BiTEs: bispecific antibody constructs with unique anti-tumor activity

Carter, 2001, Improving the efficacy of antibody-based cancer therapies, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 1, 118, 10.1038/35101072 Kufer, 2004, A revival of bispecific antibodies, Trends Biotechnol., 22, 238, 10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.03.006 Seliger, 2000, Antigen-processing machinery breakdown and tumor growth, Immunol. Today, 21, 455, 10.1016/S0167-5699(00)01692-3 Hayashi, 2002, Development of spontaneous uterine tumors in low molecular mass polypeptide-2 knockout mice, Cancer Res., 62, 24 Gobbi, 2004, Expression of HLA class I antigen and proteasome subunits LMP-2 and LMP-10 in primary vs. metastatic breast carcinoma lesions, Int. J. Oncol., 25, 1625 Johnsen, 1999, Deficiency of transporter for antigen presentation (TAP) in tumor cells allows evasion of immune surveillance and increases tumorigenesis, J. Immunol., 163, 4224, 10.4049/jimmunol.163.8.4224 Ritz, 2001, Deficient expression of components of the MHC class I antigen processing machinery in human cervical carcinoma, Int. J. Oncol., 19, 1211 Bubenik, 2004, MHC class I down-regulation: tumour escape from immune surveillance? (review), Int. J. Oncol., 25, 487 Hicklin, 1999, HLA class I antigen downregulation in human cancers: T-cell immunotherapy revives an old story, Mol. Med. Today, 5, 178, 10.1016/S1357-4310(99)01451-3 Kageshita, 1999, Down-regulation of HLA class I antigen-processing molecules in malignant melanoma: association with disease progression, Am. J. Pathol., 154, 745, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65321-7 Rees, 1999, Selective MHC expression in tumours modulates adaptive and innate antitumour responses, Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 48, 374, 10.1007/s002620050589 Cabrera, 2003, Total loss of MHC class I in colorectal tumors can be explained by two molecular pathways: beta2-microglobulin inactivation in MSI-positive tumors and LMP7/TAP2 downregulation in MSI-negative tumors, Tissue Antigens, 61, 211, 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2003.00020.x Becker, 1991, Shedding of ICAM-1 from human melanoma cell lines induced by IFN-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Functional consequences on cell-mediated cytotoxicity, J. Immunol., 147, 4398, 10.4049/jimmunol.147.12.4398 Balaji, 2002, Surface cathepsin B protects cytotoxic lymphocytes from self-destruction after degranulation, J. Exp. Med., 196, 493, 10.1084/jem.20011836 Medema, 2001, Blockade of the granzyme B/perforin pathway through overexpression of the serine protease inhibitor PI-9/SPI-6 constitutes a mechanism for immune escape by tumors, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 98, 11515, 10.1073/pnas.201398198 Abrams, 2005, Positive and negative consequences of Fas/Fas ligand interactions in the antitumor response, Front. Biosci., 10, 809, 10.2741/1575 Iwai, 2005, PD-1 blockade inhibits hematogenous spread of poorly immunogenic tumor cells by enhanced recruitment of effector T cells, Int. Immunol., 17, 133, 10.1093/intimm/dxh194 Fontana, 1989, Transforming growth factor-beta inhibits the generation of cytotoxic T cells in virus-infected mice, J. Immunol., 143, 3230, 10.4049/jimmunol.143.10.3230 Gorelik, 2001, Immune-mediated eradication of tumors through the blockade of transforming growth factor-beta signaling in T cells, Nat. Med., 7, 1118, 10.1038/nm1001-1118 Venetsanakos, 1997, High incidence of interleukin 10 mRNA but not interleukin 2 mRNA detected in human breast tumours, Br. J. Cancer, 75, 1826, 10.1038/bjc.1997.311 Gajewski, 2004, Overcoming immune resistance in the tumor microenvironment by blockade of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and programmed death ligand 1, Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs, 5, 1279 Uyttenhove, 2003, Evidence for a tumoral immune resistance mechanism based on tryptophan degradation by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, Nat. Med., 9, 1269, 10.1038/nm934 Garcia-Lora, 2003, MHC class I antigens, immune surveillance, and tumor immune escape, J. Cell. Physiol., 195, 346, 10.1002/jcp.10290 Emens, 2003, Cancer vaccines: an old idea comes of age, Cancer Biol. Ther., 2, S161, 10.4161/cbt.2.2.283 Makrigiannis, 2003, Regulation of natural killer cell function, Cancer Biol. Ther., 2, 610, 10.4161/cbt.2.6.560 Wu, 2003, Natural killer cells and cancer, Adv. Cancer Res., 90, 127, 10.1016/S0065-230X(03)90004-2 Withoff, 2001, Bi-specific antibody therapy for the treatment of cancer, Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther., 3, 53 Baeuerle, 2003, Bispecific antibodies for polyclonal T-cell engagement, Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther., 5, 413 Gatto, 2004, Monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy, Curr. Med. Chem. Anti-Canc. Agents, 4, 411, 10.2174/1568011043352713 Huston, 1991, Protein engineering of single-chain Fv analogs and fusion proteins, Methods Enzymol., 203, 46, 10.1016/0076-6879(91)03005-2 Mallender, 1994, Construction, expression, and activity of a bivalent bispecific single-chain antibody, J. Biol. Chem., 269, 199, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)42334-9 Offner S. et al., Induction of regular cytolytic T cell synapses by bispecific single-chain antibody constructs. Mol. Immunol. (in press) Loffler, 2000, A recombinant bispecific single-chain antibody, CD19 × CD3, induces rapid and high lymphoma-directed cytotoxicity by unstimulated T lymphocytes, Blood, 95, 2098, 10.1182/blood.V95.6.2098 Loffler, 2003, Efficient elimination of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia B cells by autologous T cells with a bispecific anti-CD19/anti-CD3 single-chain antibody construct, Leukemia, 17, 900, 10.1038/sj.leu.2402890 Dreier, 2002, Extremely potent, rapid and costimulation-independent cytotoxic T-cell response against lymphoma cells catalyzed by a single-chain bispecific antibody, Int. J. Cancer, 100, 690, 10.1002/ijc.10557 Schlereth, 2005, Eradication of tumors from a human colon cancer cell line and from ovarian cancer metastases in immunodeficient mice by a single-chain Ep-CAM-/CD3-bispecific antibody construct, Cancer Res., 65, 2882, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2637 Hoffmann, 2005, Serial killing of tumor cells by cytotoxic T cells redirected with a CD19-/CD3-bispecific single-chain antibody construct, Int. J. Cancer, 115, 98, 10.1002/ijc.20908 Mack, 1995, A small bispecific antibody construct expressed as a functional single-chain molecule with high tumor cell cytotoxicity, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 92, 7021, 10.1073/pnas.92.15.7021 Mack, 1997, Biologic properties of a bispecific single-chain antibody directed against 17-1A (EpCAM) and CD3: tumor cell-dependent T cell stimulation and cytotoxic activity, J. Immunol., 158, 3965, 10.4049/jimmunol.158.8.3965 Ren-Heidenreich, 2004, Redirected T-cell cytotoxicity to epithelial cell adhesion molecule-overexpressing adenocarcinomas by a novel recombinant antibody, E3Bi, in vitro and in an animal model, Cancer, 100, 1095, 10.1002/cncr.20060 De Jonge, 1995, Production and characterization of bispecific single-chain antibody fragments, Mol. Immunol., 32, 1405, 10.1016/0161-5890(95)00089-5 De Jonge, 1998, In vivo retargeting of T cell effector function by recombinant bispecific single chain Fv (anti-CD3 × anti-idiotype) induces long-term survival in the murine BCL1 lymphoma model, J. Immunol., 161, 1454, 10.4049/jimmunol.161.3.1454 Gruber, 1994, Efficient tumor cell lysis mediated by a bispecific single chain antibody expressed in Escherichia coli., J. Immunol., 152, 5368, 10.4049/jimmunol.152.11.5368 Browne, 1999, Cytosolic delivery of granzyme B by bacterial toxins: evidence that endosomal disruption, in addition to transmembrane pore formation, is an important function of perforin, Mol. Cell. Biol., 19, 8604, 10.1128/MCB.19.12.8604 Gruen, 2004, T-cell-mediated lysis of B cells induced by a CD19xCD3 bispecific single-chain antibody is perforin dependent and death receptor independent, Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 53, 625, 10.1007/s00262-003-0496-2 Dreier, 2003, T cell costimulus-independent and very efficacious inhibition of tumor growth in mice bearing subcutaneous or leukemic human B cell lymphoma xenografts by a CD19-/CD3- bispecific single-chain antibody construct, J. Immunol., 170, 4397, 10.4049/jimmunol.170.8.4397 Kufer, 1997, Construction and biological activity of a recombinant bispecific single-chain antibody designed for therapy of minimal residual colorectal cancer, Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 45, 193, 10.1007/s002620050431 Dustin, 1999, Costimulation: building an immunological synapse, Science, 283, 649, 10.1126/science.283.5402.649 Stinchcombe, 2001, The immunological synapse of CTL contains a secretory domain and membrane bridges, Immunity, 15, 751, 10.1016/S1074-7613(01)00234-5 Schlereth B. et al, T-cell activation and B-cell depletion in chimpanzees treated with a bispecific CD19-/CD3-bispecific single-chain construct. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. (in press) Brischwein et al, (2005) MT110: a novel bispecific single-chain antibody construct with high efficacy in erradicating established tumors. Mol. Immunol. (in press) Whiteside, 1986, Separation, phenotyping and limiting dilution analysis of T-lymphocytes infiltrating human solid tumors, Int. J. Cancer, 37, 803, 10.1002/ijc.2910370602 Miescher, 1987, Clonal and frequency analyses of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes from human solid tumors, J. Immunol., 138, 4004, 10.4049/jimmunol.138.11.4004 Miescher, 1986, Functional properties of tumor-infiltrating and blood lymphocytes in patients with solid tumors: effects of tumor cells and their supernatants on proliferative responses of lymphocytes, J. Immunol., 136, 1899, 10.4049/jimmunol.136.5.1899