Over-pulsing degrades activated iridium oxide films used for intracortical neural stimulation

Agnew, 1986, Histopathologic evaluation of prolonged intracortical electrical stimulation, Exp. Neurol., 92, 162, 10.1016/0014-4886(86)90132-9 Agnew WF, McCreery DB, Manoonkitiwongsa PS, Pikov V, Yuen TGH. Histologic effects of microstimulation in the cerebral cortex: a quantitative evaluation. 2003, in preparation. Anderson, 1989, Batch-fabricated thin-film electrodes for stimulation of the central auditory system, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 36, 693, 10.1109/10.32101 Bak, 1990, Visual sensations produced by intracortical microstimulation of the human occipital cortex, Med. Biol. Eng. Comput., 28, 257, 10.1007/BF02442682 Ballestrasse, 1985, Calculations of the pH changes produced in body tissue by a spherical stimulation electrode, Ann. Biomed. Eng., 13, 405, 10.1007/BF02407769 Beebe, 1988, Charge injection limits of activated iridium oxide electrodes with 0.2ms pulses in bicarbonate buffered saline, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 35, 494, 10.1109/10.2122 Cogan SF, Troyk PR, Detlefsen DE, Ehrlich J, Plante TD, McCreery DB, Bullara L. Charge-injection waveforms for iridium oxide (AIROF) microelectrodes. In: 25th Annual International IEEE EMBS Conference, Cancun, Mexico, 2003, September 17–21. p. 1960–3. Grill, 1999, Bladder and urethral pressures evoked by microstimulation of the sacral spinal cord in cats, Brain Res., 836, 19, 10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01581-4 Hambrecht, 1995, Visual prostheses based on direct interfaces with the visual system, Bulliere’s Clin. Neurol., 4, 147 Jezernik, 2002, Electrical stimulation for the treatment of bladder dysfunction: current status and future possibilities, Neurol. Res., 24, 413, 10.1179/016164102101200294 Liu, 1999, Stability of the interface between neural tissue and chronically implanted intracortical microelectrodes, IEEE Trans. Rehab. Engr., 7, 315, 10.1109/86.788468 McCreery, 1986, Neuronal activity evoked by chronically implanted intracortical microelectrodes, Exp. Neur., 92, 147, 10.1016/0014-4886(86)90131-7 McCreery, 1987, Electrical characteristics of chronically implanted platinum–siridium electrodes, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., BME-34, 664, 10.1109/TBME.1987.325990 McCreery, 1997, A characterization of the effects on neuronal excitability due to prolonged microstimulation with chronically implanted microelectrodes, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 44, 931, 10.1109/10.634645 McCreery, 2000, Chronic microstimulation in the feline ventral cochlear nucleus: physiologic and histologic effects, Hear. Res., 149, 223, 10.1016/S0378-5955(00)00190-8 McCreery, 2002, The effects of prolonged intracortical microstimulation on the excitability of pyramidal tract neurons in the cat, Ann. Biomed. Eng., 30, 107, 10.1114/1.1430748 McIntyre, 1980, Oxidation state changes and structure of electrochromic iridium oxide films, J. Electrochem. Soc., 127, 1264, 10.1149/1.2129868 Mozota, 1983, Surface and bulk processes at oxidized iridium electrodes – I. Monolayer stage and transition to reversible multiplayer oxide behaviour, Electrochim. Acta., 28, 1, 10.1016/0013-4686(83)85079-8 Nicolelis, 2002, The amazing adventures of robotrat, Trends. Cogn. Sci., 6, 449, 10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01991-5 Pickup, 1987, A model for anodic hydrous oxide growth at iridium, J. Electroanal. Chem., 220, 83, 10.1016/0022-0728(87)88006-3 Robblee LS, Rose TL. Electrochemical guidelines for selection of protocols and electrode materials for neural stimulation. In Agnew WF, McCreery DB (Eds.). Neural prostheses: fundamental studies. Prentice Hall, NJ: Englewood Cliffs; 1990. p. 25–66. Robblee, 1983, Activated Ir: An electrode suitable for reversible charge injection in saline, J. Electrochem. Soc., 130, 731, 10.1149/1.2119793 Rose, 1990, Electrical stimulation with Pt electrodes. Part VII. Electrochemically safe charge injection limits with 0.2 ms pulses, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 37, 1119, 10.1109/10.61038 Schmidt, 1996, Feasibility of a visual prosthesis for the blind based on intracortical microstimulation of the visual cortex, Brain, 119, 507, 10.1093/brain/119.2.507 Weiland, 2002, In vitro electrical properties of iridium oxide versus titanium nitride stimulating electrodes, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 49, 1574, 10.1109/TBME.2002.805487 Weiland, 2000, Chronic neural stimulation with thin-film, iridium oxide electrodes at high current densities, IEEE Trans. Biomed Eng., 35, 911, 10.1109/10.846685