Spring water assessment for quality and suitability for various uses: the case of Thuligaad watershed, western Nepal
Tóm tắt
Springs supply water for drinking and livelihood for a vast majority of rural population in Nepal. Haphazard development activities are affecting springs adversely in hills and mountains of Nepal. This study aims to map springs, characterize their status from visual inspection and local/indigenous knowledge, characterize water quality, and then evaluate their suitability for drinking and irrigation in the Thuligaad watershed, western Nepal. Analysis of 160 springs mapped within four Wards (Ward is the smallest (fourth level) Administrative Unit in Nepal) in the Jorayal Rural Municipality in the Thuligaad watershed indicated that most of the springs are perennial (95%), located in less than 1,200 or within 1400–1600 m above the sea level elevation (70.6%), and have discharge less than five liters per minutes (80% during pre-monsoon season). Multiple tools such as Gibb’s diagram, Piper’s diagram, and principal component analysis were used to characterize water quality. Forty springs selected for spring water quality analysis indicated that it is dominated by Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+ and HCO3− > Cl− > SO42− water types, thus revealing rock–water interaction as dominant process controlling the spring water quality. Furthermore, water chemistry is dominantly Ca–HCO3 (52% in pre-monsoon) and Mixed Ca–Mg–Cl (28% in pre-monsoon) types. Finally, suitability analysis revealed that spring water quality is of excellent quality for drinking and concentration of various parameters comply with national and World Health Organization’s standard for drinking water quality. Similarly, the water is sage against various hazards for use in irrigation. Results of this first study in the study area provided valuable baseline information for spring water source protection and management.
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