Sex-related hormonal influences on pain and analgesic responses

Berkley, 1997, Sex differences in pain, Behav Brain Sci, 20, 371, 10.1017/S0140525X97221485 Fillingim, 1995, Gender differences in the responses to noxious stimuli, Pain Forum, 4, 209, 10.1016/S1082-3174(11)80022-X Riley, 1998, Sex differences in the perception of noxious experimental stimuli: a meta-analysis, Pain, 74, 181, 10.1016/S0304-3959(97)00199-1 Unruh, 1996, Gender variations in clinical pain experience, Pain, 65, 123, 10.1016/0304-3959(95)00214-6 LeResche, 1999, Gender considerations in the epidemiology of chronic pain, 43 Sternbach, 1986, Survey of pain in the United States: the nuprin pain report, Clin J Pain, 2, 49, 10.1097/00002508-198602010-00008 Fillingim, 1999, The relationship of sex and clinical pain to experimental pain responses, Pain, 83, 419, 10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00128-1 Lester, 1994, Pain in young adults: I. Relationship to gender and family pain history, Clin J Pain, 10, 282, 10.1097/00002508-199412000-00007 Islam, 1993, Interactions among aging, gender, and gonadectomy effects upon morphine antinociception in rats, Physiol Behav, 54, 45, 10.1016/0031-9384(93)90042-E Kepler, 1991, Gender effects and central opioid analgesia, Pain, 45, 87, 10.1016/0304-3959(91)90168-W Miaskowski, 1999, Does opioid analgesia show a gender preference for females?, Pain Forum, 8, 34, 10.1016/S1082-3174(99)70044-9 Dubreuil, 1986, Reactivity and response to pain, Pers Individ Differ, 7, 907, 10.1016/0191-8869(86)90093-0 Levine, 1991, The effects of experimenter gender on pain report in male and female subjects, Pain, 44, 69, 10.1016/0304-3959(91)90149-R Fillingim, 1996, The influence of gender and psychological factors on pain perception, J Gender Cult Health, 1, 21 Rollman, 1995, Gender differences in pain: role of anxiety, Pain Forum, 4, 231, 10.1016/S1082-3174(11)80026-7 Fillingim, 1996, The influence of resting blood pressure and gender on pain repsonses, Psychosom Med, 58, 326, 10.1097/00006842-199607000-00005 Mogil, 1999, The genetic mediation of individual differences in sensitivity to pain and its inhibition, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96, 7744, 10.1073/pnas.96.14.7744 Brown-Grant, 1970, Peripheral plasma oestradiol and luteinizing hormone concentrations during the oestrous cycle of the rat, J Endocrinol, 48, 295, 10.1677/joe.0.0480295 Kalra, 1974, Temporal interrelationships among circulating levels of estradiol, progesterone and LH during the rat estrous cycle: effects of exogenous progesterone, Endocrinology, 95, 1711, 10.1210/endo-95-6-1711 Nequin, 1975, Steroid control of gonadotropin release, J Steroid Biochem, 6, 1007, 10.1016/0022-4731(75)90342-8 Freeman, 1994, The neuroendocrine control of the ovarian cycle of the rat, 613 Bradshaw, 1999, Estrous variations in behavioral responses to vaginal and uterine distention in the rat, Pain, 82, 187, 10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00049-4 Drury, 1978, Differential effects of ovarian hormones on reactivity to electric foot-shock in rats, Physiol Behav, 20, 187, 10.1016/0031-9384(78)90071-9 Giamberardino, 1997, Changes in visceral pain reactivity as a function of estrous cycle in female rats with artificial ureteral calculosis, Brain Res, 774, 234, 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)81711-8 Martinez-Gomez, 1994, Assessing pain threshold in the rat: changes with estrus and time of day, Physiol Behav, 55, 651, 10.1016/0031-9384(94)90040-X Frye, 1992, Hormonal milieu affects tailflick latency in female rats and may be attenuated by access to sucrose, Physiol Behav, 52, 699, 10.1016/0031-9384(92)90400-V Frye, 1993, Diet and estrous cycle influence pain sensitivity in rats, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 45, 255, 10.1016/0091-3057(93)90116-B Kayser, 1996, Estrous and sex variations in vocalization thresholds to hindpaw and tail pressure stimulation in the rat, Brain Res, 742, 352, 10.1016/S0006-8993(96)01108-0 Sapsed-Byrne, 1996, Estrous cycle phase variations in visceromotor and cardiovascular responses to colonic distension in the anesthetized rat, Brain Res, 742, 10, 10.1016/S0006-8993(96)00989-4 Leer, 1988, Elevated shock threshold in sexually receptive female rats, Physiol Behav, 42, 617, 10.1016/0031-9384(88)90166-7 Forman, 1989, The response to analgesia testing is affected by gonadal steroids in the rat, Life Sci, 45, 447, 10.1016/0024-3205(89)90631-0 Kepler, 1989, Roles of gender, gonadectomy and estrous phase in the analgesic effects of intracerebroventricular morphine in rats, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 34, 119, 10.1016/0091-3057(89)90363-8 Beatty, 1977, Gonadectomy and sensitivity to electric shock in the rat, Physiol Behav, 19, 1, 10.1016/0031-9384(77)90149-4 Mogil, 1993, Sex differences in the antagonism of stress-induced analgesia: effects of gonadectomy and estrogen replacement, Pain, 53, 17, 10.1016/0304-3959(93)90050-Y Coyle, 1995, Female rats are more susceptible to the development of neuropathic pain using the partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) model, Neurosci Lett, 186, 135, 10.1016/0304-3940(95)11304-F Ryan, 1988, The estrous cycle and estrogen modulate stress-induced analgesia, Behav Neurosci, 102, 371, 10.1037/0735-7044.102.3.371 Romero, 1986, Gender differences in two forms of cold-water swim analgesia, Physiol Behav, 37, 893, 10.1016/S0031-9384(86)80009-9 Romero, 1987, Modulation of gender-specific effects upon swim analgesia in gonadectomized rats, Physiol Behav, 40, 39, 10.1016/0031-9384(87)90183-1 Boyer, 1998, Microinjection of morphine into the rostral ventromedial medulla produces greater antinociception in male compared to female rats, Brain Res, 796, 315, 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00353-9 Cicero, 1997, Sex-related differences in morphine's antinociceptive activity: relationship to serum and brain morphine concentrations, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 282, 939 Cicero, 1996, Gender-related differences in the antinociceptive properties of morphine, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 279, 767 Baamonde, 1989, Sex-related differences in the effects of morphine and stress on visceral pain, Neuropharmacology, 28, 967, 10.1016/0028-3908(89)90197-4 Ali, 1995, Sex differences and the effect of gonadectomy on morphine- induced antinociception and dependence in rats and mice, Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 22, 342, 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1995.tb02012.x Craft, 1998, Sex differences in cocaine- and nicotine-induced antinociception in the rat, Brain Res, 809, 137, 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00841-5 Chiari, 1998, Sex differences in cholinergic analgesia in normal rats, Anesthesiol, A1108, 89 Lavand'homme, 1998, Sex differences in antiallodynic effects of cholinergic agonists in a model of neuropathic pain, Anesthesiology, A1141, 89 Baamonde, 1989, Sex-related differences in the effects of morphine and stress on visceral pain, Neuropharmacology, 28, 967, 10.1016/0028-3908(89)90197-4 Negus, 1999, Opioid antinociception in ovariectomized monkeys: comparison with antinociception in males and effects of estradiol replacement, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 290, 1132 Banerjee, 1983, Ovarian steroids and modulation of morphine-induced analgesia and catalepsy in female rats, Eur J Pharmacol, 96, 291, 10.1016/0014-2999(83)90319-9 Berglund, 1988, Alterations in brain opiate receptor mechanisms on proestrous afternoon, Neuroendocrinology, 48, 394, 10.1159/000125040 Kiefel, 1992, Roles of gender and gonadectomy in pilocarpine and clonidine analgesia in rats, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 41, 153, 10.1016/0091-3057(92)90075-Q Berglund, 1988, Desensitization of brain opiate receptor mechanisms by gonadal steroid treatments that stimulate luteinizing hormone secretion, Endocrinology, 122, 2718, 10.1210/endo-122-6-2718 Gintzler, 1980, Endorphin-mediated increases in pain threshold during pregnancy, Science, 210, 193, 10.1126/science.7414330 Cogan, 1986, Pain and discomfort thresholds in late pregnancy, Pain, 27, 63, 10.1016/0304-3959(86)90223-X Iwasaki, 1991, Naloxone-sensitive, pregnancy-induced changes in behavioral responses to colorectal distention: pregnancy-induced analgesia to visceral stimulation, Anesthesiology, 74, 927, 10.1097/00000542-199105000-00019 Jarvis, 1997, Opioid-mediated changes in nociceptive threshold during pregnancy and parturition in the sow, Pain, 72, 153, 10.1016/S0304-3959(97)00027-4 Cruz, 1996, Changes in pain threshold during the reproductive cycle of the female rat, Physiol Behav, 59, 543, 10.1016/0031-9384(95)02103-5 Jayaram, 1995, SCH 32615, an enkephalinase inhibitor, enhances pregnancy-induced analgesia in mice, Anesth Analges, 80, 944 Kristal, 1990, Amniotic-fluid ingestion by parturient rats enhances pregnancy-mediated analgesia, Life Sci, 46, 693, 10.1016/0024-3205(90)90074-2 Dawson-Basoa, 1993, 17-Beta-estradiol and progesterone modulate an intrinsic opioid analgesic system, Brain Res, 601, 241, 10.1016/0006-8993(93)91716-6 Gintzler, 1983, Attenuation of pregnancy-induced analgesia by hypogastric neurectomy in rats, Brain Res, 277, 186, 10.1016/0006-8993(83)90924-1 Baron, 1984, Pregnancy-induced analgesia: effects of adrenalectomy and glucocorticoid replacement, Brain Res, 321, 341, 10.1016/0006-8993(84)90190-2 Baron, 1998, Effects of hypophysectomy and dexamethasone treatment on plasma beta-endorphin during pregnancy, Brain Res, 418, 138, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90970-X Sander, 1988, Spinal kappa-opiate receptor involvement in the analgesia of pregnancy: effects of intrathecal nor-binaltorphimine, a kappa-selective antagonist, Brain Res, 474, 343, 10.1016/0006-8993(88)90448-9 Dawson-Basoa, 1997, Involvement of spinal cord delta opiate receptors in the antinociception of gestation and its hormonal simulation, Brain Res, 757, 37, 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00092-9 Medina, 1993, Spinal cord dynorphin: positive region-specific modulation during pregnancy and parturition, Brain Res, 623, 41, 10.1016/0006-8993(93)90007-A Sander, 1989, Spinal dynorphin involvement in the analgesia of pregnancy: effects of intrathecal dynorphin antisera, Eur J Pharmacol, 159, 205, 10.1016/0014-2999(89)90708-5 Gintzler, 1990, Pain thresholds are elevated during pseudopregnancy, Brain Res, 507, 312, 10.1016/0006-8993(90)90288-M Medina, 1993, 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone positively modulate spinal cord dynorphin: relevance to the analgesia of pregnancy, Neuroendocrinology, 58, 310, 10.1159/000126555 Dawson-Basoa, 1997, Nociceptin (Orphanin FQ) abolishes gestational and ovarian sex steroid-induced antinociception and induces hyperalgesia, Brain Res, 750, 48, 10.1016/S0006-8993(96)01334-0 Crowley, 1976, Analgesic effect of vaginal stimulation in rats: modulation by graded stimulus intensity and hormones, Physiol Behav, 16, 483, 10.1016/0031-9384(76)90328-0 Crowley, 1976, Analgesic effect of vaginal stimulation in rats: modulation by catecholamines and steroids, Fed Proc, 35, 2551 Komisaruk, 1977, Antinociceptive effects of vaginal stimulation in rats: neurophysiological and behavioral studies, Brain Res, 137, 85, 10.1016/0006-8993(77)91014-9 Komisaruk, 1971, Suppression of a spinal and a cranial nerve reflex by vaginal or rectal probing in rats, Brain Res, 35, 231, 10.1016/0006-8993(71)90608-1 Whipple, 1985, Elevation of pain threshold by vaginal stimulation in women, Pain, 21, 357, 10.1016/0304-3959(85)90164-2 Gintzler, 1991, Analgesia is produced by uterocervical mechanostimulation in rats: roles of afferent nerves and implications for analgesia of pregnancy and parturition, Brain Res, 566, 299, 10.1016/0006-8993(91)91713-B Cunningham, 1991, Differential roles of hypogastric and pelvic nerves in the analgesic and motoric effects of vaginocervical stimulation in rats, Brain Res, 559, 337, 10.1016/0006-8993(91)90021-M Komisaruk, 1996, Brain-mediated responses to vaginocervical stimulation in spinal cord-transected rats: role of the vagus nerves, Brain Res, 708, 128, 10.1016/0006-8993(95)01312-1 Cueva-Rolon, 1996, Vagotomy blocks responses to vaginocervical stimulation after genitospinal neurectomy in rats, Physiol Behav, 60, 19, 10.1016/0031-9384(95)02245-7 Watkins, 1984, Dorsolateral funiculus and intraspinal pathways mediate vaginal stimulation-induced suppression of nociceptive responding in rats, Brain Res, 294, 59, 10.1016/0006-8993(84)91309-X Crowley, 1977, Monoaminergic mediation of the antinociceptive effect of vaginal stimulation in rats, Brain Res, 137, 67, 10.1016/0006-8993(77)91013-7 Steinman, 1983, Spinal cord monoamines modulate the antinociceptive effects of vaginal stimulation in rats, Pain, 16, 155, 10.1016/0304-3959(83)90205-1 Roberts, 1985, Strychnine antagonizes vaginal stimulation-produced analgesia at the spinal cord, Life Sci, 36, 2017, 10.1016/0024-3205(85)90451-5 Hill, 1981, The antinociceptive effect of vaginal stimulation in the rat is reduced by naloxone, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 14, 631, 10.1016/0091-3057(81)90123-4 Iwasaki, 1991, Low-dose clonidine enhances pregnancy-induced analgesia to visceral but not somatic stimuli in rats, Anesth Analges, 72, 325, 10.1213/00000539-199103000-00008 Lautenbacher, 1993, Sex differences in responsiveness to painful and nonpainful stimuli are dependent upon the stimulation method, Pain, 53, 255, 10.1016/0304-3959(93)90221-A Fillingim, 1997, Ischemic but not thermal pain sensitivity varies across the menstrual cycle, Psychosom Med, 59, 512, 10.1097/00006842-199709000-00008 Lautenbacher, 1991, Sex differences in pain and thermal sensitivity: the role of body size, Percept Psychophys, 50, 179, 10.3758/BF03212218 Pfleeger, 1997, Menstrual cycle, blood pressure and ischemic pain sensitivity in women, Int J Psychophysiol, 27, 161, 10.1016/S0167-8760(97)00058-5 Procacci, 1974, Studies of the pain threshold in man, 107 Goolkasian, 1980, Cyclic changes in pain perception: an ROC analysis, Percept Psychophys, 27, 499, 10.3758/BF03198677 Goolkasian, 1983, An ROC analysis of pain reactions in dysmenorrheic and nondysmenorrheic women, Percept Psychophys, 34, 381, 10.3758/BF03203051 Giamberardino, 1997, Pain threshold variations in somatic wall tissues as a function of menstrual cycle, segmental site and tissue depth in nondysmenorrheic women, dysmenorrheic women and men, Pain, 71, 187, 10.1016/S0304-3959(97)03362-9 Hapidou, 1988, Sensitivity to cold pressor pain in dysmenorrheic and non dysmenorrheic women as a function of menstrual cycle phase, Pain, 34, 277, 10.1016/0304-3959(88)90123-6 Tedford, 1977, Alteration of shock aversion thresholds during the menstrual cycle, Percept Psychophys, 21, 193, 10.3758/BF03198725 Hapidou, 1998, Menstrual cycle modulation of tender points, Pain, 77, 151, 10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00087-6 Amodei, 1989, Reactions of dysmenorrheic and nondysmenorrheic women to experimentally induced pain throughout the menstrual cycle, J Behav Med, 12, 373, 10.1007/BF00844930 Veith, 1984, Plasma beta-endorphin, pain thresholds and anxiety levels across the human menstrual cycle, Physiol Behav, 32, 31, 10.1016/0031-9384(84)90065-9 Riley, 1999, A meta-analytic review of pain perception across the menstrual cycle, Pain, 81, 225, 10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00258-9 Gracely, 1994, Studies of pain in normal man, 315 Thompson, 1997, The effects of oral contraceptives on delayed onset muscle soreness following exercise, Contraception, 56, 59, 10.1016/S0010-7824(97)00093-0 Gordon, 1995, Enhancement of morphine analgesia by the GABAB agonist baclofen, Neuroscience, 69, 345, 10.1016/0306-4522(95)00335-G Gear, 1996, Gender difference in analgesic response to the kappa-opioid pentazocine, Neurosci Lett, 205, 207, 10.1016/0304-3940(96)12402-2 Gear, 1996, Kappa-opioids produce significantly greater analgesia in women than in men [see comments], Nature Med, 2, 1248, 10.1038/nm1196-1248 Froehlich, 1997, Sedation and analgesia for colonoscopy: patient tolerance, pain, and cardiorespiratory parameters, Gastroint Endoscopy, 45, 1, 10.1016/S0016-5107(97)70295-5 Dahan, 1998, Sex-related differences in the influence of morphine on ventilatory control in humans, Anesthesiology, 88, 903, 10.1097/00000542-199804000-00009 Sarton, 1999, Sex differences in morphine induced ventilatory depression reside in the peripheral chemoreflex loop, Anesthesiology, 90, 1329, 10.1097/00000542-199905000-00017 Eisenach, 1998, Sex differences in analgesia from intrathecal neostigmine in humans, Anesthesiology, 89, A1106, 10.1097/00000542-199809190-00035 Walker, 1998, Experimental pain in healthy human subjects: gender differences in nociception and in response to ibuprofen, Anesth Analges, 86, 1257, 10.1213/00000539-199806000-00023 Lautenbacher, 1997, Possible deficiencies of pain modulation in fibromyalgia, Clin J Pain, 13, 189, 10.1097/00002508-199709000-00003 Maixner, 1995, Regulation of acute and chronic orofacial pain, 85 Mense, 1990, Structure-function relationships in identified afferent neurones, Anat Embryol (Berl), 181, 1, 10.1007/BF00189723 Herren, 1933, The effect of high and low female sex hormone concentration on the two-point threshold of pain and touch and upon tactile sensitivity, J Exp Psychol, 16, 324, 10.1037/h0074301 Bereiter, 1980, Hormone-induced enlargement of receptive fields in trigeminal mechano-receptive neurous. II. Possible mechanisms, Brain Res, 184, 411, 10.1016/0006-8993(80)90809-4 Komisaruk, 1972, Genital sensory field: enlargement by estrogen treatment in female rats, Science, 178, 1295, 10.1126/science.178.4067.1295 Butterworth, 1990, Pregnancy increases median nerve susceptibility to lidocaine, Anesthesiology, 72, 962, 10.1097/00000542-199006000-00002 Datta, 1983, Differential sensitivities of mammalian nerve fibers during pregnancy, Anesth Analges, 62, 1070, 10.1213/00000539-198312000-00004 Datta, 1989, Chronically administered progesterone decreases halothane requirements in rabbits, Anesth Analges, 68, 46, 10.1213/00000539-198901000-00010 Flanagan, 1987, Effect of pregnancy on bupivacaine-induced conduction blockade in the isolated rabbit vagus nerve, Anesth Analges, 66, 123, 10.1213/00000539-198666020-00004 Kaneko, 1994, Pregnancy enhances the antinociceptive effects of extradural lignocaine in the rat, Br J Anaesth, 72, 657, 10.1093/bja/72.6.657 Berkley, 1988, Afferent fibres supplying the uterus in the rat, J Neurophysiol, 59, 142, 10.1152/jn.1988.59.1.142 Robbins, 1990, Responses of hypogastric nerve afferent fibers to uterine distension in estrous or metestrous rats, Neurosci Lett, 110, 82, 10.1016/0304-3940(90)90791-7 Robbins, 1992, Estrous cycle variation of afferent fibers supplying reproductive organs in the female rat, Brain Res, 596, 353, 10.1016/0006-8993(92)91572-V McMahon, 1996, NGF as a mediator of inflammatory pain, Phil Trans R Soc London Series B: Biol Sci, 351, 431, 10.1098/rstb.1996.0039 Woolf, 1996, Phenotypic modification of primary sensory neurons: the role of nerve growth factor in the production of persistent pain, Phil Trans R Soc London Series B: Biol Sci, 351, 441, 10.1098/rstb.1996.0040 Sohrabji, 1994, Estrogen differentially regulates estrogen and nerve growth factor receptor mRNAs in adult sensory neurons, J Neurosci, 14, 459, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-02-00459.1994 Zimmermann, 1996, Plasticity of the nervous system at the systemic, cellular, and molecular levels: a mechanism of chronic pain and hyperalgesia, 233 Liuzzi, 1999, Long-term estrogen replacement coordinately decreases trkA and beta-PPT mRNA levels in dorsal root ganglion neurons, Exp Neurol, 155, 260, 10.1006/exnr.1998.6999 Papka, 1997, Localization of estrogen receptor protein and estrogen receptor messenger RNA in peripheral autonomic and sensory neurons, Neuroscience, 79, 1153, 10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00076-6 Toran-Allerand, 1996, Mechanisms of estrogen action during neural development: mediation by interactions with the neurotrophins and their receptors?, J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 56, 10.1016/0960-0760(95)00234-0 Green, 1999, Sex steroid regulation of the inflammatory response: sympathoadrenal dependence in the female rat, J Neurosci, 19, 4082, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-10-04082.1999 Duval, 1996, Substance P and neurokinin A variations throughout the rat estrous cycle; comparison with ovariectomized and male rats: II. Trigeminal nucleus and cervical spinal cord, J Neurosci Res, 45, 610, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19960901)45:5<610::AID-JNR10>3.0.CO;2-2 Kerdelhue, 1985, Binding studies of substance P anterior pituitary binding sites: changes in substance P binding sites during the rat estrous cycle, Regulatory Peptides, 10, 133, 10.1016/0167-0115(85)90008-4 Smith, 1994, Female sex steroid hormones: from receptors to networks to performance-actions on the sensorimotor system, Prog Neurobiol, 44, 55, 10.1016/0301-0082(94)90057-4 Silberstein, 1993, Sex hormones and headache, J Pain Symptom Management, 8, 98, 10.1016/0885-3924(93)90107-7 Ratka, 1990, A modulatory role for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in nociceptive responses of female rats, Endocrinology, 127, 667, 10.1210/endo-127-2-667 Facchinetti, 1988, Transient failure of central opioid tonus and premenstrual symptoms, J Reprod Med, 33, 633 Morrell, 1985, A subset of beta-endorphin- or dynorphin-containing neurons in the medial basal hypothalamus accumulates estradiol, Neuroendocrinology, 41, 417, 10.1159/000124212 Quinones-Jenab, 1997, Estrogen regulation of mu-opioid receptor mRNA in the forebrain of female rats, Brain Res, 47, 134, 10.1016/S0169-328X(97)00041-7 Smith, 1998, Brain opioid receptor measurements by positron emission tomography in normal cycling women: relationship to luteinizing hormone pulsatility and gonadal steroid hormones, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, 4498, 10.1210/jc.83.12.4498 McEwen, 1998, Clinically relevant basic science studies of gender differences and sex hormone effects, Psychopharm Bull, 34, 251 Lavand'homme, 1998, Sex differences in spinal cholinergic analgesia following capsaicin, Anesthesiology, 89, A1170, 10.1097/00000542-199809190-00099 Swerdlow, 1997, Changes in sensorimotor inhibition across the menstrual cycle: implications for neuropsychiatric disorders, Biol Psychiatry, 41, 452, 10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00065-0 Manber, 1997, Sleep and the menstrual cycle, Health Psychol, 16, 209, 10.1037/0278-6133.16.3.209 Driver, 1996, Sleep and the sleep electroencephalogram across the menstrual cycle in young healthy women, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 81, 728, 10.1210/jc.81.2.728 Backstrom, 1995, Symptoms related to the menopause and sex steroid treatments, Ciba Foundation Symp, 191, 171 Klaiber, 1996, Individual differences in changes in mood and platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity during hormonal replacement therapy in menopausal women, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 21, 575, 10.1016/S0306-4530(96)00023-6 Priest, 1995, Actions of sex steroids on behaviours beyond reproductive reflexes, Ciba Foundation Symp, 191, 74 Boyle, 1987, Epidemiology of premenstrual symptoms, Am J Public Health, 77, 349, 10.2105/AJPH.77.3.349 Huerta-Franco, 1993, Association of physical and emotional symptoms with the menstrual cycle and life-style, J Reprod Med, 38, 448 Hart, 1997, Generalized use of over-the-counter analgesics: relationship to premenstrual symptoms, J Clin Psychol, 53, 197, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199704)53:3<197::AID-JCLP1>3.0.CO;2-P Korzekwa, 1997, Premenstrual syndromes, Clin Obstet Gynecol, 40, 564, 10.1097/00003081-199709000-00017 Ylikorkala, 1978, New concepts in dysmenorrhea, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 130, 833, 10.1016/0002-9378(78)90019-4 Facchinetti, 1990, Opioid control of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis cyclically fails in menstrual migraine, Cephalalgia, 10, 51, 10.1046/j.1468-2982.1990.1001051.x Fillingim, 1995, Pain sensitivity in females with premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a preliminary report, J Women's Health, 4, 367, 10.1089/jwh.1995.4.367 Heitkemper, 1995, Daily gastrointestinal symptoms in women with and without a diagnosis of IBS, Dig Diseases Sci, 40, 1511, 10.1007/BF02285200 Keenan, 1992, Nonmigraine headache across the menstrual cycle in women with and without premenstrual syndrome, Cephalalgia, 12, 356, 10.1111/j.1468-2982.1992.00356.x Valentino, 1993, Hormonal pattern in women affected by rheumatoid arthritis, J Endocrinol Invest, 16, 619, 10.1007/BF03347683 Da Silva, 1992, The effects of gender and sex hormones on outcome in rheumatoid arthritis, Baillieres Clin Rheum, 6, 196 Ostensen, 1997, The effect of reproductive events and alterations of sex hormone levels on the symptoms of fibromyalgia, Scand J Rheum, 26, 355, 10.3109/03009749709065698 Anderberg, 1998, Variability in cyclicity affects pain and other symptoms in female fibromyalgia syndrome patients, J Musculoskeletal Pain, 6, 5, 10.1300/J094v06n04_02 Anderberg, 2000, Symptom status in relation to hormonal status in female fibromyalgia syndrome patients, J Musculoskeletal Pain LeResche, 1997, Use of exogenous hormones and risk of temporomandibular disorder pain, Pain, 69, 153, 10.1016/S0304-3959(96)03230-7 Dao, 1997, Modulation of myofascial pain patterns by oral contraceptives: a preliminary report, JADA, 76, 148 LeResche, 1997, Relationship of premenstrual symptoms to TMD and other pain problems, JADA, 76, 148 Carlson, 1998, Psychological and physiological parameters of masticatory muscle pain, Pain, 76, 297, 10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00063-3 Messinis, 1988, Treatment of premenstrual mastalgia with tamoxifen, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 67, 307, 10.3109/00016348809004225 Kontostolis, 1997, Comparison of tamoxifen with danazol for treatment of cyclical mastalgia, Gynecol Endocrinol, 11, 393, 10.3109/09513599709152566 McDermott, 1990, Tamoxifen therapy for painful idiopathic gynecomastia, Southern Med J, 83, 1283, 10.1097/00007611-199011000-00013 Ratka, 1991, Effects of estradiol and progesterone on the sensitivity to pain and on morphine-induced antinociception in female rats, Horm Behav, 25, 217, 10.1016/0018-506X(91)90052-J Bon, 1998, Sex, time-of-day, and estrous variations in behavioral and bladder histological consequences of cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in rats, Pain, 73, 423, 10.1016/S0304-3959(97)00134-6 Coyle, 1996, Intact female rats are more susceptible to the development of tactile allodynia than ovariectomized female rats following partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL), Neurosci Lett, 203, 37, 10.1016/0304-3940(95)12259-1 Islam, 1993, Interactions among aging, gender, and gonadectomy effects upon naloxone hypophagia in rats, Physiol Behav, 54, 981, 10.1016/0031-9384(93)90312-4 Sternberg, 1995, Neonatal testosterone exposure influences neurochemistry of nonopioid swim stress-induced analgesia in adult mice, Pain, 63, 321, 10.1016/0304-3959(95)00059-3 Lautenbacher, 1995, Tonic evoked pain by pulsating heat: temporal summation mechanisms and perceptual qualities, Somatosens Mot Res, 12, 59, 10.3109/08990229509063142 Kuczmierczyk, 1986, Autonomic arousal and pain sensitivity in women with premenstrual syndrome at different phases of the menstrual cycle, J Psychosom Res, 30, 421, 10.1016/0022-3999(86)90081-4 Rao, 1987, Pain threshold in relation to sex hormones, Ind J Physiol Pharmacol, 31, 250 Hotchkiss, 1994, The menstrual cycle and its neuroendocrine control, 711