206, 10.1016/0035-9203(71)90220-3

Amaral, 2006, An analysis of the impact of the Schistosomiasis Control Programme in Brazil, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 101, 79, 10.1590/S0074-02762006000900012

Almeida Machado, 1982, The Brazilian program for schistosomiasis control, 1975–1979, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 31, 76, 10.4269/ajtmh.1982.31.76

Ndayishimiye, 2014, Control of neglected tropical diseases in Burundi: partnerships, achievements, challenges, and lessons learned after four years of programme implementation, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8, 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002684

Gryseels, 1991, The epidemiology of schistosomiasis in Burundi and its consequences for control, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 85, 626, 10.1016/0035-9203(91)90371-5

Engels, 1993, Schistosomiasis mansoni in Burundi: Progress in its control since 1985, Bull. World Health Organ., 71, 207

Linehan, 2011, Integrated implementation of programs targeting neglected tropical diseases through preventive chemotherapy: proving the feasibility at national scale, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 84, 5, 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0411

Ollivier, 1998, La schistosomose intestinale à Schistosoma mansoni à Madagascar: extension et focalisation de l’endémie, Parasitologie, 1966, 1

Mccullough, 1980, Molluscicides in schistosomiasis control, Bull. World Health Organ., 58, 681

Ruxin, 2012, Removing the neglect from neglected tropical diseases: the Rwandan experience 2008–2010, Glob. Public Health, 7, 812, 10.1080/17441692.2012.699535

Locketz, 1976, Health education in rural Surinam: use of videotape in a national campaign against schistosomiasis, Bull. Pan Am. Health Organ., 10, 219

Hotez, 2008, The neglected tropical diseases of Latin America and the Caribbean: a review of disease burden and distribution and a roadmap for control and elimination, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 2, 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000300

Touré, 2008, Two-year impact of single praziquantel treatment on infection in the national control programme on schistosomiasis in Burkina Faso, Bull. World Health Organ., 86, 780, 10.2471/BLT.07.048694

Poda, 2004, Schistosomiasis endemic in Burkina Faso, Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot., 97, 47

Fenwick, 2006, Implementation of human schistosomiasis control: Challenges and prospects, Adv. Parasitol., 61, 567, 10.1016/S0065-308X(05)61013-5

Mazigo, 2012, Epidemiology and control of human schistosomiasis in Tanzania, Parasites Vectors, 5, 274, 10.1186/1756-3305-5-274

Moné, 2010, Human schistosomiasis in the Economic Community of West African States, Adv. Parasitol., 71, 33, 10.1016/S0065-308X(10)71001-0

Kabatereine, 2004, Epidemiology and geography of Schistosoma mansoni in Uganda: Implications for planning control, Trop. Med. Int. Health, 9, 372, 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01176.x

Landoure, 2012, Significantly reduced intensity of infection but persistent prevalence of schistosomiasis in a highly endemic region in Mali after repeated treatment, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6, 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001774

Sesay, 2014, Schistosoma mansoni infection after three years of mass drug administration in Sierra Leone, Parasites Vectors, 7, 14, 10.1186/1756-3305-7-14

Hodges, 2011, Improved mapping strategy to better inform policy on the control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Sierra Leone, Parasites Vectors, 4, 97, 10.1186/1756-3305-4-97

Samuels, 2012, Schistosoma mansoni morbidity among school-aged children: A SCORE Project in Kenya, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 87, 874, 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0397

Dabo, 2000, Reinfection with Schistosoma haematobium and mansoni despite repeated praziquantel office treatment in Niger, Mali, Med. Trop. (Mars.), 60, 351

Fenwick, 2009, The Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI): rationale, development and implementation from 2002–2008, Parasitology, 136, 1719, 10.1017/S0031182009990400

Garba, 2006, Implementation of national schistosomiasis control programmes in West Africa, Trends Parasitol., 22, 322, 10.1016/j.pt.2006.04.007

Leslie, 2011, Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth control in Niger: cost effectiveness of school based and community distributed mass drug administration [corrected], PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5, 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001326

Oshish, 2011, Towards nationwide control of schistosomiasis in Yemen: a pilot project to expand treatment to the whole community, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 105, 617, 10.1016/j.trstmh.2011.07.013

Madsen, 2011, Schistosomiasis in Lake Malaŵi villages, EcoHealth, 8, 163, 10.1007/s10393-011-0687-9

Stauffer, 1997, Controlling vectors and hosts of parasitic diseases using fishes, Bioscience, 47, 41, 10.2307/1313005

Stauffer, 2006, Schistosomiasis in Lake Malawi: Relationship of fish and intermediate host density to prevalence of human infection, EcoHealth, 3, 22, 10.1007/s10393-005-0007-3

Wolff, 1989, Organization and decentralization of the Malawi National Bilharzia Control Programme, Trop. Med. Parasitol., 40, 201

Agbo, 1999, Prevalence des schistosomoses au Togo etude transversale realisee en milieu scolaire, Med. Trop., 59, 51

Kabatereine, 2006, The control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths in East Africa, Trends Parasitol., 22, 332, 10.1016/j.pt.2006.05.001

Fenwick, A. (2011) The control of schistosomiasis in Africa and the evaluation of integrated control of neglected tropical diseases in Africa. Grant ID# 13122 and 36202 edn, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Tchuente, 2013, Mapping of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in the regions of Centre, East and West Cameroon, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6

Maseko, 2016, Schistosomiasis knowledge, attitude, practices, and associated factors among primary school children in the Siphofaneni area in the Lowveld of Swaziland, J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect.

Huyse, 2013, Regular treatments of praziquantel do not impact on the genetic make-up of Schistosoma mansoni in Northern Senegal, Infect. Genet. Evol., 18, 100, 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.05.007

el Gaddal, 1989, Control of schistosomiasis in the Gezira, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 84, 117, 10.1590/S0074-02761989000500012

el Gaddal, 1985, The Blue Nile Health Project: a comprehensive approach to the prevention and control of water-associated diseases in irrigated schemes of the Sudan, J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 88, 47

El-Nagar, 1958, Control of schistosomiasis in the Gezira, Sudan, J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 61, 231

Finn, 2012, Integrated rapid mapping of neglected tropical diseases in three States of South Sudan: survey findings and treatment needs, PLoS One, 7, 10.1371/journal.pone.0052789

Humaida, 2011, Schistosomiasis: epidemiology and burden of disease in the Sudan, Sudan Med. J., 47, 63

Ault, 1994, Environmental management: a re-emerging vector control strategy, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 50, 35, 10.4269/ajtmh.1994.50.35

Olivier, 1956, A method for estimating the density of aquatic snail populations, Exp. Parasitol., 5, 109, 10.1016/0014-4894(56)90008-X

Hairston, 1961, Suggestions regarding some problems in the evaluation of molluscicides in the field, Bull. World Health Organ., 25, 731

Theron, 1986, Cercariometry and the epidemiology of schistosomiasis, Parasitol. Today, 2, 61, 10.1016/0169-4758(86)90156-0

Hung, 2008, Quantitative detection of Schistosoma japonicum cercariae in water by real-time PCR, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 2, 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000337

Yang, 2013, Spatio-temporal analysis to identify determinants of Oncomelania hupensis infection with Schistosoma japonicum in Jiangsu province, China, Parasites Vectors, 6, 138, 10.1186/1756-3305-6-138

Sturrock, 1986, Snail collection to detect schistosome transmission sites, Parasitol. Today, 2, 59, 10.1016/0169-4758(86)90155-9

Aoki, 2003, Cercariometry for detection of transmission sites for schistosomiasis, Parasitol. Int., 52, 403, 10.1016/S1383-5769(03)00057-6

Gryseels, 1988, The distribution of Schistosoma mansoni in the Rusizi plain (Burundi), Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 82, 581, 10.1080/00034983.1988.11812294

Zhou, 2016, Multi-host model and threshold of intermediate host Oncomelania snail density for eliminating schistosomiasis transmission in China, Sci. Rep., 6

Rollinson, 2009, Genetic diversity of schistosomes and snails: implications for control, Parasitology, 136, 1801, 10.1017/S0031182009990412

Lo, NC., Gurarie, D, Yoon, N, Coulibaly, JT, Bendavid, E, Andrews, JR, King, CH. Snail control to achieve disease control targets for schistosomiasis: a cost-effectiveness modeling study. PNAS (in press).