Save the rainforest! NGOs and grassroots organisations in the dialectics of Brazilian Amazonia

International Social Science Journal - Tập 55 Số 178 - Trang 583-591 - 2003
Luiz C. A. Barbosa

Tóm tắt

The paper argues that NGOs and grassroots organizations have had a positive impact on efforts to preserve the Brazilian Amazon rainforest. By acting alone or by forging alliances with international NGOs they have impacted both environmental legislation and actual enforcement. In a world economy driven by development and the profit motive, these “guardians of the forest” play a key role in the future survival of Amazonia. They challenge traditional notions of clearing forest for the sake of development. The paper uses the cases of Indian grassroots organisations and Greenpeace as illustrations.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Barbosa L. C., 2000, The Brazilian Amazon Rainforest: Global Ecopolitics, Development, and Democracy

BBC News2002. “Brazil Creates Largest Rainforest Reserve ” August 23. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2210914.stm]

Beraba M., 1988, Organizações não governamentais, Folha de São Paulo

Borges Neto S. C., 2000, Não perdôo esse massacre, Jornal do Brasil

Brasiliense R.n.d.A vitória do marketing caiapó.[http://www.amazonpress.com.br/indios/dedoc/ind05082000.htm]

Brazil, 1988, Nova Constituição do Brasil

10.1353/jod.2000.0049

Câmara dos Deputados1997.Comissã o externa destinada a averiguar a aquisição de madeireiras serrarias e extensas porções de terras brasileiras por grupos asiáticos. Report of the Commission. [available athttp://www.abordo.com.br/~gilneyviana/polemica.htm]

Conferê ncia dos Povos e Organizações Indígenas do Brasil, 2001, Documento final da Conferência dos Povos e Organizações Indígenas do Brasil

10.1525/aa.1995.97.4.02a00120

CIMI (Conselho Indigenista Missionário)1993. “There are at least one hundred Indian organizations in Brazil already”. [http://forests.org/archive/brazil/100group.htm]

D'Avila N.et al.2001. “COMPENSA Fulbond International Holdings and Municipal Government of Tianjin Joint‐Venture Company links with forest crime in the Brazilian Amazon”. [available under “Publications Amazon” athttp://www.greenpeaceusa.org/media/publicationstext.htm]

De Cárvalho J., 2000, Violência explode em Porto Seguro, Jornal do Brasil

De Oliveira J. N., 2000, Índios invadem prédio da Funai, O Estadão

Diário do Nordeste2001. “Índios bloqueiam estrda e tomam nove funcionários de tevês como reféns”. October 4. [http://diariodonordeste.globo.com/2001/10/04/010017.htm]

Domask J.1998. “Evolution of the environmental movement in Brazil's Amazonia”. Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Latin American Studies Association in Chicago Illinois September 24–26.[http://136.142.158.105/LASA98/Domask.pdf]

Environment News Service2002. “Greenpeace aims to halt trade in ancient forest wood”. Action Alerts.EcoISP March 8. [http://www.ecoisp.com/action10.asp]

Folha de São Paulo1996. “Índios protestam no Plananlto e no STF”. March 29.

Francisco N2001a. “Reféns fogem de acampamento terena”.O Estadão October 5. [http://estado.estadao.com.br/editorias/2001/10/05/ger009.html]

Francisco N.2001b. “Índios bloqueiam estrada e fazem jornalistas de reféns”.O Estadão October 3. [http://www.estadao.com.br/agestado/noticias/2001/out/03/159.htm]

Freitas M., 2001, Índio protesta no Ministério da Justiça, Jornal do Brasil

FUNAI (FundaçAão Nacional do Índio)2000.Terras Indígenas. Electronic communication to the author.

Goldstein K., 1992, The Green movement in Brazil, Research in Social Movements, Conflicts, and Change, 2, 119

Gonçalves C., 1996, Explicação de Jobim não convence ONGs, Folha de São Paulo

Gondim A., 1996, Índios usam Internet para atacar decreto, Folha de São Paulo

Greenpeace1999. “Greenpeace exposes major Japanese exporting company buying illegal Amazon timber. EIDAI apprehended in Brazil's Para state”. Forest Press Releases December.(http://archive.greenpeace.org/pressreleases/forests/1999dec7.html)

Greenpeace2001a.Partners in Mahogany Crime. [available under “Publications Amazon” athttp://www.greenpeaceusa.org/media/publicationstext.htm]

Greenpeace2001b. “Greenpeace activists protest illegal and destructive logging in the heart of the Amazon”. Expedition: Amazon 2001.Amazon Updates October 4. [http://www.greenpeace.org/amazon/ship/oct4/news_oct4.html]

Hemming J., 1987, Amazon Frontier: The Defeat of the Brazilian Amazon Indians

Hollanda E., 1998, A guerra do mogno, ISTOÉ

10.1016/0921-8009(90)90002-C

INPE (Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais)2002. “Monitoring of the Brazilian Amazon rainforest by satellite 2000–2001 June/July 2002” inDesflorestamento Amazônia.[http://www.inpe.br]

Instituto Socioambiental1998. “Indians detain fishermen in Xingu indigenous park”.Update News November 16. [http://www.socioambiental.org/website/noticias/english/indigenous/19981611.htm]

Kleiner A., 1990, Brundtland's legacy, Garbage, 2, 58

Landim L., 1988, Sem fins lucrativos: as organizações não‐governamentais no Brasil

Ministério do Meio Ambiente1999. “Recent developments of protected forest areas in Brazil”. Prepared as a country case study for the International Experts Meeting on Protected Forests Areas sponsored by the governments of Brazil and the United States held in Puerto Rico on March 15.

Neves J. L.n.d.Olhos mágicos do sul (do sul): lutas contra‐hegemônicas dos povos indígenas no Brasil. Report of a 1999–2001 project onThe Reinvention of Social Emancipation. [http://www.ces.fe.uc.pt/emancipa/pt/countries/brazil.html]

Ramos A. R., 1997, The indigenous movement in Brazil, Cultural Survival Quarterly, 50

Rees W., 1990, The ecology of sustainable development, The Ecologist, 21, 25

Ribeiro A., 2000, Índios toman sede da Funai, Jornal do Brasil

Sedrez L. F.1998. “US NGOs and the representation of the Amazon: the experience of coalition”. Unpublished Master of Science thesis. Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Environmental Policy Studies New Jersey Institute of Technology.

Serviço Brasileiro de Justiça e Paz2002. “Victory for mahogany and forest resources”. “News from Brazil” inRecent Newsletter no 480 November 22. [available under “Archived News” athttp://www.oneworld.org/sejup/recent.htm]

Smouts M.‐C., 2001, Forêts tropicales, jungle internationale: Les revers de l'écopolitique mondiale, 10.3917/scpo.smout.2001.01

Zimmerman B., 2001, Conservation and development alliances with the Kayapós of Southeast Amazonia, a tropical forest indigenous people, Environmental Conservation, 2, 10, 10.1017/S0376892901000029