Cannabinoids in the treatment of rheumatic diseases: Pros and cons

Zuardi, 2006, History of cannabis as a medicine: a review, Braz J Psychiatry, 28, 153, 10.1590/S1516-44462006000200015 Bostwick, 2012, Blurred boundaries: the therapeutics and politics of medical marijuana, Mayo Clin Proc, 87, 172, 10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.10.003 Li, 1974, An archaeological and historical account of cannabis in China, Econ Bot, 28, 437, 10.1007/BF02862859 Touwn, 1981, The religious and medicinal uses of Cannabis in China, India and Tibet, J Psychoactive Drugs, 13, 23, 10.1080/02791072.1981.10471447 Ren, 2019, The origins of cannabis smoking: chemical residue evidence from the first millennium BCE in the Pamirs, Sci Adv, 5, 10.1126/sciadv.aaw1391 Di Marzo, 2018, New approaches and challenges to targeting the endocannabinoid system, Nat Rev Drug Discov, 17, 623, 10.1038/nrd.2018.115 Burstein, 2015, Cannabidiol (CBD) and its analogs: a review of their effects on inflammation, Bioorg Med Chem, 23, 1377, 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.059 Blake, 2006, Preliminary assessment of the efficacy, tolerability and safety of a cannabis-based medicine (Sativex) in the treatment of pain caused by rheumatoid arthritis, Rheumatology (Oxford), 45, 50, 10.1093/rheumatology/kei183 Richardson, 2008, Characterization of the cannabinoid receptor system in synovial tissue and fluid in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis Res Ther, 10, R43, 10.1186/ar2401 Lowin, 2016, The synthetic cannabinoid WIN55, 212-2 mesylate decreases the production of inflammatory mediators in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts by activating CB 2, TRPV1, TRPA1 and yet unidentified receptor targets, J Inflamm (Lond), 13, 15, 10.1186/s12950-016-0114-7 Malfait, 2000, The nonpsychoactive cannabis constituent cannabidiol is an oral anti-arthritic therapeutic in murine collagen-induced arthritis, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 97, 9561, 10.1073/pnas.160105897 Gui, 2015, Activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 attenuates synovitis and joint destruction in collagen-induced arthritis, Immunobiology., 220, 817, 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.12.012 Fukuda, 2014, Cannabinoid receptor 2 as a potential therapeutic target in rheumatoid arthritis, BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 15, 275, 10.1186/1471-2474-15-275 Sumariwalla, 2004, A novel synthetic, nonpsychoactive cannabinoid acid (HU-320) with antiinflammatory properties in murine collagen-induced arthritis, Arthritis Rheum, 50, 985, 10.1002/art.20050 Smith, 1998, Characterization of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and anandamide antinociception in nonarthritic and arthritic rats, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 60, 183, 10.1016/S0091-3057(97)00583-2 Gui, 2015, The endocannabinoid system and its therapeutic implications in rheumatoid arthritis, Int Immunopharmacol, 26, 86, 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.03.006 Orlandi, 2018, One year in review 2018: systemic sclerosis, Clin Exp Rheumatol, 36, 3 Servettaz, 2010, Targeting the cannabinoid pathway limits the development of fibrosis and autoimmunity in a mouse model of systemic sclerosis, Am J Pathol, 177, 187, 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090763 Marquart, 2010, Inactivation of the cannabinoid receptor CB1 prevents leukocyte infiltration and experimental fibrosis, Arthritis Rheum, 62, 3467, 10.1002/art.27642 Akhmetshina, 2009, The cannabinoid receptor CB2 exerts antifibrotic effects in experimental dermal fibrosis, Arthritis Rheum, 60, 1129, 10.1002/art.24395 Spiera, 2018, OP0006 Safety and efficacy of lenabasum (JBT-101) in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis subjects treated for one year in an open-label extension of trial jbt101-ssc-001, Ann Rheum Dis, 77, 52 Spiera, 2017, OP0126 A phase 2 study of safety and efficacy of anabasum (JBT-101) in systemic sclerosis, Ann Rheum Dis, 76, 105 ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD) Robinson, 2017, Cannabinoid reduces inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α, and type I interferons in dermatomyositis in vitro, J Invest Dermatol, 137, 2445, 10.1016/j.jid.2017.05.035 Werth, 2018, FRI0470 A phase 2 study of safety and efficacy of lenabasum (JBT-101), a cannabinoid receptor type 2 agonist, in refractory skin-predominant dermatomyositis, Ann Rheum Dis, 77, 763 Werth, 2018, SAT0512 Safety and efficacy of lenabasum in refractory skin-predominant dermatomyositis subjects treated in an open label extension of trial jbt101-dm-001, Ann Rheum Dis, 77, 1111 ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD) Johnson, 2014, The epidemiology of osteoarthritis, Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol, 28, 5, 10.1016/j.berh.2014.01.004 Lluch, 2014, Evidence for central sensitization in patients with osteoarthritis pain: a systematic literature review, Eur J Pain, 18, 1367, 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2014.499.x Arendt-Nielsen, 2017, Pain sensitization in osteoarthritis, Clin Exp Rheumatol, 35, 68 Sophocleous, 2015, The type 2 cannabinoid receptor regulates susceptibility to osteoarthritis in mice, Osteoarthr Cartil, 23, 1586, 10.1016/j.joca.2015.04.020 Burston, 2013, Cannabinoid CB2 receptors regulate central sensitization and pain responses associated with osteoarthritis of the knee joint, PLoS One, 8, e80440, 10.1371/journal.pone.0080440 Clauw, 2014, Fibromyalgia: a clinical review, JAMA, 311, 1547, 10.1001/jama.2014.3266 Nicholas, 2019, The IASP classification of chronic pain for ICD-11: chronic primary pain, Pain, 160, 28, 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001390 Russo, 2008, Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency (CECD): can this concept explain therapeutic benefits of cannabis in migraine, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome and other treatment-resistant conditions?, Neuro Endocrinol Lett, 29, 192 Skrabek, 2008, Nabilone for the treatment of pain in fibromyalgia, J Pain, 9, 164, 10.1016/j.jpain.2007.09.002 McGolrick, 2018, Nabilone for Chronic Pain Management: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness and Guidelines – An Update National Academies of Sciences, 2017, Engineering, and medicine Basu, 2018, Neurobiologic features of fibromyalgia are also present among rheumatoid arthritis patients, Arthritis Rheumatol, 70, 1000, 10.1002/art.40451 Curtis, 2017, Changing trends in opioid use among patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the United States, Arthritis Rheumatol, 69, 1733, 10.1002/art.40152 Nelson, 2015, Addressing the opioid epidemic, JAMA, 314, 1453, 10.1001/jama.2015.12397 D'Souza, 2015, Medical marijuana: is the cart before the horse?, JAMA, 313, 2431, 10.1001/jama.2015.6407 Guyatt, 2013, GRADE guidelines: 11. Making an overall rating of confidence in effect estimates for a single outcome and for all outcomes, J Clin Epidemiol, 66, 151, 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.01.006 Häuser, 2018, Efficacy, tolerability and safety of cannabis-based medicines for chronic pain management - an overview of systematic reviews, Eur J Pain, 22, 455, 10.1002/ejp.1118 Aviram, 2017, A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Pain Physician, 20, 755, 10.36076/ppj.20.5.E755 Häuser, 2017, The perils of overestimating the efficacy of Cannabis-based medicines for chronic pain management, Pain Physician, 21, 79 Stockings, 2018, Cannabis and cannabinoids for the treatment of people with chronic noncancer pain conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled and observational studies, Pain, 59, 1932, 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001293 Whiting, 2015, Cannabinoids for medical use: a systematic review and meta-analysis, JAMA, 313, 2456, 10.1001/jama.2015.6358 Andreae, 2015, Inhaled cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: a meta-analysis of individual patient data, J Pain, 16, 1221, 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.07.009 Tsang, 2016, Nabilone for the Management of Pain, Pharmacotherapy., 36, 273, 10.1002/phar.1709 Walitt, 2016, Cannabinoids for fibromyalgia, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 7, CD011694 Ware, 2010, The effects of nabilone on sleep in fibromyalgia: results of a randomized controlled trial, Anesth Analg, 110, 604, 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181c76f70 Wright, 2006, The use of a cannabis-based medicine (Sativex) in the treatment of pain caused by rheumatoid arthritis, Rheumatology (Oxford), 45, 781, 10.1093/rheumatology/kel114 Pinsger, 2006, Benefits of an add-on treatment with the synthetic cannabinomimetic nabilone on patients with chronic pain – a randomized controlled trial, Wien Klin Wochenschr, 118, 327, 10.1007/s00508-006-0611-4 European Medicines Agency Häuser, 2017, Cannabinoids in pain management and palliative medicine, Dtsch Arztebl Int, 114, 627 Ware, 2010, Smoked cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial, CMAJ, 182, 694, 10.1503/cmaj.091414 Van de Donk, 2019, An experimental randomized study on the analgesic effects of pharmaceutical-grade cannabis in chronic pain patients with fibromyalgia, Pain, 160, 860, 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001464 Government of Canada Grotenhermen, 2003, Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids, Clin Pharmacokinet, 42, 327, 10.2165/00003088-200342040-00003 Godlee, 2013, Balancing benefits and harms, BMJ, 346 Mücke, 2018, Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3, CD012182 Ste-Marie, 2016, Survey of herbal cannabis (marijuana) use in rheumatology clinic attenders with a rheumatologist confirmed diagnosis, Pain, 157, 2792, 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000706 Häuser, 2018, Long-term opioid therapy of non-cancer pain: Prevalence and predictors of hospitalization in the event of possible misuse, Schmerz, 10.1007/s00482-018-0331-5 Caputi, 2018, Medical marijuana users are more likely to use prescription drugs medically and nonmedically, J Addict Med, 12, 295, 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000405 Häuser, 2018, European Pain Federation (EFIC) position paper on appropriate use of cannabis-based medicines and medical cannabis for chronic pain management, Eur J Pain, 22, 1547, 10.1002/ejp.1297 Fitzcharles, 2019, Position statement: a pragmatic approach for medical cannabis and patients with rheumatic diseases, J Rheumatol, 46, 532, 10.3899/jrheum.181120 Allan, 2018, Simplified guideline for prescribing medical cannabinoids in primary care, Can Fam Physician, 64, 111 Katz-Talmor, 2018, Cannabinoids for the treatment of rheumatic diseases – where do we stand?, Nat Rev Rheumatol, 14, 488, 10.1038/s41584-018-0025-5 Fitzcharles, 2018, Medical cannabis: a forward vision for the clinician, Eur J Pain, 22, 485, 10.1002/ejp.1185 Häuser, 2018, Systematic reviews with meta-analysis on cannabis-based medicines for chronic pain: a methodological and political minefield, Pain, 59, 1906, 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001295