The relationship between stress induced cortisol levels and memory differs between men and women

Arnsten, 1998, Noise stress impairs prefrontal cortical cognitive function in monkeys: evidence for a hyperdopaminergic mechanism, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 55, 362, 10.1001/archpsyc.55.4.362 Breslau, 1997, Sex differences in posttraumatic stress disorder, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 54, 1044, 10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830230082012 Carlson, 1999, Relationships among cortisol (CRT), dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEAS), and memory in a longitudinal study of healthy elderly men and women, Neurobiol. Aging, 20, 315, 10.1016/S0197-4580(99)00052-4 De Kloet, 1999, Stress and cognition: are corticosteroids good or bad guys?, Trends Neurosci., 22, 422, 10.1016/S0166-2236(99)01438-1 de Quervain, 1998, Stress and glucocorticoids impair retrieval of long-term spatial memory, Nature, 394, 787, 10.1038/29542 de Quervain, 2000, Acute cortisone administration impairs retrieval of long-term declarative memory in humans, Nature Neurosci., 3, 313, 10.1038/73873 Desai, 2000, Major depression in women: a review of the literature, J. Am. Pharm. Assoc., 40, 525 Diamond, 1996, Psychological stress impairs spatial working memory: relevance to electrophysiological studies of hippocampal function, Behav. Neurosci., 110, 661, 10.1037/0735-7044.110.4.661 Dressendorfer, 1992, Synthesis of a cortisol-biotin conjugate and evaluation as a tracer in an immunoassay for salivary cortisol measurement, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 43, 683, 10.1016/0960-0760(92)90294-S Galea, 1997, Sex differences in dendritic atrophy of CA3 pyramidal neurons in response to chronic restraint stress, Neuroscience, 81, 689, 10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00233-9 Heubst, 1994 Jorm, 1987, The prevalence of dementia: a quantitative integration of the literature, Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 76, 465, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1987.tb02906.x Juraska, 1991, Sex differences in “cognitive” regions of the rat brain, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 16, 105, 10.1016/0306-4530(91)90073-3 Kirschbaum, 1993, The “Trier Social Stress Test” — a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting, Neuropsychobiology, 28, 76, 10.1159/000119004 Kirschbaum, 1996, Stress- and treatment-induced elevations of cortisol levels associated with impaired declarative memory in healthy adults, Life Sci., 58, 1475, 10.1016/0024-3205(96)00118-X Kirschbaum, 1999, Impact of gender, menstrual cycle phase, and oral contraceptives on the activity of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis, Psychosom. Med., 61, 154, 10.1097/00006842-199903000-00006 Lupien, 1997, The acute effects of corticosteroids on cognition: integration of animal and human model studies, Brain Res. Rev., 24, 1, 10.1016/S0165-0173(97)00004-0 Lupien, 1997, Stress-induced declarative memory impairment in healthy elderly subjects: relationship to cortisol reactivity, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 82, 2070 Lupien, 1999, Working memory is more sensitive than declarative memory to the acute effects of corticosteroids: a dose-response study in humans, Behav. Neurosci., 113, 420, 10.1037/0735-7044.113.3.420 McEwen, 1999, Estrogen actions in the central nervous system, Endocr. Rev., 20, 279 Newcomer, 1994, Glucocorticoid-induced impairment in declarative memory performance in adult humans, J. Neurosci., 14, 2047, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-04-02047.1994 Newcomer, 1999, Decreased memory performance in healthy humans induced by stress-level cortisol treatment, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 56, 527, 10.1001/archpsyc.56.6.527 Roozendaal, 2000, Glucocorticoids and the regulation of memory consolidation, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 25, 213, 10.1016/S0306-4530(99)00058-X Schmidt, 1999, Effects of acute prednisone administration on memory, attention and emotion in healthy human adults, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 24, 461, 10.1016/S0306-4530(99)00007-4 Seeman, 1997, Increase in urinary cortisol excretion and memory declines: MacArthur studies of successful aging, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 82, 2458 Wolf, 1999, Opposing effects of DHEA replacement in elderly subjects on declarative memory and attention after exposure to a laboratory stressor, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23, 617, 10.1016/S0306-4530(98)00032-8 Wolf, O.T., Convit, A., McHugh, P.F., Kandil, E., Thorn, E.L., De Santi, S., McEwen, B.S., de Leon, M.J., 2001. Cortisol differentially affects memory in young and elderly men. Behav. Neurosci. (in press). Wolkowitz, 1990, Cognitive effects of corticosteroids, Am. J. Psychiatry, 147, 1297, 10.1176/ajp.147.10.1297 Wood, 1998, Stress facilitates classical conditioning in males, but impairs classical conditioning in females through activational effects of ovarian hormones, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 4066, 10.1073/pnas.95.7.4066 Young, 1999, The effects of chronic administration of hydrocortisone on cognitive function in normal male volunteers, Psychopharmacology, 145, 260, 10.1007/s002130051057