Trustworthiness and competitive altruism can also solve the “tragedy of the commons”

Alexander, 1987 Axelrod, 1984 Barrett, 2000, Female baboons do not raise the stakes but they give as good as they get, Animal Behaviour, 59, 763, 10.1006/anbe.1999.1361 Berg, 1995, Trust, reciprocity and social history, Games and Economic Behavior, 10, 122, 10.1006/game.1995.1027 Brown, 2000, Is prospective altruist-detection an evolved solution to the adaptive problem of subtle cheating in cooperative ventures? Supportive evidence using the Wason selection task, Evolution and Human Behavior, 21, 25, 10.1016/S1090-5138(99)00018-5 Clark, 2002, Recognizing large donations to public goods: an experimental test, Managerial and Decision Economics, 23, 33, 10.1002/mde.1044 Cosmides, 1992, Cognitive adaptations for social exchange, 163 Davis, 1993 Fehr, 2000, Cooperation and punishment in public goods experiments, American Economic Review, 90, 980, 10.1257/aer.90.4.980 Fehr, 2002, Altruistic punishment in humans, Nature, 415, 137, 10.1038/415137a Hardin, 1968, The tragedy of the commons, Science, 162, 1243, 10.1126/science.162.3859.1243 Leimar, 2001, Evolution of cooperation through indirect reciprocity, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 268, 745, 10.1098/rspb.2000.1573 Milinski, 2002, Reputation helps solve the “tragedy of the commons”, Nature, 415, 424, 10.1038/415424a Nowak, 1998, Evolution of indirect reciprocity by image scoring, Nature, 393, 573, 10.1038/31225 Roberts, 1998, Competitive altruism: from reciprocity to the handicap principle, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 265, 427, 10.1098/rspb.1998.0312 Schino, 2001, Grooming, competition and social rank among female primates: a meta-analysis, Animal Behaviour, 62, 265, 10.1006/anbe.2001.1750 Sefton, M., Shupp, R., & Walker, J. (2002). The effects of rewards and sanctions in provision of public goods. Working Paper W00-16, Centre for Decision Research and Experimental Economics, Nottingham, UK. Seyfarth, 1977, A model of social grooming among adult female monkeys, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 65, 671, 10.1016/0022-5193(77)90015-7 Trivers, 1971, The evolution of reciprocal altruism, Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35, 10.1086/406755 Wedekind, 2000, Cooperation through image scoring in humans, Science, 288, 850, 10.1126/science.288.5467.850