Magnesium deficiency induces anxiety and HPA axis dysregulation: Modulation by therapeutic drug treatment

Aerni, 2004, Low-dose cortisol for symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, Am. J. Psychiatry, 161, 1488, 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.8.1488 Andlin-Sobocki, 2005, Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe, Eur. J. Neurol., 12, 1, 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2005.01202.x Armstrong, 2007, Vitamin D deficiency is associated with anxiety and depression in fibromyalgia, Clin. Rheumatol., 26, 551, 10.1007/s10067-006-0348-5 Baker, 1999, Serial CSF corticotropin-releasing hormone levels and adrenocortical activity in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder, Am. J. Psychiatry, 156, 585, 10.1176/ajp.156.4.585 Beck, 1995, Conditioned fear-induced changes in behavior and in the expression of the immediate early gene c-fos: with and without diazepam pretreatment, J. Neurosci., 15, 709, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-01-00709.1995 Belzung, 2001, Rodent models of anxiety-like behaviors: are they predictive for compounds acting via non-benzodiazepine mechanisms?, Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs, 2, 1108 Belzung, 2001, Measuring normal and pathological anxiety-like behaviour in mice: a review, Behav. Brain Res., 125, 141, 10.1016/S0166-4328(01)00291-1 Bentz, 2010, Enhancing exposure therapy for anxiety disorders with glucocorticoids: from basic mechanisms of emotional learning to clinical applications, J. Anxiety Disord., 24, 223, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.10.011 Bodnoff, 1988, The effects of chronic antidepressant treatment in an animal model of anxiety, Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 95, 298, 10.1007/BF00181937 Bodnoff, 1989, A comparison of the effects of diazepam versus several typical and atypical anti-depressant drugs in an animal model of anxiety, Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 97, 277, 10.1007/BF00442264 Bosch, 2006, Prenatal stress: opposite effects on anxiety and hypothalamic expression of vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing hormone in rats selectively bred for high and low anxiety, Eur. J. Neurosci., 23, 541, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04576.x Bouwknecht, 2007, The stress-induced hyperthermia paradigm as a physiological animal model for anxiety: a review of pharmacological and genetic studies in the mouse, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 31, 41, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.02.002 Bremner, 1997, Elevated CSF corticotropin-releasing factor concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder, Am. J. Psychiatry, 154, 624, 10.1176/ajp.154.5.624 Broadhurst, 1961, Analysis of maternal effects in the inheritance of behavior, Anim. Behav., 9, 129, 10.1016/0003-3472(61)90001-X Busquet, 2009, CaV1.3 L-type Ca2+ channels modulate depression-like behaviour in mice independent of deaf phenotype, Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 1 Charney, 2008, Neurobiological basis of anxiety disorders Coppen, 2005, Treatment of depression: time to consider folic acid and vitamin B12, J. Psychopharmacol., 19, 59, 10.1177/0269881105048899 Crawley, 1981, Neuropharmacologic specificity of a simple animal model for the behavioral actions of benzodiazepines, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 15, 695, 10.1016/0091-3057(81)90007-1 Crawley, 2000 Cryan, 2005, The ascent of mouse: advances in modelling human depression and anxiety, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 4, 775, 10.1038/nrd1825 de Medeiros, 2005, Stress-induced c-Fos expression is differentially modulated by dexamethasone, diazepam and imipramine, Neuropsychopharmacology, 30, 1246, 10.1038/sj.npp.1300694 DeFries, 1974, Response to 20 generations of selection for open-field activity in mice, Behav. Biol., 11, 481, 10.1016/S0091-6773(74)90800-1 Dulawa, 2005, Recent advances in animal models of chronic antidepressant effects: the novelty-induced hypophagia test, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 29, 771, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.017 Dulawa, 2004, Effects of chronic fluoxetine in animal models of anxiety and depression, Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, 1321, 10.1038/sj.npp.1300433 German-Fattal, 2008, Neuroprotective gene profile in the brain of magnesium-deficient mice, Biomed. Pharmacother., 62, 264, 10.1016/j.biopha.2008.02.007 Gobshtis, 2007, Antidepressant-induced undesirable weight gain: prevention with rimonabant without interference with behavioral effectiveness, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 554, 155, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.10.028 Gordon, 2004, Genetic approaches to the study of anxiety, Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 27, 193, 10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144212 Griebel, 2000, Differences in anxiety-related behaviours and in sensitivity to diazepam in inbred and outbred strains of mice, Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 148, 164, 10.1007/s002130050038 Guilloux, 2011, Characterization of 5-HT(1A/1B)−/− mice: an animal model sensitive to anxiolytic treatments, Neuropharmacology, 61, 478, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.009 Hackbarth, 2000, Euthanasia of rats with carbon dioxide – animal welfare aspects, Lab. Anim., 34, 91, 10.1258/002367700780578055 Haddad, 2005, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways: a revolving neurochemical axis for therapeutic intervention?, Prog. Neurobiol., 77, 252, 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.10.008 Hayashida, 2010, Repeated social defeat stress induces chronic hyperthermia in rats, Physiol. Behav., 101, 124, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.04.027 Held, 2002, Oral Mg(2+) supplementation reverses age-related neuroendocrine and sleep EEG changes in humans, Pharmacopsychiatry, 35, 135, 10.1055/s-2002-33195 Holsboer, 2000, The corticosteroid receptor hypothesis of depression, Neuropsychopharmacology, 23, 477, 10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00159-7 Imaki, 1995, Chlordiazepoxide attenuates stress-induced activation of neurons, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) gene transcription and CRF biosynthesis in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res., 32, 261, 10.1016/0169-328X(95)00086-8 Jacka, 2009, Association between magnesium intake and depression and anxiety in community-dwelling adults: the Hordaland health study, Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry, 43, 45, 10.1080/00048670802534408 Jingami, 1985, Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for rat corticotropin-releasing factor precursor, FEBS Lett., 191, 63, 10.1016/0014-5793(85)80994-7 Kantak, 1988, Magnesium deficiency alters aggressive behavior and catecholamine function, Behav. Neurosci., 102, 304, 10.1037/0735-7044.102.2.304 Keck, 2005, Differences in serotonergic neurotransmission between rats displaying high or low anxiety/depression-like behaviour: effects of chronic paroxetine treatment, J. Neurochem., 92, 1170, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02953.x Keegan, 1994, Differential expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone in developing mouse embryos and adult brain, Endocrinology, 134, 2547, 10.1210/endo.134.6.8194481 Keeney, 2001, Alterations in core body temperature, locomotor activity, and corticosterone following acute and repeated social defeat of male NMRI mice, Physiol. Behav., 74, 177, 10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00541-8 Kessler, 2005, Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 62, 593, 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 Kroll, 2007, New directions in the conceptualization of psychotic disorders, Curr. Opin. Psychiatry, 20, 573, 10.1097/YCO.0b013e3282f08759 Kromer, 2005, Identification of glyoxalase-I as a protein marker in a mouse model of extremes in trait anxiety, J. Neurosci., 25, 4375, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0115-05.2005 Laarakker, 2011, Behavioral characterization of A/J and C57BL/6J mice using a multidimensional test: association between blood plasma and brain magnesium-ion concentration with anxiety, Physiol. Behav., 102, 205, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.10.019 Lecci, 1990, Pharmacological validation of a novel animal model of anticipatory anxiety in mice, Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 101, 255, 10.1007/BF02244136 Liebowitz, 1997, Panic disorder as a chronic illness, J. Clin. Psychiatry, 58, 5 Liebsch, 1998, Behavioral, physiological, and neuroendocrine stress responses and differential sensitivity to diazepam in two Wistar rat lines selectively bred for high- and low-anxiety-related behavior, Neuropsychopharmacology, 19, 381, 10.1016/S0893-133X(98)00042-6 Lowry, 2006, Regulation of behavioral responses by corticotropin-releasing factor, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 146, 19, 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.12.006 Merali, 2003, Validation of a simple, ethologically relevant paradigm for assessing anxiety in mice, Biol. Psychiatry, 54, 552, 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01827-9 Millan, 2003, The neurobiology and control of anxious states, Prog. Neurobiol., 70, 83, 10.1016/S0301-0082(03)00087-X Muigg, 2009, Differential stress-induced neuronal activation patterns in mouse lines selectively bred for high, normal or low anxiety, PLoS One, 4, e5346, 10.1371/journal.pone.0005346 Murck, 2002, Magnesium and affective disorders, Nutr. Neurosci., 5, 375, 10.1080/1028415021000039194 Murck, 1998, Mg2+ reduces ACTH secretion and enhances spindle power without changing delta power during sleep in men – possible therapeutic implications, Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 137, 247, 10.1007/s002130050617 Muroyama, 2009, Enhanced susceptibility to MPTP neurotoxicity in magnesium-deficient C57BL/6N mice, Neurosci. Res., 63, 72, 10.1016/j.neures.2008.09.009 Nguyen, 2009, Effect of neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor deletion on emotional stress-induced neuronal activation in mice, Synapse, 63, 236, 10.1002/syn.20597 O’Mahony, 2010, Restraint stress-induced brain activation patterns in two strains of mice differing in their anxiety behaviour, Behav. Brain Res., 213, 148, 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.04.038 Paxinos, 2001 Plag, 2009, Pharmakotherapie bei Angsterkrankungen, Z. Psychiatr. Psychol. Psychother., 57, 185 Poleszak, 2004, Antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like activity of magnesium in mice, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 78, 7, 10.1016/j.pbb.2004.01.006 Popkin, 2006, Global nutrition dynamics: the world is shifting rapidly toward a diet linked with noncommunicable diseases, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 84, 289, 10.1093/ajcn/84.2.289 Salome, 2004, Neurobiological correlates of high (HAB) versus low anxiety-related behavior (LAB): differential Fos expression in HAB and LAB rats, Biol. Psychiatry, 55, 715, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.10.021 Santarelli, 2003, Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants, Science, 301, 805, 10.1126/science.1083328 Sartori, 2004, Evaluation of the effect of chronic antidepressant treatment on neurokinin-1 receptor expression in the rat brain, Neuropharmacology, 46, 1177, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.02.013 Sartori, 2011, The clinical implications of mouse models of enhanced anxiety, Future Neurol, 6, 531, 10.2217/fnl.11.34 Seelig, 1994, Consequences of magnesium deficiency on the enhancement of stress reactions; preventive and therapeutic implications (a review), J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 13, 429, 10.1080/07315724.1994.10718432 Singewald, 2003, Induction of c-Fos expression in specific areas of the fear circuitry in rat forebrain by anxiogenic drugs, Biol. Psychiatry, 53, 275, 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01574-3 Singewald, 2004, Magnesium-deficient diet alters depression- and anxiety-related behavior in mice – influence of desipramine and Hypericum perforatum extract, Neuropharmacology, 47, 1189, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.08.010 Soravia, 2006, Glucocorticoids reduce phobic fear in humans, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 103, 5585, 10.1073/pnas.0509184103 Thys-Jacobs, 2000, Micronutrients and the premenstrual syndrome: the case for calcium, J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 19, 220, 10.1080/07315724.2000.10718920 Tschenett, 2003, Reduced anxiety and improved stress coping ability in mice lacking NPY-Y2 receptors, Eur. J. Neurosci., 18, 143, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02725.x Veenema, 2003, Differences in basal and stress-induced HPA regulation of wild house mice selected for high and low aggression, Horm. Behav., 43, 197, 10.1016/S0018-506X(02)00013-2 Vinkers, 2008, Translational aspects of pharmacological research into anxiety disorders: the stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH) paradigm, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 585, 407, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.097 Whittle, 2011, Changes in brain protein expression are linked to magnesium restriction-induced depression-like behavior, Amino Acids, 40, 1231, 10.1007/s00726-010-0758-1 Whittle, 2009, Zinc deficiency induces enhanced depression-like behaviour and altered limbic activation reversed by antidepressant treatment in mice, Amino Acids, 36, 147, 10.1007/s00726-008-0195-6 WHO, 2004. Global burden of disease report. Yalcin, 2005, Effects of desipramine and tramadol in a chronic mild stress model in mice are altered by yohimbine but not by pindolol, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 514, 165, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.03.029 Young, 2008, Stress hormones and anxiety disorders, 455 Zamorski, 2002, What to do when SSRIs fail: eight strategies for optimizing treatment of panic disorder, Am. Fam. Physician, 66, 1477 Zender, 2009, Women’s mental health: depression and anxiety, Nurs. Clin. North Am., 44, 355, 10.1016/j.cnur.2009.06.002