Landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns and processes ‐ eight hypotheses

Biological Reviews - Tập 87 Số 3 - Trang 661-685 - 2012
Teja Tscharntke1, Jason M. Tylianakis2, Tatyana A. Rand3, Raphaël K. Didham4,5,2, Lenore Fahrig6, Péter Batáry1,7, Janne Bengtsson8, Yann Clough1, Thomas O. Crist9, Carsten F. Dormann10, Robert M. Ewers11, Jochen Fründ1, Robert D. Holt12, Andrea Holzschuh13, Alexandra‐Maria Klein14, David Kleijn15, Claire Kremen16, Doug Landis17, William F. Laurance18, David B. Lindenmayer19, Christoph Scherber1, Navjot S. Sodhi20, Ingolf Steffan‐Dewenter13, Carsten Thies1, Wim H. van der Putten21,22, Catrin Westphal1
1Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August University, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
2School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
3USDA-ARS Northern Plains Agricultural Research Lab, Sidney, MT 59270, USA
4CSIRO Entomology, Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, Underwood Ave, Floreat, WA 6014, Australia
5School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
6Geomatics and Landscape Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
7MTA-ELTE-MTM Ecology Research Group Ludovika ter 2, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
8Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
9Institute for the Environment and Sustainability, and Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
10Department of Computational Landscape Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig , Germany
11Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
12University of Florida, 111 Bartram, P.O. Box 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611-8525, USA
13Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
14Ecosystem Functions, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty III, Leuphana University of Lueneburg, Scharnhorststraße 1, 21335 Lueneburg, Germany
15Alterra, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
16Environmental Sciences Policy and Management, 130 Mulford Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA
17Department of Entomology and Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
18Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia
19Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Building 48 Linnaeus way, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
20Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
21Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 8123, 6700 ES Wageningen, the Netherlands
22Netherlands Institute of Ecology, PO Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen

Tóm tắt

Understanding how landscape characteristics affect biodiversity patterns and ecological processes at local and landscape scales is critical for mitigating effects of global environmental change. In this review, we use knowledge gained from human‐modified landscapes to suggest eight hypotheses, which we hope will encourage more systematic research on the role of landscape composition and configuration in determining the structure of ecological communities, ecosystem functioning and services. We organize the eight hypotheses under four overarching themes. Section A: ‘landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns' includes (1) the landscape species pool hypothesis—the size of the landscape‐wide species pool moderates local (alpha) biodiversity, and (2) the dominance of beta diversity hypothesis—landscape‐moderated dissimilarity of local communities determines landscape‐wide biodiversity and overrides negative local effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Section B: ‘landscape moderation of population dynamics' includes (3) the cross‐habitat spillover hypothesis—landscape‐moderated spillover of energy, resources and organisms across habitats, including between managed and natural ecosystems, influences landscape‐wide community structure and associated processes and (4) the landscape‐moderated concentration and dilution hypothesis—spatial and temporal changes in landscape composition can cause transient concentration or dilution of populations with functional consequences. Section C: ‘landscape moderation of functional trait selection’ includes (5) the landscape‐moderated functional trait selection hypothesis—landscape moderation of species trait selection shapes the functional role and trajectory of community assembly, and (6) the landscape‐moderated insurance hypothesis—landscape complexity provides spatial and temporal insurance, i.e. high resilience and stability of ecological processes in changing environments. Section D: ‘landscape constraints on conservation management' includes (7) the intermediate landscape‐complexity hypothesis—landscape‐moderated effectiveness of local conservation management is highest in structurally simple, rather than in cleared (i.e. extremely simplified) or in complex landscapes, and (8) the landscape‐moderated biodiversity versus ecosystem service management hypothesis—landscape‐moderated biodiversity conservation to optimize functional diversity and related ecosystem services will not protect endangered species. Shifting our research focus from local to landscape‐moderated effects on biodiversity will be critical to developing solutions for future biodiversity and ecosystem service management.

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Biological Reviews

Tập 87 Số 3

661-685

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