Replication cycle of chikungunya: A re-emerging arbovirus

Arankalle, 2007, Genetic divergence of Chikungunya viruses in India (1963-2006) with special reference to the 2005-2006 explosive epidemic, J. Gen. Virol., 88, 1967, 10.1099/vir.0.82714-0

Barton, 1991, Solubilization and immunoprecipitation of alphavirus replication complexes, J. Virol., 65, 1496, 10.1128/JVI.65.3.1496-1506.1991

Berger, 2005, GIDEON: a comprehensive Web-based resource for geographic medicine, Int. J. Health Geogr., 4, 10, 10.1186/1476-072X-4-10

Briant, 1998, Involvement of extracellular signal-regulated kinase module in HIV-mediated CD4 signals controlling activation of nuclear factor-kappa B and AP-1 transcription factors, J. Immunol., 160, 1875, 10.4049/jimmunol.160.4.1875

Brighton, 1984, Chloroquine phosphate treatment of chronic chikungunya arthritis. An open pilot study, S. Afr. Med. J., 66, 217

Carey, 1971, Chikungunya and dengue: a case of mistaken identity?, J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 26, 243, 10.1093/jhmas/XXVI.3.243

Casals, 1954, Hemagglutination with arthropod-borne viruses, J. Exp. Med., 99, 429, 10.1084/jem.99.5.429

Chambers, 1990, Flavivirus genome organization, expression, and replication, Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 44, 649, 10.1146/annurev.mi.44.100190.003245

Chanas, 1979, A comparative study of O'nyong nyong virus with Chikungunya virus and plaque variants, Arch. Virol., 59, 231, 10.1007/BF01317418

Charrel, R.N., Zandotti, C., and de Lamballerie, X., (2006). Complete coding sequence of chikungunya virus from La Reunion island, 2006 (human isolate). GenBank. Accession DQ443544.

Chevillon, 2008, The chikungunya threat: an ecological and evolutionary perspective, Trends Microbiol., 16, 80, 10.1016/j.tim.2007.12.003

Choi, 1991, Structure of Sindbis virus core protein reveals a chymotrypsin-like serine proteinase and the organization of the virion, Nature, 354, 37, 10.1038/354037a0

Collier, 1992, Inhibition of enveloped RNA virus formation by peptides corresponding to glycoproteins sequences, Antiviral Chem. Chemoter., 3, 31, 10.1177/095632029200300105

Colpitts, 2007, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection of mosquito cells requires acidification as well as mosquito homologs of the endocytic proteins Rab5 and Rab7, Virology, 369, 78, 10.1016/j.virol.2007.07.012

Couderc, 2008, A mouse model for chikungunya: young age and inefficient type-I interferon signaling are risk factors for severe disease, PLoS Pathog., 4, e29, 10.1371/journal.ppat.0040029

Cunningham, 1985, Ross River virus infection of human synovial cells in vitro, Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci., 63, 199

Davis, 1989, In vitro synthesis of infectious Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus RNA from a cDNA clone: analysis of a viable deletion mutant, Virology, 171, 189, 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90526-6

de Curtis, 1988, Dissection of Semliki Forest virus glycoprotein delivery from the trans-Golgi network to the cell surface in permeabilized BHK cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 85, 8052, 10.1073/pnas.85.21.8052

de Lamballerie, X., and Canard, B., (2006). Communication. Meeting of the Sentinelles. France's national disease surveillance network on chikungunya. Paris, April 2006

De Lamballerie, 2008, On chikungunya acute infection and chloroquine treatment, Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis., 8, 837, 10.1089/vbz.2008.0049

Doolittle, 1996, Determining divergence times of the major kingdoms of living organisms with a protein clock, Science, 271, 470, 10.1126/science.271.5248.470

Doxsey, 1987, Inhibition of endocytosis by anti-clathrin antibodies, Cell, 50, 453, 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90499-5

Eaton, 1976, Persistent noncytolytic togavirus infection of primary mouse muscle cells, Virology, 72, 266, 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90329-9

Edelman, 2000, Phase II safety and immunogenicity study of live chikungunya virus vaccine TSI-GSD-218, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 62, 681, 10.4269/ajtmh.2000.62.681

Ekstrom, 1994, Membrane protein lateral interactions control Semliki Forest virus budding, EMBO J., 13, 1058, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06354.x

Fraser, 1984, Mononuclear cell types in chronic synovial effusions of Ross River virus disease, Aust. N. Z. J. Med., 14, 505, 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1984.tb03629.x

Fraser, 1983, The exanthem of Ross River virus infection: histology, location of virus antigen and nature of inflammatory infiltrate, J. Clin. Pathol., 36, 1256, 10.1136/jcp.36.11.1256

Fuller, 1987, The T = 4 envelope of Sindbis virus is organized by interactions with a complementary T = 3 capsid, Cell, 48, 923, 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90701-X

Gardner, 2008, Eastern and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses differ in their ability to infect dendritic cells and macrophages: impact of altered cell tropism on pathogenesis, J. Virol., 82, 10634, 10.1128/JVI.01323-08

Garoff, 1990, The signal sequence of the p62 protein of Semliki Forest virus is involved in initiation but not in completing chain translocation, J. Cell Biol., 111, 867, 10.1083/jcb.111.3.867

Geigenmuller-Gnirke, 1993, Deletion analysis of the capsid protein of Sindbis virus: identification of the RNA binding region, J. Virol., 67, 1620, 10.1128/JVI.67.3.1620-1626.1993

George, 2000, Alphavirus RNA genome repair and evolution: molecular characterization of infectious sindbis virus isolates lacking a known conserved motif at the 3' end of the genome, J. Virol., 74, 9776, 10.1128/JVI.74.20.9776-9785.2000

Gifford, 1963, Effect of Actinomycin D on Interferon Production by 'Active' and 'Inactive' Chikungunya Virus in Chick Cells, Nature, 200, 50, 10.1038/200050a0

Giovarelli, 1977, Effect of anti-mu-chain-specific immunosuppression on Chikungunya virus encephalitis of mice, Infect. Immun., 16, 849, 10.1128/IAI.16.3.849-852.1977

Glass, 2006, CCR5 deficiency increases risk of symptomatic West Nile virus infection, J. Exp. Med., 203, 35, 10.1084/jem.20051970

Glomb-Reinmund, 1998, The role of low pH and disulfide shuffling in the entry and fusion of Semliki Forest virus and Sindbis virus, Virology, 248, 372, 10.1006/viro.1998.9275

Gomatos, 1980, Semliki Forest virus replication complex capable of synthesizing 42S and 26S nascent RNA chains, J. Gen. Virol., 49, 61, 10.1099/0022-1317-49-1-61

Gorbalenya, 1989, An NTP-binding motif is the most conserved sequence in a highly diverged monophyletic group of proteins involved in positive strand RNA viral replication, J. Mol. Evol., 28, 256, 10.1007/BF02102483

Grakoui, 1989, A cis-acting mutation in the Sindbis virus junction region which affects subgenomic RNA synthesis, J. Virol., 63, 5216, 10.1128/JVI.63.12.5216-5227.1989

Hahn, 1990, Site-directed mutagenesis of the proposed catalytic amino acids of the Sindbis virus capsid protein autoprotease, J. Virol., 64, 3069, 10.1128/JVI.64.6.3069-3073.1990

Hahn, 1988, Western equine encephalitis virus is a recombinant virus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 85, 5997, 10.1073/pnas.85.16.5997

Harley, 2001, Ross River virus transmission, infection, and disease: a cross-disciplinary review, Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 14, 909, 10.1128/CMR.14.4.909-932.2001

Harrison, 1967, Comparative immunogenicities of chikungunya vaccines prepared in avian and mammalian tissues, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 16, 786, 10.4269/ajtmh.1967.16.786

Harrison, 1971, Production and evaluation of a formalin-killed Chikungunya vaccine, J. Immunol., 107, 643, 10.4049/jimmunol.107.3.643

Harnett, 1990, Isolation of chikungunya virus in Australia, Med. J. Aust., 152, 328, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1990.tb120963.x

Helenius, 1980, On the entry of Semliki Forest virus into BHK-21 cells, J. Cell Biol., 84, 404, 10.1083/jcb.84.2.404

Heller, 1963, Enhancement of Chikungunya Virus Replication and Inhibition of Interferon Production by Actinomycin D, Virology, 21, 652, 10.1016/0042-6822(63)90239-3

Higashi, 1967, Electron microscope study of development of Chikungunya virus in green monkey kidney stable (VERO) cells, Virology, 33, 55, 10.1016/0042-6822(67)90093-1

Higgs, 2004, Natural cycles of vector-borne pathogens, Chapter 14, 167

Hrobowski, 2005, Peptide inhibitors of dengue virus and West Nile virus infectivity, Virol J, 2

Igarashi, 1978, Isolation of a Singh's Aedes albopictus cell clone sensitive to Dengue and Chikungunya viruses, J. Gen. Virol., 40, 531, 10.1099/0022-1317-40-3-531

Ivanova, 1993, Site-directed mutations in the Sindbis virus E2 glycoprotein identify palmitoylation sites and affect virus budding, J. Virol., 67, 2546, 10.1128/JVI.67.5.2546-2551.1993

Johnson, 1988, O'nyong-nyong virus disease, vol. 3, 217

Journeaux, 1987, Prolonged infection of human synovial cells with Ross River virus, J. Gen. Virol., 68, 3165, 10.1099/0022-1317-68-12-3165

Jupp, 1988, Chikungunya virus disease, vol. 2, 137

Khan, 2002, Complete nucleotide sequence of chikungunya virus and evidence for an internal polyadenylation site, J. Gen. Virol., 83, 3075, 10.1099/0022-1317-83-12-3075

Kitaoka, 1967, Japanese encephalitis vaccine including a preliminary report on dengue fever and Chikungunya vaccines, Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol., 20, 41

Klimstra, 2003, DC-SIGN and L-SIGN can act as attachment receptors for alphaviruses and distinguish between mosquito cell- and mammalian cell-derived viruses, J. Virol., 77, 12022, 10.1128/JVI.77.22.12022-12032.2003

Kolokoltsov, 2005, Efficient functional pseudotyping of oncoretroviral and lentiviral vectors by Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus envelope proteins, J. Virol., 79, 756, 10.1128/JVI.79.2.756-763.2005

Kolokoltsov, 2006, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus entry mechanism requires late endosome formation and resists cell membrane cholesterol depletion, Virology, 347, 333, 10.1016/j.virol.2005.11.051

Kuhn, 1991, Infectious RNA transcripts from Ross River virus cDNA clones and the construction and characterization of defined chimeras with Sindbis virus, Virology, 182, 430, 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90584-X

Kumar, 2008, A226V mutation in virus during the 2007 chikungunya outbreak in Kerala, India, J Gen. Virol., 89, 1945, 10.1099/vir.0.83628-0

Kwan, 2005, Dendritic cell precursors are permissive to dengue virus and human immunodeficiency virus infection, J. Virol., 79, 7291, 10.1128/JVI.79.12.7291-7299.2005

Lanciotti, 1998, Emergence of epidemic O'nyong-nyong fever in Uganda after a 35-year absence: genetic characterization of the virus, Virology, 252, 258, 10.1006/viro.1998.9437

Larke, 1970, Stabilization of chikungunya virus infectivity by human blood platelets, J. Infect. Dis., 122, 523, 10.1093/infdis/122.6.523

Lee, 2006, Quantifying the specific binding between West Nile virus envelope domain III protein and the cellular receptor alphaVbeta3 integrin, J. Biol. Chem., 281, 1352, 10.1074/jbc.M506614200

Lee, 2002, A single mutation in the E2 glycoprotein important for neurovirulence influences binding of sindbis virus to neuroblastoma cells, J. Virol., 76, 6302, 10.1128/JVI.76.12.6302-631-.2002

Lescar, 2001, The Fusion glycoprotein shell of Semliki Forest virus: an icosahedral assembly primed for fusogenic activation at endosomal pH, Cell, 105, 137, 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00303-8

Levinson, 1990, Complete sequence of the genomic RNA of O'nyong-nyong virus and its use in the construction of alphavirus phylogenetic trees, Virology, 175, 110, 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90191-S

Levitt, 1986, Development of an attenuated strain of chikungunya virus for use in vaccine production, Vaccine, 4, 157, 10.1016/0264-410X(86)90003-4

Li, 1990, Phosphorylation of Sindbis virus nsP3 in vivo and in vitro, Virology, 179, 416, 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90310-N

Linn, 1997, Persistence of Ross River virus in macrophages, Arbovirus Res. Aust., 7, 153

Linn, 1996, Antibody-dependent enhancement and persistence in macrophages of an arbovirus associated with arthritis, J. Gen. Virol., 77, 407, 10.1099/0022-1317-77-3-407

Linn, 1998, Alphavirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize a cross-reactive epitope from the capsid protein and can eliminate virus from persistently infected macrophages, J. Virol., 72, 5146, 10.1128/JVI.72.6.5146-5153.1998

Liu, 1996, Mutations in the endo domain of Sindbis virus glycoprotein E2 block phosphorylation, reorientation of the endo domain, and nucleocapsid binding, Virology, 222, 236, 10.1006/viro.1996.0414

Liu, 1993, Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events play critical roles in Sindbis virus maturation, Virology, 196, 703, 10.1006/viro.1993.1527

Lopez, 1994, Nucleocapsid-glycoprotein interactions required for assembly of alphaviruses, J. Virol., 68, 1316, 10.1128/JVI.68.3.1316-1323.1994

Lu, 1999, The cholesterol requirement for Sindbis virus entry and exit and characterization of a spike protein region involved in cholesterol dependence, J. Virol., 73, 4272, 10.1128/JVI.73.5.4272-4278.1999

Malet, 2009, The crystal structures of chikungunya and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus nsP3 macro domains define a conserved adenosine binding pocket, J. Virol., 83, 6534, 10.1128/JVI.00189-09

Mantani, 1967, Cytoplasmic RNA synthesis and viral antigen in FL cells infected with chikungunya virus, Biken J., 10, 203

Mi, 1989, Association of the Sindbis virus RNA methyltransferase activity with the nonstructural protein nsP1, Virology, 170, 385, 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90429-7

Murphy, 1973, Pathogenesis of Ross River virus infection in mice. II. Muscle, heart, and brown fat lesions, J. Infect. Dis., 127, 129, 10.1093/infdis/127.2.129

Myers, 1967, Concurrent isolation from patient of two arboviruses, chikungunya and dengue type 2, Science, 157, 1307, 10.1126/science.157.3794.1307

Nakao, 1972, Biological and immunological studies on chikungunya virus: a comparative observation of two strains of African and Asian origins, Kobe J. Med. Sci., 18, 133

Navarro-Sanchez, 2003, Dendritic-cell-specific ICAM3-grabbing non-integrin is essential for the productive infection of human dendritic cells by mosquito-cell-derived dengue viruses, EMBO Rep., 4, 723, 10.1038/sj.embor.embor866

Nimmo, 1928, An unusual epidemics, Med. J. Aust., 1, 549, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1928.tb41037.x

Nisole, 2005, TRIM family proteins: retroviral restriction and antiviral defence, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 3, 799, 10.1038/nrmicro1248

Ozden, 2008, Inhibition of Chikungunya virus infection in cultured human muscle cells by furin inhibitors: impairment of the maturation of the E2 surface glycoprotein, J. Biol. Chem., 283, 21899, 10.1074/jbc.M802444200

Ozden, 2007, Human muscle satellite cells as targets of chikungunya virus infection, PLoS ONE, 2, e527, 10.1371/journal.pone.0000527

Pardigon, 1993, Multiple binding sites for cellular proteins in the 3′ end of Sindbis alphavirus minus-sense RNA, J. Virol., 67, 5003, 10.1128/JVI.67.8.5003-5011.1993

Parrott, 2009, Role of conserved cysteines in the alphavirus E3 protein, J. Virol., 83, 2584, 10.1128/JVI.02158-08

Paucker, 1967, Cellular resistance to induction of interferon, Bacteriol. Rev., 31, 145, 10.1128/MMBR.31.2.145-156.1967

Pehrson, 1998, Evolutionary conservation of histone macroH2A subtypes and domains, Nucleic Acids Res., 26, 2837, 10.1093/nar/26.12.2837

Perera, 2001, Alphavirus nucleocapsid protein contains a putative coiled coil alpha-helix important for core assembly, J. Virol., 75, 1, 10.1128/JVI.75.1.1-10.2001

Pfeffer, 1998, The alphavirus 3′-nontranslated region: size heterogeneity and arrangement of repeated sequence elements, Virology, 240, 100, 10.1006/viro.1997.8907

Phalen, 1991, Cholesterol is required for infection by Semliki Forest virus, J. Cell. Biol., 112, 615, 10.1083/jcb.112.4.615

Powers, 2001, Evolutionary relationships and systematics of the alphaviruses, J. Virol., 75, 10118, 10.1128/JVI.75.21.10118-10131.2001

Powers, 2000, Re-emergence of Chikungunya and O'nyong-nyong viruses: evidence for distinct geographical lineages and distant evolutionary relationships, J. Gen. Virol., 81, 471, 10.1099/0022-1317-81-2-471

Precious, 1974, Isolation and persistence of Chikungunya virus in cultures of mouse brain cells, J. Gen. Virol., 23, 271, 10.1099/0022-1317-23-3-271

Pyke, 2004, Sucrose density gradient centrifugation and cross-flow filtration methods for the production of arbovirus antigens inactivated by binary ethylenimine, BMC Microbiol., 4

Qureshi, 1990, Characterization of a putative cellular receptor for HIV-1 transmembrane glycoprotein using synthetic peptides, AIDS, 4, 553, 10.1097/00002030-199006000-00009

Rinaldo, 1975, Viral replication and interferon production in fetal and adult ovine leukocytes and spleen cells, Infect. Immun., 12, 1070, 10.1128/IAI.12.5.1070-1077.1975

Robinson, 1955, An epidemic of virus disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika Territory, in 1952-53. I. Clinical features, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 49, 28, 10.1016/0035-9203(55)90080-8

Roggero, 2001, Binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 to CXCR4 induces mitochondrial transmembrane depolarization and cytochrome c-mediated apoptosis independently of Fas signaling, J. Virol., 75, 7637, 10.1128/JVI.75.16.7637-7650.2001

Ross, 1956, Original isolation and characteristics of chikungunya virus, J. Hyg., 54, 192, 10.1017/S0022172400044454

Savarino, 2006, New insights into the antiviral effects of chloroquine, Lancet Infect. Dis., 6, 67, 10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70361-9

Schmid, 1988, Two distinct subpopulations of endosomes involved in membrane recycling and transport to lysosomes, Cell, 52, 73, 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90532-6

Schmidt, 1988, Chemical identification of cysteine as palmitoylation site in a transmembrane protein (Semliki Forest virus E1), J. Biol. Chem., 263, 18635, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)37332-0

Schuffenecker, 2006, Genome microevolution of chikungunya viruses causing the Indian Ocean outbreak, PLoS Med., 3, e263, 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030263

Shirako, 1994, Regulation of Sindbis virus RNA replication: uncleaved P123 and nsP4 function in minus-strand RNA synthesis, whereas cleaved products from P123 are required for efficient plus-strand RNA synthesis, J. Virol., 68, 1874, 10.1128/JVI.68.3.1874-1885.1994

Sieczkarski, 2003, Differential requirements of Rab5 and Rab7 for endocytosis of influenza and other enveloped viruses, Traffic, 4, 333, 10.1034/j.1600-0854.2003.00090.x

Simizu, 1984, Structural proteins of chikungunya virus, J. Virol., 51, 254, 10.1128/JVI.51.1.254-258.1984

Singh, 1992, Role of ribosomes in Semliki Forest virus nucleocapsid uncoating, J. Virol., 66, 7049, 10.1128/JVI.66.12.7049-7058.1992

Smith, 1995, Putative receptor binding sites on alphaviruses as visualized by cryoelectron microscopy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 92, 10648, 10.1073/pnas.92.23.10648

Solignat, M., Bernard, E., Gay, B., Chazal, N., Higgs, S., Devaux, C., Briant, L., (Submitted for publication). Involvement of clathrin pathway and early endosomal compartments during Chikungunya virus entry into mammalian cells.

Sourisseau, 2007, Characterization of reemerging chikungunya virus, PLoS Pathog., 3, e89, 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030089

Stim, 1969, Arbovirus plaquing in a clonal line (PS Y-15) of porcine kidney, Appl. Microbiol., 17, 246, 10.1128/AEM.17.2.246-249.1969

Strauss, 1988, Nonstructural proteins nsP3 and nsP4 of Ross River and O'Nyong-nyong viruses: sequence and comparison with those of other alphaviruses, Virology, 164, 265, 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90644-7

Strauss, 1991, Identification of antigenically important domains in the glycoproteins of Sindbis virus by analysis of antibody escape variants, J. Virol., 65, 4654, 10.1128/JVI.65.9.4654-4664.1991

Strauss, 1990, Alphavirus proteinases, Sem. Virol., 1, 347

Strauss, 1994, The alphaviruses: gene expression, replication, and evolution, Microbiol. Rev., 58, 491, 10.1128/MMBR.58.3.491-562.1994

Suomalainen, 1992, Spike protein-nucleocapsid interactions drive the budding of alphaviruses, J. Virol., 66, 4737, 10.1128/JVI.66.8.4737-4747.1992

Tan, 1974, Virion-bound protein kinase in Semliki Forest and Sindbis viruses, J. Virol., 13, 1245, 10.1128/JVI.13.6.1245-1253.1974

Tassaneetrithep, 2003, DC-SIGN (CD209) mediates dengue virus infection of human dendritic cells, J. Exp. Med., 197, 823, 10.1084/jem.20021840

Tishkoff, 2000, Short tandem-repeat polymorphism/alu haplotype variation at the PLAT locus: implications for modern human origins, Am. J. Hum. Genet., 67, 901, 10.1086/303068

Tsetsarkin, 2006, Infectious clones of chikungunya virus (La Reunion isolate) for vector competence studies, Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis., 6, 325, 10.1089/vbz.2006.6.325

Tsetsarkin, 2007, A single mutation in chikungunya virus affects vector specificity and epidemic potential, PLoS Pathog., 3, e201, 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030201

Vanlandingham, 2005, Differential infectivities of o'nyong-nyong and chikungunya virus isolates in Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 72, 616, 10.4269/ajtmh.2005.72.616

Vanlandingham, 2005, Development and characterization of a double subgenomic chikungunya virus infectious clone to express heterologous genes in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 35, 1162, 10.1016/j.ibmb.2005.05.008

Vashishtha, 1998, A single point mutation controls the cholesterol dependence of Semliki Forest virus entry and exit, J. Cell Biol., 140, 91, 10.1083/jcb.140.1.91

Vidalain, P.O., Tangy, F., Jacob, Y., and Lucas-Hourani, M., (2007). A mammalian cell-based screening assay to identify inhibitors of alphaviruses. Patent Application Number EP07291429.4; November 30, 2007.

Vrati, 1988, Location of a major antigenic site involved in Ross River virus neutralization, Virology, 162, 346, 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90474-6

Waarts, 2002, Sphingolipid and cholesterol dependence of alphavirus membrane fusion. Lack of correlation with lipid raft formation in target liposomes, J. Biol. Chem., 277, 38141, 10.1074/jbc.M206998200

Wang, 1992, High-affinity laminin receptor is a receptor for Sindbis virus in mammalian cells, J. Virol., 66, 4992, 10.1128/JVI.66.8.4992-5001.1992

Waite, 1974, Phosphorylated proteins of Sindbis virus, J. Virol., 13, 244, 10.1128/JVI.13.1.244-246.1974

Weaver, 1994, Evolution of alphaviruses in the eastern equine encephalomyelitis complex, J. Virol., 68, 158, 10.1128/JVI.68.1.158-169.1994

Weaver, 1993, A comparison of the nucleotide sequences of eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis viruses with those of other alphaviruses and related RNA viruses, Virology, 197, 375, 10.1006/viro.1993.1599

Weaver, 1997, Recombinational history and molecular evolution of western equine encephalomyelitis complex alphaviruses, J. Virol., 71, 613, 10.1128/JVI.71.1.613-623.1997

Weber, 1946, A mild exanthematous disease seen in the Schouten Islands, Am. J. Trop. Med., 26, 489, 10.4269/ajtmh.1946.s1-26.489

Weiss, 1989, Evidence for specificity in the encapsidation of Sindbis virus RNAs, J. Virol., 63, 5310, 10.1128/JVI.63.12.5310-5318.1989

Wengler, 1992, Identification of a sequence element in the alphavirus core protein which mediates interaction of cores with ribosomes and the disassembly of cores, Virology, 191, 880, 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90263-O

Westaway, 1985, Togaviridae, Intervirology, 24, 125, 10.1159/000149632

White, 1972, Comparative immunogenicities of Chikungunya vaccines propagated in monkey kidney monolayers and chick embryo suspension cultures, Appl. Microbiol., 23, 951, 10.1128/AEM.23.5.951-952.1972

Yadav, 2003, Genotyping of chikungunya virus isolates from India during 1963–2000 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Acta Virol., 47, 125

Zhao, 1994, A tyrosine-based motif in the cytoplasmic domain of the alphavirus envelope protein is essential for budding, EMBO J., 13, 4204, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06740.x

Zheng, 2005, Intracellular immunity to HIV-1: newly defined retroviral battles inside infected cells, Retrovirology, 2