Hepatic mechanisms for clearance and detoxification of bacterial endotoxins

Raetz, 1990, Biochemistry of endotoxins, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 59, 129, 10.1146/annurev.bi.59.070190.001021 Ravin, 1960, On the absorption of bacterial endotoxin from the gastrointestinal tract of the normal and shocked animal, J. Exp. Med., 112, 783, 10.1084/jem.112.5.783 Nolan, 1977, In vitro studies of endotoxin absorption, Gastroenterology, 72, 434, 10.1016/S0016-5085(77)80253-9 Bigatello, 1987, Endotoxemia, encephalopathy, and mortality in cirrhotic patients, Am. J. Gastroent., 82, 11 Kuratsune, 1983, The relationship between endotoxin and the phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system, Hepato-gastroenterology, 30, 79 Broitman, 1963, Influence of neomycin and ingested endotoxin in the pathogenesis of choline deficiency cirrhosis in the adult rat, J. Exp. Med., 119, 633, 10.1084/jem.119.4.633 Leach, 1941, Sulfonamide drugs as protective agents against CCl4 poisoning, 48, 361 Galanos, 1979, Galactosamine-induced sensitization to the lethal effects of endotoxin, 76, 5939 Nolan, 1980, Influence of carbon tetrachloride on circulating endotoxin after exogenous administration of endotoxin in rats, 165, 453 Nolan, 1978, Endotoxin and the liver, 75, 445 Camera, 1983, d-Galactosamine liver injury: Absorption of endotoxin and protective effect of small bowel and colon resection in rabbits, 172, 255 Decker, 1974, Galactosamine hepatitis: Key role of the nucleotide deficiency period in the pathogenesis of cell injury and cell death, Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol., 71, 77, 10.1007/BFb0027661 Chojkier, 1985, d-Galactosamine hepatoxicity is associated with endotoxin sensitivity and mediated by lymphoreticular cells in mice, Gastroenterology, 88, 115, 10.1016/S0016-5085(85)80142-6 Lehmann, 1987, Lethal toxicity of lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor in normal and d-galactosamine treated mice, J. Exp. Med., 165, 657, 10.1084/jem.165.3.657 Pekala, 1983, Selective inhibition of synthesis of enzymes for de novo fatty acid biosynthesis by an endotoxin induced mediator from exudate cells, 80, 2743 Kirn, 1982, Vol VII, 377 Gut, 1982, Protective effect of colectomy in frog virus 3 hepatitis of rats: Possible role of endotoxin, J. Infect. Dis., 146, 594, 10.1093/infdis/146.5.594 Gut, 1984, Probable role of endogenous endotoxins in hepatocytolysis during murine hepatitis caused by frog virus 3, J. Infect. Dis., 149, 621, 10.1093/infdis/149.4.621 Kelly, 1989, Kupffer cell number is normal, but their lysozyme content is reduced in alcoholic liver disease, J. Hepatol., 8, 173, 10.1016/0168-8278(89)90005-6 McCarthy, 1990, Effects of ethanol on human monocyte/macrophage lysozyme storage and disease, 10, 90 Shiratori, 1989, Kupffer cell function in chronic ethanol fed rats, Liver, 9, 351, 10.1111/j.1600-0676.1989.tb00423.x Zerbe, 1988, Proliferation of fat storing cells is stimulated by secretions of Kupffer cells from normal and injured liver, Exp. Molec. Path., 49, 87, 10.1016/0014-4800(88)90023-8 Borunda, 1989, Kupffer cells from CCl4-treated rat livers induce skin fibroblast and liver fat storing cell proliferation in culture, Matrix, 9, 150, 10.1016/S0934-8832(89)80034-4 Schmidt, 1982, Interleukin 1, a potential regulator of fibroblast proliferation, J. Immunol., 128, 2177, 10.4049/jimmunol.128.5.2177 Pereira, 1987, Increased susceptibility of mice to MHV 3 infection induced by hypercholesterolemic diet: Impairment of Kupffer cell function, Immunobiology, 174, 253, 10.1016/S0171-2985(87)80001-3 Salzer, 1990, Primed stimulation of isolated perfused rabbit lung by endotoxin and platelet activating factor induces enhanced production of thromboxane and lung injury, J. Clin. Invest., 85, 1135, 10.1172/JCI114545 Duke, 1990, Acute endotoxin-induced lymphocyte sequestration in sheep lungs, Lab. Invest., 62, 355 Bitterman, 1986, Modulation of alveolar macrophage-driven fibroblast proliferation by alternative macrophage mediators, J. Clin. Invest., 77, 700, 10.1172/JCI112364 Mathison, 1979, Clearance, tissue distribution and cellular localization of IV injected LPS in rabbits, J. Immunol., 123, 2133, 10.4049/jimmunol.123.5.2133 Freudenberg, 1980, Interaction of lipopolysaccharides with plasma high density lipoprotein in rats, Infect. Immun., 28, 373, 10.1128/iai.28.2.373-380.1980 Freudenberg, 1982, Time course of cellular distribution of endotoxin in liver, lung and kidney of rats, Br. J. Exp. Path., 63, 56 Ruiter, 1981, Uptake by liver cells of endotoxin following its intravenous injection, Lab. Invest., 45, 38 Praaning van-Dalen, 1981, Clearance capacity of rat liver Kupffer, endothelial and parenchymal cells, Gastroenterology, 81, 1036, 10.1016/S0016-5085(81)80009-1 Fox, 1988, Uptake and modification of an 125I-lipopolysaccharide by isolated rat Kupffer cells, Hepatology, 8, 1550, 10.1002/hep.1840080613 Fox, 1987, Comparative studies of endotoxin uptake by isolated rat Kupffer and peritoneal cells, Infect. Immun., 55, 2962, 10.1128/IAI.55.12.2962-2966.1987 Hunt, 1989, Products of lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages (tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β) but not lipopolysaccharide modify DNA synthesis by rat trophoblast cells exhibiting the 80 kDa lipopolysaccharide binding protein, J. Immunol., 143, 1606, 10.4049/jimmunol.143.5.1606 Lei, 1988, Specific endotoxic lipopolysaccharide binding protein on murine splenocytes, 141, 996 Roeder, 1989, Endotoxiclipopolysaccharide-specific binding proteins on lymphoid cells of various animal species: Association with endotoxin susceptibility, Infect. Immun., 57, 1054, 10.1128/IAI.57.4.1054-1058.1989 Chen, 1990, Induction macrophage mediated tumor cytotoxicity by a hamster monoclonal antibody with specificity for lipopolysaccharide receptor, J. Immunol., 145, 8, 10.4049/jimmunol.145.1.8 Fox, 1990, Processing of bacterial endotoxins by Kupffer cells is not receptor mediated, Infect. Immun. Van Bossuyt, 1988, Cultured Kupffer cells, isolated from human and rat liver biopsies, ingest endotoxins, J. Hepatol., 7, 45, 10.1016/S0168-8278(88)80505-1 Steffan, 1986, Phagocytosis, an unrecognized property of murine endothelial cells, Hepatology, 6, 830, 10.1002/hep.1840060505 Van Bossuyt, 1988, Cellular and subcellular distribution of injected lipopolysaccharides in rat liver and its inactivation by bile salts, J. Hepatol., 7, 325, 10.1016/S0168-8278(88)80005-9 Parent, 1990, Membrane receptors on rat hepatocytes for the inner core region of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, J. Biol. Chem., 265, 3455, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)39789-3 Pagani, 1981, The binding of Escherichia coli endotoxin to isolated rat hepatocytes, FEBS Letters, 131, 103, 10.1016/0014-5793(81)80897-6 Fukuda, 1989, Deacylation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide by rat hepatocytes in vitro, Br. J. Exp. Path., 70, 267 Farrar, 1966, The essential role of the liver in detoxification of endotoxin, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 133, 668, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1966.tb52397.x Kleine, 1985, Excretion of radioactivity in faeces and urine of rats injected with 3H, 14C-lipopolysaccharide, Br. J. Exp. Path., 66, 303 Freudenberg, 1985, Alteration in rats in vivo of the chemical structure of lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella abortus equi, Eur. J. Biochem., 152, 353, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb09205.x Fox, 1989, Clearance of gut derived endotoxins by the liver: Release and modification of 3H, 14C-lipopolysaccharide by isolated rat Kupffer cells, Gastroenterology, 96, 456, 10.1016/0016-5085(89)91571-0 Ashwell, 1974, The role of surface carbohydrates in the hepatic recognition and transport of circulating proteins, Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol ., 41, 99 Toth, 1985, Receptor mediated endocytosis of CEA by rat liver Kupffer cells, Cancer Res., 45, 392 Wada, 1970, Autoradiographic study on the site of uptake of the haptoglobin/hemoglobin complex, J. Reticuloendothel. Soc., 8, 185 Duncan, 1984, The fate of E. coli lipopolysaccharide after uptake of E. coli by murine macrophages in vitro, J. Immunol., 132, 1416, 10.4049/jimmunol.132.3.1416 Duncan, 1986, Immunologic activity of lipopolysaccharide released from macrophages after uptake of intact E. coli in vitro, J. Immunol., 135, 2924, 10.4049/jimmunol.136.8.2924 Munford, 1985, Uptake and deacylation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide from normal and endotoxin-hyporesponsive mice, Infect. Immun, 46, 464, 10.1128/IAI.48.2.464-473.1985 Kotani, 1985, Synthetic lipid A with endotoxic and related biological activities comparable to those of a natural lipid A from an E. coli Re mutant, Infect. Immun., 49, 225, 10.1128/IAI.49.1.225-237.1985 Peterson, 1987, Dephosphorylation of the lipid A moiety of E. coli lipopolysaccharide by mouse macrophages, Infect. Immun., 55, 974, 10.1128/IAI.55.4.974-978.1987 Munford, 1986, Detoxification of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) by a human neutrophil enzyme, Science, 234, 203, 10.1126/science.3529396 Sanders, 1983, Kupffer cell regulation of fibrinogen synthesis in hepatocytes, Thromb. Res., 32, 133, 10.1016/0049-3848(83)90025-7 Urade, 1989, The major source of endogenous prostaglandin D2 production is likely antigen presenting cells: Localization of glutathione-requiring prostaglandin D2 synthetase in histiocytes, dendric and Kupffer cells in various rat tissues, J. Immunol., 143, 2982, 10.4049/jimmunol.143.9.2982 Karch, 1988, The release of tumor necrosis factor from endotoxin stimulated rat Kupffer cells is regulated by prostaglandin E2 and dexamethasone, J. Hepatol., 7, 352, 10.1016/S0168-8278(88)80008-4 Casteleijn, 1988, Endotoxin stimulates glyconeolysis in the liver by means of intercellular communication, J. Biol. Chem., 263, 6953, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)68587-4 Shirahama, 1988, Kupffer cells may autoregulate interleukin 1 production by producing interleukin 1 inhibitor and prostaglandin E2, Scand. J. Immunol., 28, 719, 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1988.tb01505.x Okumura, 1987, Kupffer cells modulate natural killer cell activity in vitro by producing prostaglandins, Cell. Immunol., 107, 89, 10.1016/0008-8749(87)90268-1 Marletta, 1988, Macrophage oxidation of l-arginine to nitrate and nitrite: Nitric oxide is an intermediate, Biochemistry, 27, 8706, 10.1021/bi00424a003 Miwa, 1987, Nitrosation of amines by stimulated macrophages, Carcinogenesis, 8, 955, 10.1093/carcin/8.7.955 Billiar, 1989, Kupffer cell cytotoxicity to hepatocytes in coculture requires l-arginine, Arch. Surg., 124, 1416, 10.1001/archsurg.1989.01410120062013 Yurochko, 1990, Normal and tumor bearing host specific macrophage responses to lipopolysaccharide, Immunol. Invest., 19, 41, 10.3109/08820139009042024 Durum, 1985, Vol 3, 263 Fenton, 1987, Transcriptional regulation of the human prointerleukin 1β gene, J. Immunol., 138, 3972, 10.4049/jimmunol.138.11.3972 Ucla, 1990, Interferon gamma drastically modifies the regulation of interleukin 1 genes by endotoxin by U937 cells, J. Clin. Invest., 85, 185, 10.1172/JCI114411 Shakhov, 1990, kB-Type enhancers are involved in lipopolysaccharide mediated transcriptional activation of the tumor necrosis factor α gene in primary macrophages, J. Exp. Med., 171, 35, 10.1084/jem.171.1.35 Ding, 1987, Trace levels of bacterial lipopolysaccharide prevent interferon gamma or tumor necrosis factor-α from enhancing mouse peritoneal macrophage respiratory burst capacity, J. Immunol., 139, 1971, 10.4049/jimmunol.139.6.1971 Ding, 1989, Macrophages rapidly internalize their tumor necrosis factor receptors in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide, J. Biol. Chem., 264, 3924, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)84941-4 Zuckerman, 1989, Endotoxin-macrophage interaction: Post-translational regulation of tumor necrosis factor expression, J. Immunol., 143, 1223, 10.4049/jimmunol.143.4.1223 Han, 1990, Endotoxin-responsive sequences control cachectin/tumor necrosis factor biosynthesis at the translational level, J. Exp. Med., 171, 465, 10.1084/jem.171.2.465 Kruys, 1989, Translational blockade imposed by cytokine derived UA-rich sequences, Science, 245, 852, 10.1126/science.2672333 Tannenbaum, 1988, Characterization of lipopolysaccharide induced macrophage gene expression, J. Immunol., 140, 3640, 10.4049/jimmunol.140.10.3640 Tannenbaum, 1989, Lipopolysaccharide induced gene expression in murine peritoneal macrophages is selectively suppressed by agents that elevate intracellular cAMP, J. Immunol., 142, 1274, 10.4049/jimmunol.142.4.1274 Tannenbaum, 1989, Lipopolysaccharide inducible macrophage early genes are induced in Balb/c 3T3 cells by platelet derived growth factor, J. Biol. Chem., 264, 4052, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)84960-8 Billiar, 1988, The role of intestinal flora on the interactions between nonparenchymal cells and hepatocytes in coculture, J. Surg. Res., 44, 397, 10.1016/0022-4804(88)90182-5 Cavallo, 1990, Repeated exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide interferes with disposal of pathogenic immune complexes in mice, Clin. Exp. Immunol., 79, 253, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1990.tb05187.x