Microstructure Analysis and Rheological Behavior of Magnesium Alloys at Semi-solid Temperature Range

S. Brown, Magnesium: A Structural Super-Metal, Thoughts and Reflections on the Use of Magnesium, G. Neighbour and I. Oraifige, Ed., Belmont Press, Northampton, 2017, p 3–5 M. Flemings, Solidification Processing, Metall. Trans., 1974, 5, p 2121–2134 G. Hirt, L. Khizhnyakova, R. Baadjou, F. Knauf, and R. Kopp, Semi-solid Forming of Aluminium and Steel—Introduction and Overview, Thixoforming. Semi-solid Metal Processing, G. Hirt and R. Kopp, Ed., WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH&Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2009, p 1–8 Z. Fan, Semi-solid Metal Processing, Int. Mater. Rev., 2002, 47(2), p 49–85 Y. Qi, T. Cagin, Y. Kimura, and W.A. Goddard III, Viscosities of Liquid Metal Alloys from Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics, J. Comput. Aided Mater. Des., 2001, 8, p 233–243 P. Zhao, Q. Wang, L. Liu, Z. Wei, and Ch. Zhai, Fluidity of Mg-Al-Ca Alloys in the High-Pressure Die Casting Process, Int. J. Mater. Res., 2007, 98(1), p 33–38 M. Huppmann and W. Reimers, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Differently Extruded AZ31 Magnesium Alloy, Int. J. Mater. Res., 2010, 101(10), p 1264–1271 K.N. Braszczyńska-Malik and L. Froyen, Microstructure of AZ91 Alloy Deformed by Equal Channel Angular Pressing, Int. J. Mater. Res., 2005, 96(8), p 913–917 J.Y. Chen and Z. Fan, Modelling of the Rheological Behavior of Semisolid Slurries, Part I: The Theory, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2002, 18, p 237–242 P. Terzieff, The Viscosity of Liquid Alloys, J. Alloys Compd., 2008, 453(1–2), p 233–240 R.P. Chhabra, A Simple Method for Estimating the Viscosity of Molten Metallic Alloys, J. Alloys Compd., 1995, 221(1–2), p L1–L3 H.V. Atkinson, Modelling the Semisolid Processing of Metallic Alloys, Prog. Mater Sci., 2005, 50, p 341–412 P. Kapranos and D.H. Kirkwood, Thixoforming M2 Tool Steel: A Study of Different Feedstock Routes, Metall. Ital., 2010, 9, p 17–21 P. Kapranos, D.H. Kirkwood, and C.M. Sellars, Semi-solid Processing of Aluminium and High Melting Point Alloys, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. B: J. Eng. manuf., 1993, 207(1), p 1–8 K.P. Sołek, Ł. Rogal, and P. Kapranos, Evolution of Globular Microstructure and Rheological Properties of Stellite 21 Alloy after Heating to Semisolid State, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2017, 26, p 115–123 Ł. Rogal, J. Dutkiewicz, H.V. Atkinson, L. Lityńska-Dobrzyńska, T. Czeppe, and M. Modigell, Characterization of Semi-solid Processing of Aluminium Alloy 7075 with Sc and Zr Additions, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, 580, p 362–373 D. Brabazon, D.J. Browne, and A.J. Carr, Experimental Investigation of the Transient and Steady State Rheological Behaviour of Al-Si Alloys in the Mushy State, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2003, 356(1–2), p 69–80 M.S. Salleh, M.Z. Omar, J. Syarif, and M.N. Mohammed, An Overview of Semisolid Processing of Aluminium Alloys, ISRN Mater. Sci., 2013, 2013, p 1–9 P. Das, S.K. Samanta, and P. Dutta, Rheological Behavior of Al-7Si-0.3 Mg Alloy at Mushy State, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2015, 46(3), p 1302–1313 O. Lashkari, F. Ajersch, A. Charette, and X. Chen, Microstructure and Rheological Behavior of Hypereutectic Semi-solid Al-Si Alloy Under Low Shear Rates Compression Test, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, 492(1–2), p 377–382 W.Y. Kim, C.G. Kang, and S.M. Lee, Effect of Viscosity on Microstructure Characteristic in Rheological Behaviour of Wrought Aluminium Alloys by Compression and Stirring Proces, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2010, 26(1), p 20–30 A. Bührig-Polaczek, C. Afrath, M. Modigell, and L. Pape, Comparison of Rheological Measurement Techniques for Semi-solid Aluminium Alloys, Solid State Phenom., 2006, 116–117, p 610–613 M. Kramer, R. Jenning, A. Lohmüller, M. Hilbinger, P. Randelzhofer, and R.F. Singer, Characterization of Magnesium Alloys for Semi Solid Processing, 8th International Conference on Magnesium Alloys and their Applications, Oct 26–29, 2009 (Weimar), p 376–383 M. Modigell, L. Pape, and H.R. Maier, Rheology of Semi-solid Steel Alloys at Temperatures up to 1500 C, Solid State Phenom., 2006, 116, p 606–609 Y. Hong, R. Yuansheng, and Ch Guoxiang, Rheological Behavior of Semi-solid AZ91D Magnesium Alloy at Steady State, J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. Mater. Sci. Ed., 2015, 30(1), p 162–165 M. Korolczuk-Hejnak and P. Migas, Analysis of Selected Liquid Steel Viscosity, Arch. Metall. Mater., 2012, 57(4), p 963–969 K. Miłkowska-Piszczek and M. Korolczuk-Hejnak, An Analysis of the Influence of Viscosity on the Numerical Simulation of Temperature Distribution, as Demonstrated by the CC Proces, Arch. Metall. Mater., 2013, 58(4), p 1267–1274 M. Korolczuk-Hejnak, Determination of Flow Curves on Selected Steel Grades in Their Liquid State, Arch. Metall. Mater., 2014, 59(4), p 1553–1558 W. Ślęzak, M. Korolczuk-Hejnak, and P. Migas, High Temperature Rheometric Measurements of Mould Powders, Arch. Metall. Mater., 2015, 60(1), p 289–294 M. Korolczuk-Hejnak, Determination of the Dynamic Viscosity Coefficient Value of Steel Based on the Rheological Measurements, Wydawnictwa AGH, Kraków, 2014 ((in Polish)) M. Ślęzak, Mathematical Models for Calculating the Value of Dynamic Viscosity of a Liquid, Arch. Metall. Mater., 2015, 60(2A), p 581–589 M. Korolczuk-Hejnak, Empiric Formulas for Dynamic Viscosity of Liquid Steel Based on Rheometric Measurements, High Temp., 2014, 52(5), p 667–674 Z. Kembłowski, Reometria Płynów Nienewtonowskich, Wydawnictwo Naukowo-Techniczne, Warszawa, 1973 ((in Polish)) S. Bakhtiyarov and R. Overfelt, Measurement of Liquid Metal Viscosity by Rotational Technique, Acta Mater., 1999, 47(17), p 4311–4319 G.T. Mezger, The Rheology Handbook: For Users of Rotational and Oscillatory Rheometers, 2nd ed., Vincentz Network, Hannover, 2006, p 171–198 X.J. Wang, S.M. Zhu, M.A. Easton, M.A. Gibson, and G. Savage, Heat Treatment of Vacuum High Pressure Die Cast Magnesium Alloy AZ91, Int. J. Cast Met. Res., 2014, 27(3), p 161–166 D. Qiua and M.-X. Zhang, Effect of Active Heterogeneous Nucleation Particles on the Grain Refining Efficiency in an Mg-10 wt% Y Cast Alloy, J. Alloys Compd., 2009, 488(1), p 260–264 M.M. Avedesian and H. Baker, Ed., ASM Specialty Hand Book, Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys, ASM International, The Mater. Information Society, Ohio, 1999, p 54 L.L. Rokhlin, Magnesium Alloys Containing Rare Earth Metals: Structure and Properties, Advances in Metallic Alloys, J.N. Fridlyander, G.G. Eskin, Eds., Taylor & Francis, London and New York, 2003 A. Kiełbus, Microstructure and Properties of Elektron 21 Magnesium Alloy, Magnesium Alloys—Design, F. Czerwinski, Ed., Processing and Properties, InTech, Rijeka, 2011, T.B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P.R. Subramanian, L. Kacprzak, Eds., Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., ASM International, Ohio, 1990 Ł. Rogal, Critical Assessment: Opportunities in Developing Semi-solid Processing: Aluminium, Magnesium, and High-Temperature Alloys, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2017, 33(7), p 759–764 E.D. Manson-Whitton, I.C. Stone, J.R. Jones, P.S. Grant, and B. Cantor, Isothermal Grain Coarsening of Spray Formed Alloys in the Semi-solid State, Acta Mater., 2002, 50, p 2517–2535 F. Czerwinski, Semi-solid Processing of Magnesium Alloys: Microstructure—Property Relationship, Solid State Phenom., 2015, 217–218, p 3–7 I.M. Lifshitz and V.V. Slyozov, The Kinetics of Precipitation from Supersaturated Solid Solutions, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 1961, 19(1–2), p 35–50 C. Wagner, Theory of Precipitate Change by Redissolution, Z. Elektrochem. Angew. Phys. Chem., 1961, 65, p 581–591 W.D. Callister, Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering, 2nd ed., Wiley, Weinheim, 2000 D.Y. Chang and S.S. Kwang, Semi-solid Processing of Magnesium Alloys, Mater. Trans., JIM, 2003, 44, p 558–561 H.I. Chen and J.C. Chen, Thixotropic Behavior of Semi-solid Magnesium Alloy, Solid State Phenom., 2006, 116–117, p 648–651. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.116-117.648 H.I. Chen, J.C. Chen, and J.J. Liao, The Influence of Shearing Conditions on the Rheology of Semi-solid Magnesium Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, 487, p 114–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.09.072 Y. Hu, B. He, and H. Yan, Rheological Behavior of Semi-solid Mg2Si/AM60 Magnesium Matrix Composites at Steady State, Trans. Nonferr. Metal. Soc. China, 2010, 20, p 883–887. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(10)60600-0 L. Li and M. Zheng, Theoretical Research on Rheological Behavior of Semisolid Slurry of Magnesium Alloy AZ91D, Comput. Mater. Sci., 2015, 102, p 202–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2015.02.033 H. Shimahara, R. Baadjou, R. Kopp, and G. Hirt, Investigation of Flow Behaviour and Microstructure on X210CrW12 Steel in Semi-solid State, Solid State Phenom., 2006, 116–117, p 189–192