Studies on anion exchange membranes having permselectivity for specific anions in electrodialysis — effect of hydrophilicity of anion exchange membranes on permselectivity of anions

Journal of Membrane Science - Tập 167 - Trang 1-31 - 2000
Toshikatsu Sata1
1Tokuyama Research, Ohoshima Ohara 89-57, Tokuyama City, Yamaguchi Prefecture, 745 0803, Japan

Tài liệu tham khảo

M. Seno, M. Takagi, K. Takeda, M. Teramoto, T. Hashimoto (Eds.), Handbook of Separation Science, Kyoritsu Shuppan Co., Tokyo, Japan, 1993. J.D. Powers, Membrane electrolysis process for producing concentrated caustic, USP 4,900,408 (1990). Iishi, 1991, Technical evaluation and effect of new ion exchange membrane-possibility of 50% caustic soda production, Kagaku Keizai (Chemical Economics), 38, 54 Y. Mizutani, R. Yamane, T. Sata, Electrodialysis process for selective transferring ions of the same charge, Japanese Patent JP 46-23607 (examined application). USP 3,510,417, USP 3,510,418, etc. Sata, 1973, Modification of properties of ion exchange membranes II. Transport properties of cation exchange membranes in the presence of water-soluble polymers, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 44, 393, 10.1016/0021-9797(73)90315-9 K. Mihara, T. Misumi, H. Miyauchi, Y. Ishida, Preparation method of cation exchange membrane with excellent permselectivity between cations, Japanese Patent JP 47-3081 (examined application). S. Tsushima, T. Misumi, M. Murakoshi, Japanese Patent JP 53-44155 (examined application). Hanada, 1990, Monovalent cation permselective membrane, Nippon Kaisui Gakkaishi (Bull. Soc. Sea Water Sci. Jpn.), 44, 116 Yamane, 1965, Permselectivity of the amphoteric ion-exchange membranes (2), Denki Kagaku, 33, 589 Sata, 1979, Modification of properties of ion exchange membranes VII. Relative transport number between various cations of cation exchange membranes having cationic polyelectrolyte layer and mechanism of selective permeation of particular cations, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed., 17, 2071, 10.1002/pol.1979.170170716 Rautenbach, 1987, Nitrate reduction of well water by reverse osmosis and electrodialysis – studies on plant performance and costs, Desalination, 65, 241, 10.1016/0011-9164(87)90137-8 Meller, 1992, Reduction of nitrate and nitrite in water by immobilized enzymes, Nature, 355, 717, 10.1038/355717a0 Neplenbroek, 1992, Nitrate removal using supported liquid membranes: transport mechanism, J. Membr. Sci., 67, 107, 10.1016/0376-7388(92)80019-G Ludtke, 1998, Nitrate removal of drinking water by means of catalytically active membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 151, 3, 10.1016/S0376-7388(98)00227-0 Bohdziewicz, 1999, The application of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration to the removal of nitrates from groundwater, Desalination, 121, 139, 10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00015-6 Oldani, 1992, On the nitrate and monovalent cation selectivity of ion exchange membranes used in drinking water purification, J. Membr. Sci., 75, 265, 10.1016/0376-7388(92)85068-T Kerose, 1997, Highly effective electrodialysis for selective elimination of nitrates from drinking water, J. Membr. Sci., 127, 17, 10.1016/S0376-7388(96)00282-7 Hell, 1998, Experience with full-scale electrodialysis for nitrate and hardness removal, Desalination, 117, 173, 10.1016/S0011-9164(98)00088-5 Drinking Water Atlas of China, Institute of Environmental Health Monitoring, Chinese Academy of Preventing Medicine, China Cartographic Publishing House, Beijing, China, 1994, pp. 147, 148. S. Jankovic, Manual de chimie de l’environnement, O.M.S. Genève, 1974, p. 251. Amor, 1998, Optimization of fluoride removal from brackish water by electrodialysis, Desalination, 120, 263, 10.1016/S0011-9164(98)00223-9 Cohen, 1998, 65,000 GPD fluoride removal membrane system in Lakeland, California, USA, Desalination, 117, 19, 10.1016/S0011-9164(98)00063-0 Brandhuber, 1998, Alternative methods for membrane filtration from drinking water, Desalination, 117, 1, 10.1016/S0011-9164(98)00061-7 Urase, 1998, Effect of pH on rejection of different species of arsenic by nanofiltration, Desalination, 117, 11, 10.1016/S0011-9164(98)00062-9 Yashima, 1994, Enantiomer enrichment of oxprenolol through cellulose tris(3,5-dimethyl phenylcarbonate) membrane, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 54, 1087, 10.1002/app.1994.070540811 Maruyama, 1990, Enantioselective permeation of α-amino acid isomers through poly(amino acid)-derived membranes, Macromolecules, 23, 2748, 10.1021/ma00212a027 Aoki, 1996, Enantioselective permeation of various racemates through an optically active poly{1-[dimethyl(10-pinanyl)silyl]-1-propyne} membrane, Macromolecules, 29, 4192, 10.1021/ma9517254 Tone, 1998, Chiral separation of optical isomers by functional organic thin membrane, Kagaku Kogaku, 62, 93 Koguma, 1998, Chiral separation of dl-tryptphan using bovine-serum-albumin-multilayer porous hollow-fiber membrane, Kagaku Kougaku Ronbun-Shu, 24, 456 McCandless, 1990, Counter-current recycle membrane cascades for the separation of the boron isotopes in BF3, J. Membr. Sci., 54, 307, 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)80617-1 Nelson, 1996, Isotopomeric water separations with supported polyphosphazene membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 112, 105, 10.1016/0376-7388(95)00100-X Zakrzewska-Trznadel, 1996, Separation of protium/deuterium and oxygen-16/oxygen-18 by membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci., 113, 337, 10.1016/0376-7388(95)00131-X T. Tomono, T. Suzuki, T. Ide, T. Sata, S. Sekiguchi, Plasma protein fractionation by inorganic microporous membranes, in: T. Agishi et al. (Eds.), Therapeutic Plasmapheresis, vol. XII, VSP, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1993, p. 747. Manabe, 1989, Mechanism of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) removal by regenerated cellulose hollow fiber (BMM), Maku (Membrane), 14, 77 Tsurumi, 1990, Structure of cuprammonium regenerated cellulose hollow fiber (BMM hollow fiber) for virus removal, Polym. J., 22, 751, 10.1295/polymj.22.751 Yamane, 1964, Preparation of SO42− non-permselective anion exchange membrane, Denki Kagaku, 32, 277 Y. Mizutani, R. Yamane, H. Motomura, Preparation methods of anion exchange membranes having monovalent anion permselectivity, Japanese Patent JP 41-3913 (examined application). H. Hani, A. Nishihara, Y. Oda, Anion exchange resin membranes, Japanese Patent JP 36-15258 (examined application). K. Mihara, T. Misumi, Y. Yamakoshi, H. Miyauchi, K. Tsuzura, Preparation method of anion exchange membranes, Japanese Patent JP 44-8985 (examined application). T. Gunjima, Y. Sugaya, Preparation method of anion exchange membranes having permselectivity between anions, Japanese Patent JP 48-34999 (examined application). T. Gunjima, Y. Sugaya, Preparation method of anion exchange membranes, Japanese Patent JP 53-1071 (examined application). K. Mihara, T. Misumi, H. Miyauchi, Y. Ishida, Anion exchange membranes having excellent permselectivity between anions, Japanese Patent JP 45-19980 (examined application). K. Mihara, T. Misumi, H. Miyauchi, Anion exchange membranes having excellent permselectivity between anions with the same charge, Japanese Patent JP 48-34676 (examined application). Sata, 1972, Transport properties of ion-exchange membranes in the presence of surface active agents, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 40, 317, 10.1016/0021-9797(72)90340-2 Schweigart, 1967, Preferential chloride–sulfate ion transport in electrodialysis using tetra-allyl ammonium chloride membrane by a modified methods, Desalination, 2, 154, 10.1016/S0011-9164(00)84133-8 Yamane, 1962, Comparison of permselectivity of anion exchange membranes for NaCl–Na2SO4 system, Denki Kagaku, 30, 94 Onoue, 1961, On the anion exchange membranes using dimethyle(2-oxybenzyl)amine, Denki Kagaku, 29, 653 T. Yamabe, M. Seno, Ion Exchange Resin Membranes, Gihoudou, Tokyo, 1963, p. 20. T. Sata, S. Nojima, Transport properties of anion exchange membranes prepared by the reaction of cross-linked membranes having chloromethyl groups with 4-vinylpyridine and trimethylamine, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed. 37 (1999) 1773. Sata, 1996, Permselectivity between anions in anion exchange membranes cross-linked with various diamines in electrodialysis, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed., 34, 1474 Nishimura, 1967, Preparation of homogeneous and strongly basic anion exchange membranes by cross-linking reactions between reactive polymers, Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi, 70, 1040, 10.1246/nikkashi1898.70.6_1040 H. Ohotaki, Hydration of Ions, Kyoritru Shuppan, Tokyo, 1992, p. 30. Sata, 1996, Preparation of anion exchange membranes with different pyridinium groups as anion exchange groups, Nippon Kaisui Gakkaishi (Bull. Soc. Sea Water Sci. Jpn.), 50, 449 Khulbe, 1982, Polymerization of pyrrole by potassium persulfate, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed., 20, 1089, 10.1002/pol.1982.170200416 A.F. Diaz, K.K. Kanazawa, G.P. Gardini, Electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1979). K.K. Kanazawa, A.F. Diaz, R.H. Geiss, W.H. Gill, A.F. Kwak, A.J. Logan, J.F. Rabolt, G.B. Street, Organic metals: polypyrrole, a stable synthetic metallic polymer, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1979) 854. Isa, 1990, Chip type aluminum solid polyelectrolyte capacitor by using polypyrrole, Denki Kagaku, 58, 604 Yoshizawa, 1999, Low-molecular-weight soluble polyaniline for electrolytic capacitor, Electrocheimstry, 67, 45, 10.5796/electrochemistry.67.45 Kuwabata, 1984, Redox behavior and electrochromic properties of polypyrrole films in aqueous solutions, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 57, 2247, 10.1246/bcsj.57.2247 Panero, 1987, Characteristics of electrochemically synthesized polymer electrodes in lithium cell VI. Effects of synthesis conditions on the performance of polypyrrole, Electrochim. Acta, 32, 1465, 10.1016/0013-4686(87)85087-9 Mo, 1990, Morphology and electrochemical properties of polypyrrole films prepared in aqueous and nonaqueous solvents, J. Electrochem. Soc., 187, 905 Yang, 1990, Scanning tunneling microscope evidence of semicrystalline and helical conducting polymer structures, J. Phys. Chem., 94, 6117, 10.1021/j100378a087 Sata, 1991, Properties of ion-exchange membranes combined anisotropically with conducting polymers 2. Relationship of electrical potential generation to preparation conditions of composite membranes, Chem. Mater., 3, 838, 10.1021/cm00017a019 Sata, 1994, Properties of composite membranes from ion exchange membranes and conducting polymers I. Conductivity of composite membrane from cation exchange membranes and polypyrrole, Electrochim. Acta, 39, 131, 10.1016/0013-4686(94)85019-4 Sata, 1993, Properties of composite membranes from ion exchange membranes and conducting polymers III. Change in acid transport, J. Membr. Sci., 84, 259, 10.1016/0376-7388(93)80021-O Sata, 1996, Preparation and properties of composite membranes composed of anion-exchange membranes and polypyrrole, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 16633, 10.1021/jp961024o Sata, 1995, Interaction between anionic polyelectrolytes and anion exchange membranes and change in membrane properties, J. Membr. Sci., 100, 229, 10.1016/0376-7388(94)00243-R Kusumoto, 1979, Organic fouling of ion exchange membranes, Nippon Kaisui Gakkaishi (Bull. Soc. Sea Water Sci. Jpn.), 33, 151 Sata, 1978, Modification of properties of ion exchange membranes III. Interaction between ion exchange membranes and surface active agents, Colloid Polym. Sci., 256, 62, 10.1007/BF01746692 Grebenyuk, 1998, Surface modification of anion-exchange electrodialysis membranes to enhance anti-fouling characteristics, Desalination, 115, 313, 10.1016/S0011-9164(98)00051-4 T. Sata, Anti-organic fouling properties of composite membranes prepared from anion exchange membranes and polypyrrole, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1993) 1122. Sata, 1993, Properties of composite membranes formed from ion exchange membranes and conducting polymers 4. Change in membrane resistance during electrodialysis in the presence of surface active agents, J. Phys. Chem., 97, 6920, 10.1021/j100128a029 Lin, 1972, The hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (hlb) of fluorocarbon surfactants and its relation to the critical micelle concentration (cmc), J. Phys. Chem., 76, 2019, 10.1021/j100658a020 Lin, 1973, The effect of structural modifications on the hydrophilic–lipophilic balance of ionic surfactants, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 45, 378, 10.1016/0021-9797(73)90275-0 Sata, 1995, Effect of hydrophilicity of ion exchange groups of anion exchange membranes on permselectivity between two anions, J. Phys. Chem., 99, 12875, 10.1021/j100034a028 L. Pauling, The Nature of Chemical Bond, 3rd edn., (translated into Japanese) Kyoritsu Shuppan, Tokyo, Japan, 1963, p. 257. Sata, 1998, Preparation and properties of anion exchange membranes having pyridinium derivatives as anion exchange groups, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed., 36, 49, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(19980115)36:1<49::AID-POLA8>3.0.CO;2-X Sata, 1997, Relationship of permselectivity between anions to water content of anion exchange membranes with pyridinium groups, Electrochim. Acta, 42, 2427, 10.1016/S0013-4686(96)00405-7 L. Pauling, The Nature of Chemical Bond, 3rd edn., (translated into Japanese), Kyoritsu Shuppan, Tokyo, Japan, 1963, p. 288. Sata, 1978, Modification of properties of ion exchange membranes IV. Change of transport properties of cation-exchange membranes by various polyelectrolytes, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed., 16, 1063, 10.1002/pol.1978.170160517 Sata, 1997, Transport numbers of various anions relative to chloride ions in modified anion-exchange membranes during electrodialysis, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 93, 457, 10.1039/a606373j Eyal, 1988, Nitrate-selective anion-exchange membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 38, 101, 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)80873-X Sata, 1998, Transport properties of anion-exchange membranes having a hydrophobic layer on their surface in electrodialysis, J. Phys. Chem. B, 102, 8473, 10.1021/jp980380z Sata, 1998, Changing permselectivity between halogen ions through anion exchange membranes in electrodialysis by controlling hydrophilicity of the membranes, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 94, 147, 10.1039/a704396a Doi, 1962, Permselectivity of halogen ions through anion exchange membranes in electrodialysis, Nippon Kagaku Zasshi, 83, 1161 Sata, 1998, Change in transport properties of anion-exchange membranes in the presence of ethylene glycols in electrodialysis, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 202, 348, 10.1006/jcis.1997.5390 Azechi, 1972, Treatment for giving low-permselectivity of bivalent cations to cation exchange membrane by adding reagent to feed sea water, Nippon Kaisui Gakkaishi (Bull. Soc. Sea Water Sci. Jpn.), 26, 38 Azechi, 1972, Treatment for giving low-permselectivity of bivalent cation to cation exchange membrane with added reagent of sea water, Nippon Kaisui Gakkaishi (Bull. Soc. Sea Water Sci. Jpn.), 26, 141 Tanaka, 1981, Treatment of ion exchange membranes to decrease divalent ion permselectivity, J. Membr. Sci., 8, 115, 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)82086-4 Huang, 1988, Selective separation of nickel and copper from a complexing solution by a cation-exchange membrane, J. Membr. Sci., 37, 37 Takahashi, 1994, Limiting current density in electrodialysis with rare-earth element solutions including a chelator, Nippon Kaisui Gakkaishi (Bull. Soc. Sea Water Sci. Jpn.), 48, 112 Cherif, 1993, Separation of Ag+, Zn2+ and Cu2+ ions by electrodialysis with a monovalent cation specific membrane and EDTA, J. Membr. Sci., 76, 39, 10.1016/0376-7388(93)87003-T M. Yamana, T. Kawata, Electrochromism of viologen derivatives, Nippon Kagaku Zasshi (1977) 941. Miyata, 1987, Synthesis of montmorillonite-viologen intercalation compounds and their photochromic behavior, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. I., 83, 1851, 10.1039/f19878301851 Stradowski, 1990, Methylviologen cation radical as probe of oxygen diffusion through polymer, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 41, 2511, 10.1002/app.1990.070410949 Maiti, 1992, Oxygen permeation in perfluorinated ionomers based on the reaction with the methylviologen cation radical. An ESR and optical study, Chem. Mater., 4, 458, 10.1021/cm00020a040 Abruña, 1981, Semiconductor electrodes 40. Photoassisted hydrogen evolution at poly(benzyl viologen)-coated p-type silicon electrodes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103, 6898, 10.1021/ja00413a021 Vermeulen, 1993, Efficient photoinduced charge separation in layered zirconium viologen phosphate compounds, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, 11767, 10.1021/ja00078a015 Sassoon, 1992, Photochemical generation and consequent stabilization of electron-transfer products on separate like-charged polyelectrolytes, J. Phys. Chem., 96, 4692, 10.1021/j100190a100 P.K. Datta, M. Borja, Separation of photogenerated redox species in zeolite via ion-exchange, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1993) 1565. Endo, 1984, Viologen used in “electron phase transfer” Catalytic debromination of vic-dibromides under heterophase condition using viologen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 106, 1124, 10.1021/ja00316a056 Sato, 1993, Reductive decomposition of α-brominated polystyrene using a reducing system of Zn-methylviologen, Polym. J., 25, 655, 10.1295/polymj.25.655 Akahoshi, 1981, Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical properties of polyviologen complex modified electrodes, J. Phys. Chem., 85, 818, 10.1021/j150607a018 Walcarius, 1993, The methyl viologen incorporated zeolite modified carbon paste electrode Part 1. Electrochemical behavior in aqueous media. Effects of supporting electrolyte and immersion time, Electrochim. Acta, 15, 2257, 10.1016/0013-4686(93)80107-B H. Chang, M. Osawa, T. Matsue, I. Uchida, A novel polyviologen electrode fabricated by electrochemical cross-linking, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 611 (1991). Ageishi, 1983, Electron transport across polymeric membranes containing the viologen structure, Macromolecules, 16, 884, 10.1021/ma00240a010 Sata, 1996, Generation of light-induced electrical potential from ion exchange membranes containing 4,4′-bipyridine moiety II. Effect of species of anion exchange membranes on photovoltage, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed., 34, 2123, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(199608)34:11<2123::AID-POLA5>3.0.CO;2-# Sata, 1997, Preparation and transport properties of anion-exchange membranes containing viologen moieties as anion exchange groups in the presence or absence of photoirradiation, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 93, 2553, 10.1039/a701285c Hatozaki, 1992, J. Phys. Chem., 96, 10492, 10.1021/j100204a069 Z. Kuri, Radiation Chemistry, Kyoritsu Shuppan, Tokyo, 1979, p. 57. Sata, 1996, Generation of light-induced electrical potential from ion exchange membranes containing 4,4′-bipyridine moiety, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 181, 275, 10.1006/jcis.1996.0378 Sata, 1997, Generation of light-induced electrical potential from ion exchange membranes containing 4,4′-bipyridine moiety III. Effect of species of solvents and chloride ions, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 186, 160, 10.1006/jcis.1996.4626 Kumar, 1989, Photochemistry of azobenzene-containing polymers, Chem. Rev., 89, 1915, 10.1021/cr00098a012 M. Negishi, O. Tsutsumi, T. Ikeda, T. Hiyama, J. Kawamura, M. Aizawa, S. Takehara, Photochemical switching of ferroelectric liquid crystals using a photoswitchable chiral dopant, Chem. Lett. (1996) 319. Ueno, 1995, Liquid-crystalline materials for photonics: effect of glass transition on stability of optical image stored in polymer azobenzene liquid crystals, Polym. Preprints, Japan, 44, 1820 Tsutsumi, 1995, Nonlinear optical polymers 1. Novel network polyurethane with azobenzene dye in the main frame, Macromolecules, 28, 6437, 10.1021/ma00123a008 Tsutsumi, 1996, Nonlinear optical polymers 2. Novel NLO linear polyurethane with dipole moments aligned transverse to the main backbone, Macromolecules, 29, 592, 10.1021/ma951077o Tokuhisa, 1994, Photoresponsive ion-conducting behavior of polysiloxanes carrying a crowned azobenzene moiety at the side chain, Macromolecules, 27, 1842, 10.1021/ma00085a027 J. Anzai, H. Sasaki, A. Ueno, T. Osa, Photo-induced potential changes across poly(vinyl chloride)-crown ether membranes, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1983) 1045. J. Anzai, H. Sasaki, K. Shimokawa, A. Ueno, T. Osa, Photocontrol of alkali metal ion permeability through the poly(vinyl chloride)/crown ether membranes, Nippon Kagaku Zasshi, (1984) 338. A. Kumano, O. Niwa, T. Kajiyama, M. Takayanagi, K. Kano, S. Shinkai, Photoinduced ion permeation through ternary composite membrane composed of polymer/liquid crystal/azobenzene-bridged crown ether, Chem. Lett. (1983) 1327. K. Kano, Y. Tanaka, T. Ogawa, M. Shimomura, Y. Okahara, T. Kunitake, Photoresponsive membranes. Regulation of membrane properties by photoreversible cis–trans isomerization of azobenzene, Chem. Lett. (1980) 421. Kinoshita, 1987, Photocontrol of polypeptide membrane functions, Seibutsu Butsuri (Biophysics), 27, 21 T.D. Gierke, W.Y. Hsu, The cluster-network model of ion clustering in perfluorosulfonated membrane, in: H.L. Yeager, A. Eisenberg (Eds.), Perfluorinated Ionomer Membranes, ACS Symposium Series, 180 (1982) 283. Sata, 1998, Studies on anion exchange membranes having permselectivity for specific anions, Soda to Enso (Soda and Chlorine), 49, 311 T. Sata, Y. Shimokawa, K. Matsusaki, Preparation of ion-permeable membranes having an aminoazobenzene moiety and their transport properties in electrodialysis, submitted for publication. Yamane, 1969, Concentration polarization phenomena in ion-exchange membrane electrodialysis II. The effect of the condition of the diffusion-boundary layer on the limiting current density and on the relative transport numbers of ions, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 42, 2741, 10.1246/bcsj.42.2741 Heskins, 1968, Solution-properties of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), J. Macromol. Chem., A2, 1441, 10.1080/10601326808051910 Matsuo, 1988, Kinetics of discontinuous volume-phase transition of gels, J. Chem. Phys., 89, 1695, 10.1063/1.455115 Ogata, 1995, Permeation of solutes with different molecular size and hydrophobicity through the poly(vinyl alcohol)-graft-N-isopropylacrylamide copolymer membrane, J. Membr. Sci., 103, 159, 10.1016/0376-7388(94)00316-Q Feil, 1991, Molecular separation by thermosensitive hydrogel membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 64, 283, 10.1016/0376-7388(91)80099-R Kyaman, 1998, Structure and protein separation efficiency of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) gels: effect of synthesis conditions, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 67, 805, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19980131)67:5<805::AID-APP5>3.0.CO;2-X Kaneko, 1995, Temperature-responsive shrinking kinetics of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymer gels with hydrophilic and hydrophobic comonomers, J. Membr. Sci., 101, 13, 10.1016/0376-7388(94)00268-4 Lim, 1997, Drug releasing characteristics of thermo- and pH-sensitive interpenetrating polymer networks based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 64, 2647, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19970627)64:13<2647::AID-APP18>3.0.CO;2-W Dong, 1986, Thermally reversible hydrogels III. Immobilization of enzymes for feedback reaction control, J. Controlled Release, 4, 223, 10.1016/0168-3659(86)90006-4 Bayhan, 1998, Uniform poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) gel beads for immobilization of α-chymotrypsin, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 67, 1127, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19980207)67:6<1127::AID-APP21>3.0.CO;2-W Huglin, 1997, Thermoreversible swelling behavior of hydrogels based on N-isopropylacrylamide with acidic comonomers, Polymer, 38, 5785, 10.1016/S0032-3861(97)00135-3 Yoo, 1997, Effect of polymer complex formation on the cloud-point of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) in the poly(NIPAAm-co-acrylic acid): polyelectrolyte complex between poly(acrylic acid) and poly(allylamine), Polymer, 38, 2759, 10.1016/S0032-3861(97)85612-1 Nonaka, 1997, Preparation of poly(vinyl alcohol)-graft-N-isopropylacrylamide copolymer membranes and permeation of solutes through the membranes, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 66, 209, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19971010)66:2<209::AID-APP1>3.0.CO;2-# T. Ogata, S. Kurihara, T. Nonaka, Preparation and properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)-graft-isopropylacrylamide and other monomers terpolymer membranes, Nippon Kagaku Zasshi (1995) 909. Iwata, 1991, Preparation of temperature-sensitive membranes by graft polymerization onto a porous membrane, J. Membr. Sci., 55, 119, 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)82330-3 Ito, 1989, Phase transtion of aqueous solution of poly(N-alkylacrylamide) derivatives, Koubunshi Ronbunshu, 46, 437, 10.1295/koron.46.437 Hachisako, 1998, Thermosensitive telomer aggregates of poly(N-substituted acrlamide), Koubunshi Kakou (Polymer Processing), 47, 21 Suwa, 1997, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed., 35, 3377, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(19971130)35:16<3377::AID-POLA5>3.0.CO;2-P T. Sata, S. Emori, K. Matsusaki, Thermally responsive novel anion exchange membranes for electrodialysis, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1998) 1303. Sata, 1999, Transport properties of thermally responsive anion exchange membranes containing N-isopropylacrylamide in electrodialysis, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed., 37, 793, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(19990415)37:8<793::AID-POLB5>3.0.CO;2-8 Yamane, 1967, Results of electrophoretic concentration of sea water utilizing ion-exchange membranes prepared by “paste method”, Nippon Kaisui Gakkaishi Bull. Soc. Sea Water Sci., 20, 313 Sata, 1989, Progress in high temperature electrodialysis, Kagaku to Kogyo Science and Industry, 63, 400