Review of a Proposed Mechanism for the Antinociceptive Action of Botulinum Toxin Type A

Abbadie, 1997, Differential contribution of the two phases of the formalin test to the pattern of c-fos expression in the rat spinal cord: studies with remifentanil and lidocaine, Pain, 69, 101, 10.1016/S0304-3959(96)03285-X Barrientos, 2003, Botulinum toxin type A in prophylactic treatment of migraine headaches: a preliminary study, J Headache Pain, 4, 146, 10.1007/s10194-003-0049-2 Behmand, 2003, Single-site botulinum toxin type a injection for elimination of migraine trigger points, Headache, 43, 1085, 10.1046/j.1526-4610.2003.03210.x Bigalke, 1981, Tetanus toxin and botulinum A toxin inhibit release and uptake of various transmitters, as studied with particulate preparations from rat brain and spinal cord, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 316, 244, 10.1007/BF00505657 Binder, 1998, Botulinum toxin type A (BONT-A) for migraine: an open label assessment, Mov Disord, 13, 241 Black, 1986, Interaction of 125I-labeled botulinum neurotoxins with nerve terminals. I. Ultrastructural autoradiographic localization and quantitation of distinct membrane acceptors for types A and B on motor nerves, J Cell Biol, 103, 521, 10.1083/jcb.103.2.521 Black, 1986, Interaction of 125I-labeled botulinum neurotoxins with nerve terminals. II. Autoradiographic evidence for its uptake into motor nerves by acceptor-mediated endocytosis, J Cell Biol, 103, 535, 10.1083/jcb.103.2.535 Blersch, 2002, Botulinum toxin A and the cutaneous nociception in humans: a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study, J Neurol Sci, 205, 59, 10.1016/S0022-510X(02)00313-1 Blumenfeld, 2003, Botulinum toxin type A as an effective prophylactic treatment in primary headache disorders, Headache, 43, 853, 10.1046/j.1526-4610.2003.03163.x Brin, 1987, Localized injections of botulinum toxin for the treatment of focal dystonia and hemifacial spasm, Mov Disord, 2, 237, 10.1002/mds.870020402 Buritova, 1996, Ketoprofen produces profound inhibition of spinal c-Fos protein expression resulting from an inflammatory stimulus but not from noxious heat, Pain, 67, 379, 10.1016/0304-3959(96)03138-7 Carlton, 1999, Inflammation-induced changes in peripheral glutamate receptor populations, Brain Res, 820, 63, 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)01328-6 Carlton, 1991, Descending adrenergic input to the primate spinal cord and its possible role in modulation of spinothalamic cells, Brain Res, 543, 77, 10.1016/0006-8993(91)91050-B Chapman, 1994, Electrophysiologic analysis of preemptive effects of spinal opioids on N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-mediated events, Anesthesiology, 81, 1429, 10.1097/00000542-199412000-00018 Chapman, 1995, The contribution of NMDA receptor activation to spinal c-Fos expression in a model of inflammatory pain, Br J Pharmacol, 116, 1628, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1995.tb16383.x Cheshire, 1994, Botulinum toxin in the treatment of myofascial pain syndrome, Pain, 59, 65, 10.1016/0304-3959(94)90048-5 Chuang, 2004, Intravesical botulinum toxin a administration produces analgesia against acetic acid induced bladder pain responses in rats, J Urol, 172, 1529, 10.1097/01.ju.0000137844.77524.97 Coderre, 1990, Central nervous system plasticity in the tonic pain response to subcutaneous formalin injection, Brain Res, 535, 155, 10.1016/0006-8993(90)91835-5 Coggeshall, 1998, Ultrastructural analysis of NMDA, AMPA, and kainate receptors on unmyelinated and myelinated axons in the periphery, J Comp Neurol, 391, 78, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19980202)391:1<78::AID-CNE7>3.0.CO;2-O Cui, 2004, Mechanisms of the antinociceptive effect of subcutaneous BOTOX: inhibition of peripheral and central nociceptive processing, 158 Cui, 2004, Subcutaneous administration of botulinum toxin A reduces formalin-induced pain, Pain, 107, 125, 10.1016/j.pain.2003.10.008 Cui, 2002, Mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of subcutaneous BOTOX: inhibition of peripheral and central nociceptive processing, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 365, 365 Davis, 1993, Significant improvement of stiff-person syndrome after paraspinal injection of botulinum toxin A, Mov Disord, 8, 371, 10.1002/mds.870080323 deGroot, 2000, Peripheral glutamate release in the hindpaw following low and high intensity sciatic stimulation, Neuroreport, 11, 497, 10.1097/00001756-200002280-00014 Dickenson, 1987, Peripheral origins and central modulation of subcutaneous formalin-induced activity of rat dorsal horn neurons, Neurosci Lett, 83, 207, 10.1016/0304-3940(87)90242-4 Dickenson, 1987, Subcutaneous formalin-induced activity of dorsal horn neurones in the rat: differential response to an intrathecal opiate administered pre or post formalin, Pain, 30349 Durham, 2004, Regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide secretion from trigeminal nerve cells by botulinum toxin type A: implications for migraine therapy, Headache, 44, 35, 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2004.04007.x Elliott, 1995, Dextromethorphan suppresses both formalin-induced nociceptive behavior and the formalin-induced increase in spinal cord c-fos mRNA, Pain, 61, 401, 10.1016/0304-3959(94)00214-Y Grazko, 1995, Botulinum toxin A for spasticity, muscle spasms, and rigidity, Neurology, 45, 712, 10.1212/WNL.45.4.712 Haley, 1990, Evidence for spinal N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor involvement in prolonged chemical nociception in the rat, Brain Res, 518, 218, 10.1016/0006-8993(90)90975-H Honore, 1995, Carrageenin-evoked c-Fos expression in rat lumbar spinal cord: the effects of indomethacin, Eur J Pharmacol, 272, 249, 10.1016/0014-2999(94)00656-R Hsu, 1981, Use of avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) in immunoperoxidase techniques: a comparison between ABC and unlabeled antibody (PAP) procedures, J Histochem Cytochem, 29, 577, 10.1177/29.4.6166661 Jankovic, 2004, Botulinum toxin in clinical practice, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 75, 951, 10.1136/jnnp.2003.034702 Jasmin, 1994, Differential effects of morphine on noxious stimulus-evoked fos-like immunoreactivity in subpopulations of spinoparabrachial neurons, J Neurosci, 14, 7252, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-12-07252.1994 Jones, 1992, Noradrenergic modulation of noxious heat-evoked fos-like immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn of the rat sacral spinal cord, J Comp Neurol, 325, 435, 10.1002/cne.903250309 Kaneko, 2000, Intrathecally administered gabapentin inhibits formalin-evoked nociception and the expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of the rat, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 292743 Knight, 1986, Botulinum toxin types A, B and D inhibit catecholamine secretion from bovine adrenal medullary cells, FEBS Lett, 207, 222, 10.1016/0014-5793(86)81492-2 Lawrence, 2002, Insights into a basis for incomplete inhibition by botulinum toxin A of Ca2+-evoked exocytosis from permeabilised chromaffin cells, Toxicology, 181–182, 249, 10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00453-5 Liu, 1998, The human capsaicin model of allodynia and hyperalgesia: sources of variability and methods for reduction, J Pain Symptom Manage, 16, 10, 10.1016/S0885-3924(98)00026-8 Morenilla-Palao, 2004, Regulated exocytosis contributes to protein kinase C potentiation of vanilloid receptor activity, J Biol Chem, 279, 25665, 10.1074/jbc.M311515200 Omote, 1998, Formalin-induced release of excitatory amino acids in the skin of the rat hindpaw, Brain Res, 787, 161, 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)01568-0 Ondo, 2004, Botulinum toxin A for chronic daily headache: a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel design study, Cephalalgia, 24, 60, 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00641.x Pellizzari, 1999, Tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins: mechanism of action and therapeutic uses, Phil Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 354, 259, 10.1098/rstb.1999.0377 Pitcher, 2002, Second phase of formalin-induced excitation of spinal dorsal horn neurons in spinalized rats is reversed by sciatic nerve block, Eur J Neurosci, 15, 1509, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.01984.x Presley, 1990, Systemic morphine suppresses noxious stimulus-evoked Fos protein-like immunoreactivity in the rat spinal cord, J Neurosci, 10, 323, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.10-01-00323.1990 Puig, 1996, Formalin-evoked activity in identified primary afferent fibers: systemic lidocaine suppresses phase-2 activity, Pain, 64, 345, 10.1016/0304-3959(95)00121-2 Rivest, 1991, Writer's cramp: treatment with botulinum toxin injections, Mov Disord, 6, 55, 10.1002/mds.870060110 Silberstein, 2000, Botulinum toxin type A as a migraine preventive treatment, Headache, 40, 445, 10.1046/j.1526-4610.2000.00066.x Simpson, 1981, The origin, structure, and pharmacological activity of botulinum toxin, Pharmacol Rev, 33, 155 Svensson, 2003, Glutamate-evoked pain and mechanical allodynia in the human masseter muscle, Pain, 101, 221, 10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00079-9 Taylor, 1995, Exaggerated cardiovascular and behavioral nociceptive responses to subcutaneous formalin in the spontaneously hypertensive rat, Neurosci Lett, 201, 9, 10.1016/0304-3940(95)12157-Y Tsui, 1986, Double-blind study of botulinum toxin in spasmodic torticollis, Lancet, 2, 245, 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)92070-2 Voller, 2003, A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study on analgesic effects of botulinum toxin A, Neurology, 61, 940, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000086374.92906.6A Welch, 2000, Sensitivity of embryonic rat dorsal root ganglia neurons to Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins, Toxicon, 38, 245, 10.1016/S0041-0101(99)00153-1 Zhou, 1996, Peripheral administration of NMDA, AMPA or KA results in pain behaviors in rats, Neuroreport, 7, 890, 10.1097/00001756-199603220-00012 Zwart, 1994, Tension headache: botulinum toxin paralysis of temporal muscles, Headache, 34, 458, 10.1111/j.1526-4610.1994.hed3408458.x