Pathogen-induced defoliation of Pinus sylvestris leads to tree decline and death from secondary biotic factors

Aguadé, 2015, The role of defoliation and root rot pathogen infection in driving the mode of drought-related physiological decline in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Tree Physiol., 35, 229, 10.1093/treephys/tpv005 Allen, 2015, On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene, Ecosphere, 6, 10.1890/ES15-00203.1 Allen, 2010, A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests, Forest Ecol. Manage., 259, 660, 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.001 Annila, 1999, Susceptibility of defoliated Scots pine to spontaneous and induced attack by Tomicus piniperda and Tomicus minor, Silva Fenn., 33, 10.14214/sf.660 Balster, 2000, Decreased needle longevity of fertilized Douglas-fir and grand fir in the northern Rockies, Tree Physiol., 20, 1191, 10.1093/treephys/20.17.1191 Bigler, 2004, Predicting the time of tree death using dendrochronological data, Ecol. Appl., 14, 902, 10.1890/03-5011 Blodgett, 2005, Effects of fertilization on red pine defense chemistry and resistance to Sphaeropsis sapinea, Forest Ecol. Manage., 208, 373, 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.01.014 Camarero, 2015, To die or not to die: early warnings of tree dieback in response to a severe drought, J. Ecol., 103, 44, 10.1111/1365-2745.12295 Capretti, 2013, Branch and tip blights, 420 Cedervind, 2003, Attack dynamics of the pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (Col.; Scolytinae) in Scots pine stands defoliated by Bupalus piniaria (Lep.; Geometridae), Agr. Forest Entomol., 5, 253, 10.1046/j.1461-9563.2003.00187.x Cherubini, 2002, Tree-life history prior to death: two fungal root pathogens affect tree-ring growth differently, J. Ecol., 90, 839, 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00715.x Christiansen, 1986, Starch reserves in Picea abies in relation to defence reaction against a bark beetle transmitted blue-stain fungus, Ceratocystis polonica, Can. J. Forest Res., 16, 78, 10.1139/x86-013 Cohen, 2016, Forest disturbance across the conterminous United States from 1985–2012: The emerging dominance of forest decline, Forest Ecol. Manage., 360, 242, 10.1016/j.foreco.2015.10.042 Davidson, 2005, Transmission of Phytophthora ramorum in mixed-evergreen forest in California, Phytopathology, 95, 587, 10.1094/PHYTO-95-0587 Desprez-Loustau, 2007, Simulating the effects of a climate-change scenario on the geographical range and activity of forest-pathogenic fungi, Can. J. Plant Pathol., 29, 101, 10.1080/07060660709507447 Dobbertin, 2001, Crown defoliation improves tree mortality models, Forest Ecol. Manage., 141, 271, 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00335-2 Fabre, 2011, Can the emergence of pine Diplodia shoot blight in France be explained by changes in pathogen pressure linked to climate change?, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 3218, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02428.x Galiano, 2010, Drought-Induced multifactor decline of Scots pine in the Pyrenees and potential vegetation change by the expansion of co-occurring oak species, Ecosystems, 13, 978, 10.1007/s10021-010-9368-8 Galiano, 2011, Carbon reserves and canopy defoliation determine the recovery of Scots pine 4yr after a drought episode, New Phytol., 190, 750, 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03628.x Guérard, 2007, Do trees use reserve or newly assimilated carbon for their defense reactions? A 13C labeling approach with young Scots pines inoculated with a bark-beetle-associated fungus (Ophiostoma brunneo ciliatum), Ann. For. Sci., 64, 601, 10.1051/forest:2007038 Hansson, 1998, Susceptibility of different provenances of Pinus sylvestris, Pinus contorta and Picea abies to Gremmeniella abietina, Eur. J. Forest Pathol., 28, 21, 10.1111/j.1439-0329.1998.tb01162.x Hellgren, 1992, Studies of the life cycle of Gremmeniella abietina on Scots pine in southern Sweden, Eur. J. Forest Pathol., 22, 300, 10.1111/j.1439-0329.1992.tb00797.x Krause, 1996, Differential growth and recovery rates following defoliation in related deciduous and evergreen trees, Trees, 10, 308, 10.1007/BF02340777 Långström, 1992, Induced defence reaction in Scots pine following stem attacks by Tomicus piniperda, Ecography, 15, 318, 10.1111/j.1600-0587.1992.tb00042.x Lieutier, 2009, Stimulation of tree defenses by Ophiostomatoid fungi can explain attack success of bark beetles on conifers, Ann. For. Sci., 66, 801, 10.1051/forest/2009066 Manion, 1981 Marcais, 2006, Role of an opportunistic pathogen in the decline of stressed oak trees, J. Ecol., 94, 1214, 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01173.x McDowell, 2008, Mechanisms of plant survival and mortality during drought: why do some plants survive while others succumb to drought?, New Phytol., 178, 719, 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02436.x McDowell, 2011, The interdependence of mechanisms underlying climate-driven vegetation mortality, Trends Ecol. Evol., 26, 523, 10.1016/j.tree.2011.06.003 McDowell, 2013, Feature: improving our knowledge of drought-induced forest mortality through experiments, observations, and modeling, New Phytol., 200, 289, 10.1111/nph.12502 Nevalainen, 1999, Gremmeniella abietina in Finnish Pinus sylvestris stands in 1986–1992: a study based on the National Forest Inventory, Scand. J. Forest Res., 14, 111, 10.1080/02827589950152836 Oliva, 2013, Concepts of epidemiology of forest diseases, 1 Oliva, 2007, Decline of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) stands in the Spanish Pyrenees: Role of management, historic dynamics and pathogens, Forest Ecol. Manage., 252, 84, 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.017 Oliva, 2014, The effect of fungal pathogens on the water and carbon economy of trees: implications for drought-induced mortality, New Phytol., 203, 1028, 10.1111/nph.12857 Quentin, 2010, Do artificial and natural defoliation have similar effects on physiology of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. seedlings?, Ann. For. Sci., 67, 10.1051/forest/2009096 Roitto, 2009, Induced accumulation of phenolics and sawfly performance in Scots pine in response to previous defoliation, Tree Physiol., 29, 207, 10.1093/treephys/tpn017 Sangüesa-Barreda, 2015, Past logging, drought and pathogens interact and contribute to forest dieback, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 208, 85, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.04.011 Schabenberger, 2002 Schroeder, 1988, Attraction of the bark beetle Tomicus piniperda and some other bark- and wood-living beetles to the host volatiles α-pinene and ethanol, Entomol. Exp. Appl., 46, 203, 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1988.tb01113.x Sikström, 2005, Predicting the mortality of Pinus sylvestris attacked by Gremmeniella abietina and occurrence of Tomicus piniperda colonization, Can. J. Forest Res., 35, 860, 10.1139/x05-012 Stone, 2008, Predicting effects of climate change on Swiss needle cast disease severity in Pacific Northwest forests, Can. J. Plant Pathol., 30, 169, 10.1080/07060661.2008.10540533 Sturrock, 2011, Climate change and forest diseases, Plant. Pathol., 60, 133, 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02406.x Trumbore, 2015, Forest health and global change, Science, 349, 814, 10.1126/science.aac6759 Venette, 2006, Potential climatic suitability for establishment of Phytophthora ramorum within the contiguous United States, Forest Ecol. Manage., 231, 18, 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.04.036 Waring, 1987, Characteristics of trees predisposed to die, Bioscience, 37, 569, 10.2307/1310667 Witzell, 2000, Importance of site type and tree species on disease incidence of Gremmeniella abietina in areas with a harsh climate in northern Sweden, Scand. J. Forest Res., 15, 202, 10.1080/028275800750015019 Woods, 2005, Is an unprecedented dothistroma needle blight epidemic related to climate change?, Bioscience, 55, 761, 10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0761:IAUDNB]2.0.CO;2 Wulff, 2006, The applicability of national forest inventories for estimating forest damage outbreaks – experiences from a Gremmeniella outbreak in Sweden, Can. J. Forest Res., 36, 2605, 10.1139/x06-148 Zwolinski, 1990, Economic impact of a post-hail outbreak of dieback induced by Sphaeropsis sapinea, Eur. J. Forest Pathol., 20, 405, 10.1111/j.1439-0329.1990.tb01155.x