Sex Differences in Bone Size and Bone Mineral Density Exist before Puberty. The Copenhagen School Child Intervention Study (CoSCIS)

Kelly PJ, Morrison NA, Sambrook PN, Nguyen TV, Eisman JA (1995) Genetic influences on bone turnover, bone density and fracture. Eur J Endocrinol 133:265–271

Specker BL (2001) The significance of high bone density in children. J Pediatr 139:473–475

Molgaard C, Thomsen BL, Michaelsen KF (1998) Influence of weight, age and puberty on bone size and bone mineral content in healthy children and adolescents. Acta Paediatr 87:494–499

Molgaard C, Thomsen BL, Michaelsen KF (1999) Whole body bone mineral accretion in healthy children and adolescents. Arch Dis Child 81:10–15

Duan Y, Parfitt A, Seeman E (1999) Vertebral bone mass, size, and volumetric density in women with spinal fractures. J Bone Miner Res 14:1796–1802

Malina RM, Bouchard C (2004) Growth, Matruation and Physical Activity. Human Kinetics, Champaign

Rubin CT, Lanyon LE (1984) Regulation of bone formation by applied dynamic loads. J Bone Joint Surg Am 66:397–402

Kannus P, Haapasalo H, Sankelo M, Sievanen H, Pasanen M, Heinonen A, Oja P, Vuori I (1995) Effect of starting age of physical activity on bone mass in the dominant arm of tennis and squash players. Ann Intern Med 123:27–31

Lanyon LE, Rubin CT (1984) Static vs dynamic loads as an influence on bone remodelling. J Biomech 17:897–905

Khan K, McKay HA, Kannus P, Bailey DA, Wark JD, Bennell KL (2001) Physical activity and bone health. Human Kinetics, Champaign

Sundberg M, Gardsell P, Johnell O, Karlsson MK, Ornstein E, Sandstedt B, Sernbo I (2002) Physical activity increases bone size in prepubertal boys and bone mass in prepubertal girls: a combined cross-sectional and 3-year longitudinal study. Calcif Tissue Int 71:406–415

Sowers M, Kshirsagar A, Crutchfield M, Updike S (1991) Body composition, age and femoral bone mass of young adult women. Ann Epidemiol 1:245–254

Lindsay R, Cosman F, Herrington BS, Himmelstein S (1992) Bone mass and body composition in normal women. J Bone Miner Res 7:55–63

Wardlaw GM (1993) Putting osteoporosis in perspective. J Am Diet Assoc 93:1000–1006

Ensrud KE, Lipschutz RC, Cauley JA, Seeley D, Nevitt MC, Scott J, Orwoll ES, Genant HK, Cummings SR (1997) Body size and hip fracture risk in older women: a prospective study. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Am J Med 103:274–280

Wegner M, Snow-Harder C, Robinson T, Shaw J, Shelley A (1993) Lean mass, not fat mass, independently predicts whole body mineral density in postmenopausal women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 25:S854

Aloia JF, McGowan DM, Vaswani AN, Ross P, Cohen SH (1991) Relationship of menopause to skeletal and muscle mass. Am J Clin Nutr 53:1378–1383

Reid IR, Plank LD, Evans MC (1992) Fat mass is an important determinant of whole body bone density in premenopausal women but not in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75:779–782

Pocock N, Eisman J, Gwinn T, Sambrook P, Kelly P, Freund J, Yeates M (1989) Muscle strength, physical fitness, and weight but not age predict femoral neck bone mass. J Bone Miner Res 4:441–446

Snow-Harder C, Bouxsein M, Lewis BT, Charette S, Weinstein P, Marcus R (1990) Muscle strength as a predictor of bone mineral density in young women. J Bone Miner Res 5:589–595

Wang MC, Bachrach LK, Loan MV, Hudes M, Flegal KM, and Crawford PB (2005) The relative contributions of lean tissue mass and fat mass to bone density in young women. Bone 37, 474–481. Ref Type: Journal (Full)

Turner RT, Riggs BL, Spelsberg TC (1994) Skeletal effects of estrogen. Endocr Rev 15:275–300

Binkley TL, Specker BL, Wittig TA (2002) Centile curves for bone densitometry measurements in healthy males and females ages 5–22 yr. J.Clin.Densitom. 5:343–353

GE LUNAR. PIXI Bone densitometer Operator’s manual Software Version: 1.4 CEMDD. 2006. Ref Type: Pamphlet

De Lorenzo A, Bertini I, Candeloro N, Iacopino L, Andreoli A, Van Loan MD (1998) Comparison of different techniques to measure body composition in moderately active adolescents. Br J Sports Med 32:215–219

Weststrate JA, Deurenberg P (1989) Body composition in children: proposal for a method for calculating body fat percentage from total body density or skinfold-thickness measurements [published errata appear in Am J Clin Nutr 1991 Aug;54(2):428 and 1991 Sep;54(3):590]. Am J Clin Nutr 50:1104–1115

Altmann DG (1991) Practical Statistisc for Medical Research. Chapman & Hall, London

Åstrand P-O, Rodahl K, Dahl HA, Strømme SB (2003) Body dimensions and muscular exercise. In: Åstrand P-O, Rodhal K, Dahl HA, Strømme SB (eds) Textbook of Work Physiology. Physiological Bases of Exercise. Human Kinetics, Champaign, pp 299–313

Hernandez-Prado B, Lazcano-Ponce E, Cruz-Valdez A, Diaz R, Tamayo J, Hernandez-Avila M (2002) Validity of bone mineral density measurements in distal sites as an indicator of total bone mineral density in a group of pre-adolescent and adolescent women. Arch Med Res 33:33–39

Iki M, Kagamimori S, Kagawa Y, Matsuzaki T, Yoneshima H, Marumo F (2001) Bone mineral density of the spine, hip and distal forearm in representative samples of the Japanese female population: Japanese Population-Based Osteoporosis (JPOS) Study. Osteoporos Int 12:529–537

Sundberg M, Gardsell P, Johnell O, Ornstein E, Sernbo I (1998) Comparison of quantitative ultrasound measurements in calcaneus with DXA and SXA at other skeletal sites: a population-based study on 280 children aged 11–16 years. Osteoporos Int 8:410–417

Chinn DJ, Fordham JN, Kibirige MS, Crabtree NJ, Venables J, Bates J, Pitcher O (2005) Bone density at the os calcis: reference values, reproducibility, and effects of fracture history and physical activity. Arch Dis Child 90:30–35

Garn P (1970) The earlier gain and later los of cortical bone. Nutritional perspectives. Springfield

Bass S, Delmas PD, Pearce G, Hendrich E, Tabensky A, Seeman E (1999) The differing tempo of growth in bone size, mass, and density in girls is region-specific. J Clin Invest 104:795–804

Seeman E (2002) Pathogenesis of bone fragility in women and men. Lancet 359:1841–1850

Janz KF, Burns TL, Torner JC, Levy SM, Paulos R, Willing MC, Warren JJ (2001) Physical Activity and Bone Measures in Young Children: The Iowa Bone Development Study. Pediatrics 107:1387–1393

Rowlands AV, Ingledew DK, Powell SM, Eston RG (2004) Interactive effects of habitual physical activity and calcium intake on bone density in boys and girls. J Appl Physiol 97:1203–1208

Horlick M, Wang J, Pierson R-NJ, Thornton JC (2004) Prediction models for evaluation of total-body bone mass with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry among children and adolescents. Pediatrics 114:e337–e345

Ahlborg HG, Johnell O, Turner CH, Rannevik G, Karlsson MK (2003) Bone loss and bone size after menopause. N Engl J Med 349:327–334

Hsu ES, Patwardhan AG, Meade KP, Light TR, Martin WR (1993) Cross-sectional geometrical properties and bone mineral contents of the human radius and ulna. J Biomech 26:1307–1318

Jones IE, Williams SM, Dow N, Goulding A (2002) How many children remain fracture-free during growth? a longitudinal study of children and adolescents participating in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. Osteoporos Int 13:990–995

Goulding A, Jones IE, Williams SM, Grant AM, Taylor RW, Manning PJ, Langley J (2005) First fracture is associated with increased risk of new fractures during growth. J Pediatr 146:286–288

Rapuri PB, Kinyamu HK, Gallagher JC, Haynatzka V (2002) Seasonal changes in calciotropic hormones, bone markers, and bone mineral density in elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:2024–2032

Gerdhem P, Mallmin H, Akesson K, Obrant KJ (2004) Seasonal variation in bone density in postmenopausal women. J Clin Densitom 7:93–100

Land C, Blum WF, Stabrey A, Schoenau E (2005) Seasonality of growth response to GH therapy in prepubertal children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol 152:727–733

Fewtrell MS (2003) Bone densitometry in children assessed by dual x ray absorptiometry: uses and pitfalls. Arch Dis Child 88:795–798

Schoenau E, Saggese G, Peter F, Baroncelli GI, Shaw NJ, Crabtree NJ, Zadik Z, Neu CM, Noordam C, Radetti G, Hochberg Z (2004) From bone biology to bone analysis. Horm Res 61:257–269

Carter DR, Bouxsein ML, Marcus R (1992) New approaches for interpreting projected bone densitometry data. J Bone Miner Res 7:137–145

Zebaze RM, Welsh F, Juliano Burns S, Evans A, and Seeman E (2004) The femoral neck is ellipsoid: the assumption of circularity of parallelepipedal shape introduces errors in volume and volumetric bone mineral density. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 19(Suppl 1), S366. Ref Type: Journal (Full)