The evolving role of statins in the management of atherosclerosis

Journal of the American College of Cardiology - Tập 35 - Trang 1-10 - 2000
Carl J Vaughan1, Antonio M Gotto1, Craig T Basson1
1Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, The New York Presbyterian Hospital, Starr 4, 525 East 68th Street, New York, New York 10021.USA

Tài liệu tham khảo

Brown, 1980, Multivalent feedback regulation of HMG CoA reductase, a control mechanism coordinating isoprenoid synthesis and cell growth, J Lipid Res, 21, 505, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)42221-7 Kostner, 1989, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors lower LDL cholesterol without reducing Lp(a) levels, Circulation, 80, 1313, 10.1161/01.CIR.80.5.1313 Regazzi, 1993, Altered disposition of pravastatin following concomitant drug therapy with cyclosporine A in transplant recipients, Transplant Proc, 25, 2732 Glagov, 1987, Compensatory enlargement of human atherosclerotic arteries, N Engl J Med, 316, 1371, 10.1056/NEJM198705283162204 1984, The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results, JAMA, 251, 351, 10.1001/jama.1984.03340270029025 Frick, 1987, Helsinki Heart Study, N Engl J Med, 317, 1237, 10.1056/NEJM198711123172001 Brown, 1990, Regression of coronary artery disease as a result of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in men with high levels of apolipoprotein B, N Engl J Med, 323, 1289, 10.1056/NEJM199011083231901 Blankenhorn, 1993, Coronary angiographic changes with lovastatin therapy, Ann Intern Med, 119, 969, 10.7326/0003-4819-119-10-199311150-00002 Waters, 1994, Effects of monotherapy with an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis as assessed by serial quantitative arteriography, Circulation, 89, 959, 10.1161/01.CIR.89.3.959 1994, Effect of simvastatin on coronary atheroma, Lancet, 344, 633, 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92082-6 Jukema, 1995, Effects of lipid lowering by pravastatin on progression and regression of coronary artery disease in symptomatic men with normal to moderately elevated serum cholesterol levels, Circulation, 91, 2528, 10.1161/01.CIR.91.10.2528 Pitt B, Mancini JGB, Ellis SG, et al, for the PLAC-I Investigators. Pravastatin limitation of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries (PLAC-I): reduction in atherosclerosis progression and clinical events. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:1133–9. Bestehorn, 1997, The effect of simvastatin on progression of coronary artery disease, Eur Heart J, 18, 226, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a015224 Herd, 1997, Effects of fluvastatin on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with mild to moderate cholesterol elevations (Lipoprotein and Coronary Atherosclerosis Study [LCAS]), Am J Cardiol, 80, 278, 10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00346-9 1997, The effect of aggressive lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and low-dose anticoagulation on obstructive changes in saphenous-vein coronary-artery bypass grafts, N Engl J Med, 336, 153, 10.1056/NEJM199701163360301 Brown, 1993, Lipid-lowering and plaque regression, Circulation, 87, 1781, 10.1161/01.CIR.87.6.1781 Vaughan, 1996, Statins do more than just lower cholesterol, Lancet, 348, 1079, 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)05190-2 1994, Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease, Lancet, 344, 1383 Shepherd, 1995, Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia, N Engl J Med, 333, 1301, 10.1056/NEJM199511163332001 Sacks, 1996, The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels, N Engl J Med, 335, 1001, 10.1056/NEJM199610033351401 Lewis, 1998, Effect of pravastatin on cardiovascular events in women after myocardial infarction, J Am Coll Cardiol, 32, 40, 10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00202-2 Downs, 1998, Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels, JAMA, 279, 1615, 10.1001/jama.279.20.1615 1998, Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels, N Engl J Med, 339, 1349, 10.1056/NEJM199811053391902 1994, Second report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II), Circulation, 89, 1329 Pedersen, 1998, Lipoprotein changes and reduction in the incidence of major coronary heart disease events in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S), Circulation, 97, 1453, 10.1161/01.CIR.97.15.1453 Sacks, 1998, Relationship between plasma LDL concentrations during treatment with pravastatin and recurrent coronary events in the cholesterol and recurrent events trial, Circulation, 97, 1446, 10.1161/01.CIR.97.15.1446 1998, Influence of pravastatin and plasma lipids on clinical events in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS), Circulation, 97, 1440, 10.1161/01.CIR.97.15.1440 1995, Cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure, and stroke, Lancet, 346, 1647, 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)92836-7 Iso, 1989, Serum cholesterol levels and six-year mortality from stroke in 350,977 men screened for the multiple risk factor intervention trial, N Engl J Med, 320, 904, 10.1056/NEJM198904063201405 Delanty, 1997, Vascular effects of statins in stroke, Stroke, 28, 2315, 10.1161/01.STR.28.11.2315 Blauw, 1997, Stroke, statins, and cholesterol, Stroke, 28, 946, 10.1161/01.STR.28.5.946 Furberg, 1994, Effect of lovastatin on early carotid atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events, Circulation, 90, 1679, 10.1161/01.CIR.90.4.1679 Crouse, 1995, Pravastatin, lipids, and atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries (PLAC-II), Am J Cardiol, 75, 455, 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80580-3 MacMahon, 1998, Effects of lowering average or below-average cholesterol levels on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis, Circulation, 97, 1784, 10.1161/01.CIR.97.18.1784 Crouse, 1997, Reductase inhibitor monotherapy and stroke prevention, Arch Intern Med, 157, 1305, 10.1001/archinte.1997.00440330039004 Egashira, 1994, Reduction in serum cholesterol with pravastatin improves endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion in patients with hypercholesterolemia, Circulation, 89, 2519, 10.1161/01.CIR.89.6.2519 Treasure, 1995, Beneficial effects of cholesterol-lowering therapy on the coronary endothelium in patients with coronary artery disease, N Engl J Med, 332, 481, 10.1056/NEJM199502233320801 Anderson, 1995, The effect of cholesterol-lowering and antioxidant therapy on endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion, N Engl J Med, 332, 488, 10.1056/NEJM199502233320802 O’Driscoll, 1997, Simvastatin, an HMG-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, improves endothelial function within 1 month, Circulation, 95, 1126, 10.1161/01.CIR.95.5.1126 Tamai, 1997, Single LDL apheresis improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypercholesterolemic humans, Circulation, 95, 76, 10.1161/01.CIR.95.1.76 Gould, 1994, Short-term cholesterol lowering decreases size and severity of perfusion abnormalities by positron emission tomography after dipyridamole in patients with coronary artery disease, Circulation, 89, 1530, 10.1161/01.CIR.89.4.1530 Eichstadt HW, Eskotter H, Hoffman I, et al. Improvement of myocardial perfusion by short-term fluvastatin therapy in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:122–5A. Callister, 1998, Effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on coronary artery disease as assessed by electron-beam-computed tomography, N Engl J Med, 339, 1972, 10.1056/NEJM199812313392703 Andrews, 1997, Effects of cholesterol reduction on myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease, Circulation, 95, 324, 10.1161/01.CIR.95.2.324 van Boven, 1996, Reduction of transient myocardial ischemia with pravastatin in addition to conventional treatment in patients with angina pectoris, Circulation, 94, 1503, 10.1161/01.CIR.94.7.1503 Navab, 1996, The yin and yang of oxidation in the development of the fatty streak, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 16, 831, 10.1161/01.ATV.16.7.831 Parhami, 1993, Minimally modified low density lipoprotein-induced inflammatory responses in endothelial cells are mediated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate, J Clin Invest, 92, 471, 10.1172/JCI116590 Quinn, 1988, Lysophosphatidylcholine, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 85, 2805, 10.1073/pnas.85.8.2805 Vora, 1997, Induction of P-selectin by oxidized lipoproteins, Circ Res, 80, 810, 10.1161/01.RES.80.6.810 O’Brien, 1993, Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 is expressed in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques, J Clin Invest, 92, 945, 10.1172/JCI116670 Aviram, 1992, Lovastatin inhibits LDL oxidation and alters its fluidity and uptake by macrophages, Metabolism, 41, 229, 10.1016/0026-0495(92)90263-A Chen, 1997, Preservation of endogenous antioxidant activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation as common mechanisms of antiatherosclerotic effects of vitamin E, lovastatin and amlodipine, J Am Coll Cardiol, 30, 569, 10.1016/S0735-1097(97)00158-7 Kimura, 1997, Effects of fluvastatin on leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion in hypercholesterolemic rats, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 17, 11521, 10.1161/01.ATV.17.8.1521 Lehr, 1993, Oxidized LDL-induced leukocyte/endothelium interaction in vivo involves the receptor for platelet activating factor, Arterioscler Thromb, 13, 1013, 10.1161/01.ATV.13.7.1013 Weber, 1997, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors decrease CD11b expression and CD11b-dependent adhesion of monocytes to endothelium and reduce increased adhesiveness of monocytes isolated from patients with hypercholesterolemia, J Am Coll Cardiol, 30, 1212, 10.1016/S0735-1097(97)00324-0 Davies, 1993, Risk of thrombosis in human atherosclerotic plaques, Br Heart J, 69, 377, 10.1136/hrt.69.5.377 Libby, 1995, Molecular bases of the acute coronary syndromes, Circulation, 91, 2844, 10.1161/01.CIR.91.11.2844 Henney, 1991, Location of stromelysin gene in atherosclerotic plaques using in situ hybridisation, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 88, 8154, 10.1073/pnas.88.18.8154 Richardson, 1989, Influence of plaque configuration and stress distribution on fissuring of coronary atherosclerotic plaques, Lancet, 2, 941, 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90953-7 Toschi, 1997, Tissue factor modulates the thrombogenicity of human atherosclerotic plaque, Circulation, 95, 594, 10.1161/01.CIR.95.3.594 Colli, 1997, Vastatins inhibit tissue factor in cultured human macrophages, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 17, 265, 10.1161/01.ATV.17.2.265 Rogler G, Lackner KJ, Schmitz G. Effects of fluvastatin on growth of porcine and human vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:114–6A. Negre-Aminou, 1997, Inhibition of proliferation of human smooth muscle cells by various HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1345, 259, 10.1016/S0005-2760(96)00184-1 Corsini, 1998, Direct effects of statins on the vascular wall, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 31, 773, 10.1097/00005344-199805000-00017 Laufs, 1998, Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, Circulation, 97, 1129, 10.1161/01.CIR.97.12.1129 Liao, 1995, Oxidized low-density lipoprotein decreases the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, J Biol Chem, 270, 319, 10.1074/jbc.270.1.319 Rosenkranz-Weiss, 1994, Regulation of nitric oxide synthesis by proinflammatory cytokines in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, J Clin Invest, 93, 2236, 10.1172/JCI117221 Cooke, 1997, Arginine, Circulation, 95, 311, 10.1161/01.CIR.95.2.311 Hall, 1990, The cellular functions of small GTP-binding proteins, Science, 249, 635, 10.1126/science.2116664 Bokoch, 1992, Isoprenoid metabolism is required for stimulation of the respiratory burst oxidase of HL-60 cells, J Clin Invest, 89, 402, 10.1172/JCI115599 Fuster, 1992, The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndromes, N Engl J Med, 326, 310, 10.1056/NEJM199201303260506 Fitzgerald, 1986, Platelet activation in unstable coronary disease, N Engl J Med, 315, 983, 10.1056/NEJM198610163151602 Badimon, 1991, Platelet deposition at high shear rates is enhanced by high plasma cholesterol levels, Arterioscler Thromb, 11, 395, 10.1161/01.ATV.11.2.395 Notarbartolo, 1995, Inhibition of thromboxane biosynthesis and platelet function by simvastatin in type IIa hypercholesterolemia, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 15, 247, 10.1161/01.ATV.15.2.247 Baldassarre, 1997, Platelet alpha2-adrenergic receptors in hypercholesterolemia, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 61, 684, 10.1016/S0009-9236(97)90104-1 Mazeaud, 1992, Biochemical and functional alterations associated with hypercholesterolemia in platelets from hypertensive patients, Atherosclerosis, 94, 201, 10.1016/0021-9150(92)90245-C Le Quan Sang, 1995, Platelet cytosolic Ca2+and membrane dynamics in patients with hypercholesterolemia, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 15, 759, 10.1161/01.ATV.15.6.759 Mayer, 1992, Effects of long-term treatment with lovastatin on the clotting system and blood platelets, Ann Hematol, 64, 196, 10.1007/BF01696223 Lacoste, 1995, Hyperlipidaemia and coronary disease, Circulation, 92, 3172, 10.1161/01.CIR.92.11.3172 Linjen, 1994, Influence of cholesterol lowering on plasma membrane lipids and cationic transport systems, J Hypertens, 12, 59 Nofer, 1997, Low-density lipoproteins inhibit the Na+/H+ antiport in human platelets, Circulation, 95, 1370, 10.1161/01.CIR.95.6.1370 Wada, 1993, Elevated plasma levels of vascular endothelial cell markers in patients with hypercholesterolemia, Am J Hematol, 44, 112, 10.1002/ajh.2830440208 Armstrong, 1989, The association between serum Lp(a) concentrations and angiographically assessed coronary atherosclerosis, Atherosclerosis, 62, 249, 10.1016/0021-9150(86)90099-7 Lundstam, 1999, Proteoglycans’ contribution to association of Lp(a) and LDL with smooth muscle cell extracellular matrix, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 19, 1162, 10.1161/01.ATV.19.5.1162 Maher, 1995, Effects of lowering elevated LDL cholesterol on the cardiovascular risk of lipoprotein (a), JAMA, 274, 1771, 10.1001/jama.1995.03530220037029 Aoki, 1997, Platelet-dependent thrombin generation in patients with hyperlipidemia, J Am Coll Cardiol, 30, 91, 10.1016/S0735-1097(97)00129-0 Brown, 1998, Use of niacin, statins, and resins in patients with combined hyperlipidemia, Am J Cardiol, 81, 52B, 10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00039-3 Pasternak, 1996, Effect of combination therapy with lipid-reducing drugs in patients with coronary heart disease and “normal” cholesterol levels, Ann Intern Med, 125, 529, 10.7326/0003-4819-125-7-199610010-00001