Hợp tác ở động vật: Một cái nhìn tổng quát tiến hóa

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 17 - Trang 459-476 - 2002
Lee Alan Dugatkin1
1Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA

Tóm tắt

Các nhà sinh vật học tiến hóa đã phải đối mặt với câu hỏi về sự xuất hiện và duy trì hợp tác kể từ khi Darwin lần đầu tiên liệt kê sự hợp tác của động vật như một vấn đề tiềm năng cho lý thuyết chọn lọc tự nhiên của ông. Ở đây, tôi xem xét bốn con đường đã được xác định trong nghiên cứu về hợp tác nội loài giữa các loài động vật. Những con đường này - huyết thống, sự đền đáp, cộng sinh sản phẩm phụ và chọn lọc nhóm - đóng vai trò như một điểm khởi đầu cho các nhà sinh thái học hành vi quan tâm đến việc nghiên cứu sự khởi đầu và duy trì hợp tác. Sau khi xem xét các nền tảng thực nghiệm và lý thuyết của những con đường này đến hợp tác, tôi sẽ đề cập đến một số công trình gần đây đã cố gắng xem xét (hoặc xem xét lại) vai trò của hệ phả, hình phạt và đạo đức trong ánh sáng của hành vi hợp tác.

Từ khóa

#hợp tác #sinh vật học tiến hóa #huyết thống #sự đền đáp #cộng sinh #chọn lọc nhóm #hành vi

Tài liệu tham khảo

Adams E. 2001. 'Threat displays in animal communication: handicaps, reputations and commitments'. In: Nesse R. (ed.), Evolution and the Capacity for Commitment. Russell Sage Publishers, New York, pp. 99-119. Allee W.C. 1943. 'Where angels fear to tread: A contribution from general sociology to human ethics'. Science 97: 517-525. Arnold K.E. and Owens I.P.F. 1998. 'Cooperative breeding in birds: a comparative test of the life history hypothesis'. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 265: 739-745. Arnold K.E. and Owens I.P.F. 1999. 'Cooperative breeding in birds: the role of ecology'. Behavioral Ecology 10: 465-471. Axelrod R. 1984. The Evolution of Cooperation. Basic Books, New York. Axelrod R. 1986. 'An evolutionary approach to norms'. American Political Science Review 80: 1101-1111. Axelrod R. and Hamilton W.D. 1981. 'The evolution of cooperation'. Science 211: 1390-1396. Bekoff M. 2000. 'Social Play Behavior: Cooperation, fairness, trust, and the evolution of Morality'. Journal of Consciousness Studies 8: 81-90. Bercovitch F. 1988. 'Coalitions, cooperation and reproductive tactics among adult male baboons'. Animal Behaviour 36: 1198-1209. Boucher D. (ed.) 1985. The Biology of Mutualism: Ecology and Evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Boyd R. and Lorberbaum J. 1987. 'No pure strategy is evolutionarily stable in the repeated Prisoner's Dilemma'. Nature 327: 58-59. Boyd R. and Richerson P. 1992. 'Punishment allows the evolution of cooperation (or anything else) in sizable groups'. Ethology and Sociobiology 13: 171-195. Bronstein J.L. 1994. 'Our current understanding of mutualism'. The Quarterly Review of Biology 69: 31-51. Brown J., Sanderson M. and Michod R. 1982. 'Evolution of social behavior by reciprocation'. Journal of Theoretical Biology 99: 319-339. Brown J.L. 1970. 'Cooperative breeding and altruistic behavior in the Mexican jay, Apelocoma ultramarina'. Animal Behaviour 18: 366-378. Brown J.L. 1975. The Evolution of Behavior. W.W. Norton, New York. Brown J.L. 1983. 'Cooperation-A Biologist's Dilemma'. In: Rosenblatt J.S. (ed.), Advances in the Study of Behavior. Academic Press, New York, pp. 1-37. Brown J.L. 1987. Helping and Communal Breeding in Birds. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Brown J.L. 1994. 'Historical Patterns in the Study of Avian Social Behavior'. The Condor 96: 232-243. Cant M. and Johnstone R. 2000. 'Power struggles, dominance testing and reproductive skew'. American Naturalist 155: 406-417. Caraco T. and Brown J. 1986. 'A game between communal breeders: when is food sharing stable'. Journal of Theoretical Biology 118: 379-393. Charlesworth B. 1980. 'Models of kin selection'. In: Markl H. (ed.), Evolution of Social Behavior: Hypotheses and Empirical Tests. Springer-Verlag, Weinheim. Charnov E. 1977. 'An elementary treatment of the genetical theory of kin selection'. Journal of Theoretical Biology 66: 541-550. Cheney D.L. and Seyfarth R.M. 1990. How Monkeys See the World. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Clements K.C. and Stephens D.W. 1995. 'Testing models of non-cooperation: mutualism and the Prisoner's Dilemma'. Animal Behaviour 50: 527-535. Clutton-Brock T.H. and Parker G.A. 1995. 'Punishment in animal societies'. Nature 373: 209-216. Connor R. 1986. 'Pseudoreciprocity: investing in mutualism'. Animal Behaviour 34: 1652-1654. Connor R.C. 1995. 'The benefits of mutualism: a conceptual framework'. Biological Reviews 70: 427-457. Creel S.R. 1990. 'How to measure inclusive fitness'. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 241: 229-231. Darwin C. 1859. On the Origin of Species. J. Murray, London. Davis J. and Daly M. 1997. 'Evolutionary Theory and the Human Family'. The Quarterly Review of Biology 72: 407-435. Dugatkin L.A. 1997. Cooperation Among Animals: An Evolutionary Perspective. Oxford University Press, New York. Dugatkin L.A. 2001. 'Subjective commitment in nonhumans: what should we be looking for, and where should we be looking?'. In: Nesse R. (ed.), Evolution and the Capacity for Commitment. Russell Sage Publishers, New York, pp. 120-137. Edwards S.V. and Naeem S. 1993. 'The phylogenetic component of cooperative breeding in perching birds'. American Naturalist 141: 754-789. Elgar M. 1986. 'House sparrows establish foraging flocks by giving chirrup calls if the resource is divisible'. Animal Behaviour 34: 169-174. Emerson A.E. 1960. 'The evolution of adaptation in population systems'. In: Tax S. (ed.), Evolution after Darwin. Chicago University Press, Chicago, pp. 307-348. Emlen S.T. 1982a. 'The evolution of helping: an ecological constraints model'. American Naturalist 119: 29-39. Emlen S.T. 1982b. 'The evolution of helping: II. The role of behavioral conflict.'. American Naturalist 119: 40-53. Emlen S.T. 1995. 'An evolutionary theory of the family'. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 92: 8092-8099. Emlen S.T. 1991. 'Evolution of Cooperative breeding in birds and mammals'. In: Krebs J., Davies J. and Davies N. (eds), Behavioural Ecology. Blackwell, London, pp. 301-335. Farrell J. and Ware R. 1989. 'Evolutionary stability in the repeated Prisoner's Dilemma'. Theoretical Population Biology 36: 161-168. Frank S.A. 1994. 'Genetics of Mutualism: The Evolution of Altruism between species'. Journal of Theoretical Biology 170: 393-400. Grafen A. 1984. 'Natural selection, kin selection and group selection'. In: Krebs J. and Davies N. (eds), Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London, pp. 62-84. Grafen A. 1985. 'A geometric view of relatedness'. Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology 2: 28-89. Hamilton W.D. 1964. 'The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I and II.'. Journal of Theoretical Biology 7: 1-52. Hauser M.D. 1992. 'Costs of Deception-Cheaters Are Punished in Rhesus-Monkeys (Macaca-Mulatta)'. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 89: 12137-12139. Hauser M. and Marler P. 1993. 'Food associated calls in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). II. Costs and benefits of call production and suppression'. Behavioral Ecology 4: 206-212. Heinrich J. and Boyd R. 2001. 'Why people punish defectors: weak conformist transmission can stabilize costly enforcement of norms in cooperation dilemmas'. Journal of Theoretical Biology 208: 79-89. Huxley T.H. 1888. 'The struggle for existence: a programme' In Nineteenth Century. Jennions M.D. and Macdonald D.W. 1994. 'Cooperative breeding in mammals'. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 9: 89-93. Johnstone R. 2000. 'Models of reproductive skew: A review and synthesis'. Ethology 106: 5-26. Johnstone R. and Cant M. 1999. 'Reproductive skew and the threat of eviction: a new perspective'. Proceedings of the Royal Society 266: 1-5. Johnstone R., Woordroffe R., Cant M. and Wright J. 2000. 'Reproductive skew in multimember groups'. American Naturalist 153: 315-331. Kawanabe H., Cohen J. and Iwasaki K. (eds) 1993. Mutualism and Community Organization: Behavioural, Theoretical, and Food-Web Approaches. Oxford University Press, New York. Keller L. and Reeve H.K. 1994. 'Partitioning of reproduction in animal societies'. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9: 98-102. Koenig W., Pitelka F.A., Carmen W.J., Mumme R.L. and Stanback M.T. 1992. 'The evolution of delayed dispersal in cooperative breeders'. Quarterly Review of Biology 67: 111-150. Koenig W.D. and Pitelka F. 1981. 'Ecological factors and kin selection in the evolution of cooperative breeding in birds'. In: Alexander R. and Tinkle D. (eds), Natural Selection and Social Behavior. Chiron Press, New York, pp. 261-280. Kropotkin P. 1902. Mutual Aid. William Heinemann, London. Lorberbaum J. 1994. 'No strategy is evolutionarily stable in the repeated Prisoner's Dilemma'. Journal of Theoretical Biology 168: 117-130. Mesterton-Gibbons M. and Dugatkin L.A. 1992. 'Cooperation among unrelated individuals: evolutionary factors'. Quarterly Review of Biology 67: 267-281. Michod R. 1982. 'The theory of kin selection'. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13: 23-55. Michod R.E. and Hamilton W.D. 1980. 'Coefficients of relatedness in sociobiology'. Nature 288: 694-697. Mitman G. 1988. 'From the population to society: The cooperative metaphors of W.C. Allee and A.E. Emerson'. Journal of The History of Biology 21: 173-194. Nee S. 2000. 'Mutualism, parasitism and competition in the evolution of coviruses'. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series 355: 1607-1613. Nesse R. 2001. Evolution and the Capacity for Commitment. Russell Sage Publishing, New York. Noe R. 1986. 'Lasting alliances among adult male Savannah baboons'. In: Else J. and Lee P. (eds), Primate Ontogeny, Cognition and Social Behaviour. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 381-392. Nowak M.A. and Sigmund K. 1998. 'Evolution of indirect reciprocity by image scoring'. Nature 393: 573-577. Packer C. 1977. 'Reciprocal altruism in Papio anubis'. Nature 265: 441-443. Pollock G. and Dugatkin L.A. 1992. 'Reciprocity and the evolution of reputation'. Journal of Theoretical Biology 159: 25-37. Queller D.C. 1992. 'Quantitative genetics, inclusive fitness and group selection'. American Naturalist 139: 540-558. Ratnieks F.L. 1995. 'Evidence for queen-produced egg-marking pheromone and its use in worker policing in the honey bee'. Journal of Apiculture Research 34: 31-37. Ratnieks F.L. and Visscher P.K. 1988. 'Reproductive harmony via mutual policing by workers in eusocial hymenoptera'. American Naturalist 132: 217-236. Ratnieks F.L. and Visscher P.K. 1989. 'Worker policing in the honeybee'. Nature 342: 796-797. Reeve H.K., Emlen S.T. and Keller L. 1998. 'Reproductive sharing in animal societies: reproductive incentives or incomplete control by dominant breeders?'. Behavioral Ecology 9: 267-278. Reeve H.K. and Keller L. 2001. 'Tests of reproductive-skew models in social insects'. Annual Review of Entomology 46: 347-385. Reeve H.K. and Nonacs P. 1992. 'Social contracts in wasp societies'. Nature 359: 823-825. Reeve H.K., Starks P.T., Peters J.M. and Nonacs P. 2000. 'Genetic support for the evolutionary theory of reproductive transactions in social wasps'. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 267: 75-79. Riolo R., Cohen M. and Axelrod R. 2001. 'Evolution of cooperation without reciprocity'. Nature 414: 441-443. Rissing S., Pollock G., Higgins M., Hagen R. and Smith D. 1989. 'Foraging specialization without relatedness or dominance among co-founding ant queens'. Nature 338: 420-422. Roberts G. and Sherratt T. 1998. 'Development of cooperative relationships through increasing investment'. Nature 394: 175-179. Rothstein S. and Pirotti R. 1987. 'Distinctions among reciprocal altruism, kin selection and cooperation and a model for the initial evolution of beneficent behavior'. Ethology and Sociobiology 9: 189-209. Seger J. 1981. 'Kinship and covariance'. Journal of Theoretical Biology 91: 191-213. Seger J. 1989. 'All for one, one for all, that is our device'. Nature 338: 374-375. Sigmund K., Hauert C. and Nowak M.A. 2001. 'Reward and Punishment'. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, U.S.A. 98: 10757-10762. Silk J. 2001. 'Grunts, girneys and good intentions: the origins of strategic commitment in nonhuman primates'. In: Nesse R (ed.), Evolution and the Capacity for Commitment. Russell Sage Publishers, New York, pp. 138-157. Skutch A.F. 1935. 'Helpers at the nest'. Auk 52: 257-273. Skutch A.F. 1987. Helpers at Bird's Nests. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City. Smuts B. 1985. Sex and Friendship in Baboons. Aldine, New York. Sober E. and Wilson D.S. 1998. Unto Others. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. Solomon N.G. and French J.A. (eds) 1996. Cooperative Breeding in Mammals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Stacey P. and Koenig W. (eds) 1990. Cooperative Breeding in Birds: Long-Term Studies of Ecology and Behavior. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Stachowicz J.J. 2001. 'Mutualism, facilitation, and the structure of ecological communities'. Bioscience 51: 235-246. Summers-Smith J.D. 1963. The House Sparrow. Collins, London. Todes D. 1989. Darwin without Malthus: The Struggle for Existence in Russian Evolutionary Thought. Oxford University Press, New York. Trivers R.L. 1971. 'The evolution of reciprocal altruism'. Quarterly Review of Biology 46: 189-226. Vehrencamp S. 1983. 'A model for the evolution of despotic versus egalitarian societies'. Animal Behaviour 31: 667-682. Von Neumann J. and Morgenstein O. 1953. Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. Wade M.J. 1976. 'Group selection among laboratory populations of Tribolium'. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 73: 4604-4607. Wade M.J. 1977. 'An experimental study of group selection'. Evolution 31: 134-153. Wade M.J. 1978. 'A critical review of the models of group selection'. Quarterly Review of Biology 53: 101-114. Wade M.J. 1980. 'Kin selection: its components'. Science 210: 665-666. West-Eberhard M.J. 1975. 'The evolution of social behavior by kin selection'. Quarterly Review of Biology 50: 1-35. Wilkinson G. 1984. 'Reciprocal food sharing in vampire bats'. Nature 308: 181-184. Wilkinson G. 1985. 'The social organization of the common vampire bat. I. Patterns and causes of association'. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 17: 111-121. Wilkinson G.S. 1990. 'Food sharing in Vampire bats'. Scientific American February 1990. 76-82. Williams G. 1966. Adaptation and Natural Selection. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Wilson D. 1977. 'Structured demes and the evolution of group-advantageous traits'. American Naturalist 111: 157-185. Wilson D.S. 1975. 'A general theory of group selection'. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 72: 143-146. Wilson D.S. 1980. The Natural Selection of Populations and Communities. Benjamin Cummings, Menlo Park. Wilson D.S. 1983. 'The group selection controversy: History and current status'. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 14: 159-187. Wilson E.O. 1975. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. Woodcock G. and Avakumovic I. 1950. The Anarchist Prince: A Biographical Study of Peter Kropotkin. T.V. Boardman and Co., London. Wynne-Edwards V.C. 1962. Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behavior. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh.