Clostridium difficile
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Hall, 1935, Intestinal flora in newborn infants with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe, Bacillus difficilis, Am J Dis Child, 49, 390, 10.1001/archpedi.1935.01970020105010
Bartlett, 1978, Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis due to toxin-producing clostridia, N Engl J Med, 298, 531, 10.1056/NEJM197803092981003
Bartlett, 1977, Clindamycin-associated colitis due to a toxin-producing species of Clostridium in hamsters, J Infect Dis, 136, 701, 10.1093/infdis/136.5.701
Jump, 2007, Vegetative Clostridium difficile survives in room air on moist surfaces and in gastric contents with reduced acidity: a potential mechanism to explain the association between proton pump inhibitors and C. difficile-associated diarrhea?, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 51, 2883, 10.1128/AAC.01443-06
Arroyo, 2005, Use of a selective enrichment broth to recover Clostridium difficile from stool swabs stored under different conditions, J Clin Microbiol, 43, 5341, 10.1128/JCM.43.10.5341-5343.2005
Riggs, 2007, Asymptomatic carriers are a potential source for transmission of epidemic and nonepidemic Clostridium difficile strains among long-term care facility residents, Clin Infect Dis, 45, 992, 10.1086/521854
Jackson, 2006, Analysis of proline reduction in the nosocomial pathogen Clostridium difficile, J Bacteriol, 188, 8487, 10.1128/JB.01370-06
Wilson, 1983, Efficiency of various bile salt preparations for stimulation of Clostridium difficile spore germination, J Clin Microbiol, 18, 1017, 10.1128/JCM.18.4.1017-1019.1983
Wilson, 1982, Use of sodium taurocholate to enhance spore recovery on a medium selective for Clostridium difficile, J Clin Microbiol, 15, 443, 10.1128/JCM.15.3.443-446.1982
Fedorko, 1997, Use of cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar and L-proline-aminopeptidase (PRO Discs) in the rapid identification of Clostridium difficile, J Clin Microbiol, 35, 1258, 10.1128/JCM.35.5.1258-1259.1997
Fawley, 2007, Efficacy of hospital cleaning agents and germicides against epidemic Clostridium difficile strains, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 28, 920, 10.1086/519201
Kim, 1981, Isolation of Clostridium difficile from the environment and contacts of patients with antibiotic-associated colitis, J Infect Dis, 143, 42, 10.1093/infdis/143.1.42
McDonald, 2006, Clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from US short-stay hospitals, 1996-2003, Emerg Infect Dis, 12, 409, 10.3201/eid1205.051064
Zilberberg, 2008, Increase in adult Clostridium difficile-related hospitalizations and case-fatality rate, United States, 2000-2005, Emerg Infect Dis, 14, 929, 10.3201/eid1406.071447
Muto, 2005, A large outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated disease with an unexpected proportion of deaths and colectomies at a teaching hospital following increased fluoroquinolone use, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 26, 273, 10.1086/502539
McDonald, 2005, An epidemic, toxin gene-variant strain of Clostridium difficile, N Engl J Med, 353, 2433, 10.1056/NEJMoa051590
Loo, 2005, A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality, N Engl J Med, 353, 2442, 10.1056/NEJMoa051639
Rupnik, 2009, Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis, Nat Rev Microbiol, 7, 526, 10.1038/nrmicro2164
Nakamura, 1981, Isolation of Clostridium difficile from the feces and the antibody in sera of young and elderly adults, Microbiol Immunol, 25, 345, 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1981.tb00036.x
Ozaki, 2004, Clostridium difficile colonization in healthy adults: transient colonization and correlation with enterococcal colonization, J Med Microbiol, 53, 167, 10.1099/jmm.0.05376-0
McFarland, 1989, Nosocomial acquisition of Clostridium difficile infection, N Engl J Med, 320, 204, 10.1056/NEJM198901263200402
Clabots, 1992, Acquisition of Clostridium difficile by hospitalized patients: evidence for colonized new admissions as a source of infection, J Infect Dis, 166, 561, 10.1093/infdis/166.3.561
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2005, Severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk-four states, 2005, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 54, 1201
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2008, Surveillance for community-associated Clostridium difficile–Connecticut, 2006, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 57, 340
Lambert, 2009, Population-based surveillance of Clostridium difficile infection in Manitoba, Canada, by using interim surveillance definitions, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 30, 945, 10.1086/605719
Indra, 2009, Clostridium difficile: a new zoonotic agent?, Wien Klin Wochenschr, 121, 91, 10.1007/s00508-008-1127-x
Jobstl, 2010, Clostridium difficile in raw products of animal origin, Int J Food Microbiol, 138, 172, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.12.022
Norman, 2009, Varied prevalence of Clostridium difficile in an integrated swine operation, Anaerobe, 15, 256, 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.09.006
Rodriguez-Palacios, 2009, Possible seasonality of Clostridium difficile in retail meat, Canada, Emerg Infect Dis, 15, 802, 10.3201/eid1505.081084
Rodriguez-Palacios, 2007, Clostridium difficile in retail ground meat, Canada, Emerg Infect Dis, 13, 485, 10.3201/eid1303.060988
Songer, 2004, The emergence of Clostridium difficile as a pathogen of food animals, Anim Health Res Rev, 5, 321, 10.1079/AHR200492
Songer, 2010, Clostridia as agents of zoonotic disease, Vet Microbiol, 140, 399, 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.07.003
Songer, 2009, Clostridium difficile in retail meat products, USA, 2007, Emerg Infect Dis, 15, 819, 10.3201/eid1505.081071
Weese, 2010, Clostridium difficile in food–innocent bystander or serious threat?, Clin Microbiol Infect, 16, 3, 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03108.x
Weese, 2009, Detection and enumeration of Clostridium difficile spores in retail beef and pork, Appl Environ Microbiol, 75, 5009, 10.1128/AEM.00480-09
Weese, 2010, Detection and characterization of Clostridium difficile in retail chicken, Lett Appl Microbiol, 50, 362, 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2010.02802.x
Bakri, 2009, Clostridium difficile in ready-to-eat salads, Scotland, Emerg Infect Dis, 15, 817, 10.3201/eid1505.081186
Kutty, 2008, Assessment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease surveillance definitions, North Carolina, 2005, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 29, 197, 10.1086/528813
McDonald, 2007, Recommendations for surveillance of Clostridium difficile-associated disease, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 28, 140, 10.1086/511798
Manabe, 1995, Clostridium difficile colitis: an efficient clinical approach to diagnosis, Ann Intern Med, 123, 835, 10.7326/0003-4819-123-11-199512010-00004
Wanahita, 2003, Clostridium difficile infection in patients with unexplained leukocytosis, Am J Med, 115, 543, 10.1016/S0002-9343(03)00420-0
Wanahita, 2002, Conditions associated with leukocytosis in a tertiary care hospital, with particular attention to the role of infection caused by Clostridium difficile, Clin Infect Dis, 34, 1585, 10.1086/340536
Dallal, 2002, Fulminant Clostridium difficile: an underappreciated and increasing cause of death and complications, Ann Surg, 235, 363, 10.1097/00000658-200203000-00008
Soehn, 1998, Genetic rearrangements in the pathogenicity locus of Clostridium difficile strain 8864–implications for transcription, expression and enzymatic activity of toxins A and B, Mol Gen Genet, 258, 222, 10.1007/s004380050726
Hundsberger, 1997, Transcription analysis of the genes tcdA-E of the pathogenicity locus of Clostridium difficile, Eur J Biochem, 244, 735, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.t01-1-00735.x
Braun, 1996, Definition of the single integration site of the pathogenicity locus in Clostridium difficile, Gene, 181, 29, 10.1016/S0378-1119(96)00398-8
Cohen, 2000, Analysis of the pathogenicity locus in Clostridium difficile strains, J Infect Dis, 181, 659, 10.1086/315248
Voth, 2005, Clostridium difficile toxins: mechanism of action and role in disease, Clin Microbiol Rev, 18, 247, 10.1128/CMR.18.2.247-263.2005
Lyras, 2009, Toxin B is essential for virulence of Clostridium difficile, Nature, 458, 1176, 10.1038/nature07822
Johnson, 2003, International typing study of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile variants, J Clin Microbiol, 41, 1543, 10.1128/JCM.41.4.1543-1547.2003
Samra, 2002, High prevalence of toxin A-negative toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile in hospitalized patients with gastrointestinal disease, Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 43, 189, 10.1016/S0732-8893(02)00400-5
Moncrief, 2000, Genetic characterization of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile isolates by PCR, J Clin Microbiol, 38, 3072, 10.1128/JCM.38.8.3072-3075.2000
Hammond, 1997, Transcriptional analysis of the toxigenic element of Clostridium difficile, Microb Pathog, 22, 143, 10.1006/mpat.1996.0100
Dupuy, 2008, Clostridium difficile toxin synthesis is negatively regulated by TcdC, J Med Microbiol, 57, 685, 10.1099/jmm.0.47775-0
Matamouros, 2007, Clostridium difficile toxin expression is inhibited by the novel regulator TcdC, Mol Microbiol, 64, 1274, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05739.x
Curry, 2007, tcdC genotypes associated with severe TcdC truncation in an epidemic clone and other strains of Clostridium difficile, J Clin Microbiol, 45, 215, 10.1128/JCM.01599-06
MacCannell, 2006, Molecular analysis of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027 isolates from Eastern and Western Canada, J Clin Microbiol, 44, 2147, 10.1128/JCM.02563-05
Warny, 2005, Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe, Lancet, 366, 1079, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67420-X
Rupnik, 2003, Binary toxin producing Clostridium difficile strains, Anaerobe, 9, 289, 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2003.09.002
Barbut, 2005, Clinical features of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea due to binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase)-producing strains, J Med Microbiol, 54, 181, 10.1099/jmm.0.45804-0
McEllistrem, 2005, A hospital outbreak of Clostridium difficile disease associated with isolates carrying binary toxin genes, Clin Infect Dis, 40, 265, 10.1086/427113
Geric, 2006, Binary toxin-producing, large clostridial toxin-negative Clostridium difficile strains are enterotoxic but do not cause disease in hamsters, J Infect Dis, 193, 1143, 10.1086/501368
Joost, 2009, Characterisation of Clostridium difficile isolates by slpA and tcdC gene sequencing, Int J Antimicrob Agents, 33, S13, 10.1016/S0924-8579(09)70010-X
Akerlund, 2008, Increased sporulation rate of epidemic Clostridium difficile Type 027/NAP1, J Clin Microbiol, 46, 1530, 10.1128/JCM.01964-07
Curry, 2009, High frequency of rifampin resistance identified in an epidemic Clostridium difficile clone from a large teaching hospital, Clin Infect Dis, 48, 425, 10.1086/596315
Peterson, 1988, Results of a prospective, 18-month clinical evaluation of culture, cytotoxin testing, and culturette brand (CDT) latex testing in the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 10, 85, 10.1016/0732-8893(88)90045-4
Walker, 1986, Comparison of culture, cytotoxicity assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for toxin A and toxin B in the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-related enteric disease, Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 5, 61, 10.1016/0732-8893(86)90092-1
Stamper, 2009, Comparison of a commercial real-time PCR assay for tcdB detection to a cell culture cytotoxicity assay and toxigenic culture for direct detection of toxin-producing Clostridium difficile in clinical samples, J Clin Microbiol, 47, 373, 10.1128/JCM.01613-08
Stamper, 2009, Evaluation of a new commercial TaqMan PCR assay for direct detection of the Clostridium difficile toxin B gene in clinical stool specimens, J Clin Microbiol, 47, 3846, 10.1128/JCM.01490-09
Depitre, 1993, Detection of Clostridium difficile toxins in stools. Comparison between a new enzyme immunoassay for toxin A and other routine tests, Gastroenterol Clin Biol, 17, 283
Shanholtzer, 1992, Comparison of the VIDAS Clostridium difficile toxin A immunoassay with C. difficile culture and cytotoxin and latex tests, J Clin Microbiol, 30, 1837, 10.1128/JCM.30.7.1837-1840.1992
Sloan, 2008, Comparison of real-time PCR for detection of the tcdC gene with four toxin immunoassays and culture in diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection, J Clin Microbiol, 46, 1996, 10.1128/JCM.00032-08
Nemat, 2009, Diagnostic value of repeated enzyme immunoassays in Clostridium difficile infection, Am J Gastroenterol, 104, 2035, 10.1038/ajg.2009.174
Drees, 2008, Repeated enzyme immunoassays have limited utility in diagnosing Clostridium difficile, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 27, 397, 10.1007/s10096-007-0452-8
Renshaw, 1996, The lack of value of repeated Clostridium difficile cytotoxicity assays, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 120, 49
Aichinger, 2008, Nonutility of repeat laboratory testing for detection of Clostridium difficile by use of PCR or enzyme immunoassay, J Clin Microbiol, 46, 3795, 10.1128/JCM.00684-08
Wren, 2009, Detection of Clostridium difficile infection: a suggested laboratory diagnostic algorithm, Br J Biomed Sci, 66, 175, 10.1080/09674845.2009.11730269
Novak-Weekley, 2010, Clostridium difficile testing in the clinical laboratory by use of multiple testing algorithms, J Clin Microbiol, 48, 889, 10.1128/JCM.01801-09
Goldenberg, 2010, Two-step glutamate dehydrogenase antigen real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile, J Hosp Infect, 74, 48, 10.1016/j.jhin.2009.08.014
Snell, 2004, Performance of the TechLab C. DIFF CHEK-60 enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in combination with the C. difficile Tox A/B II EIA kit, the Triage C. difficile panel immunoassay, and a cytotoxin assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, J Clin Microbiol, 42, 4863, 10.1128/JCM.42.10.4863-4865.2004
Crobach, 2009, European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID): data review and recommendations for diagnosing Clostridium difficile-infection (CDI), Clin Microbiol Infect, 15, 1053, 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03098.x
Terhes, 2009, Comparison of a rapid molecular method, the BD GeneOhm Cdiff assay, to the most frequently used laboratory tests for detection of toxin-producing Clostridium difficile in diarrheal feces, J Clin Microbiol, 47, 3478, 10.1128/JCM.01133-09
Huang, 2009, Comparison of a commercial multiplex real-time PCR to the cell cytotoxicity neutralization assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infections, J Clin Microbiol, 47, 3729, 10.1128/JCM.01280-09
Eastwood, 2009, Comparison of nine commercially available Clostridium difficile toxin detection assays, a real-time PCR assay for C. difficile tcdB, and a glutamate dehydrogenase detection assay to cytotoxin testing and cytotoxigenic culture methods, J Clin Microbiol, 47, 3211, 10.1128/JCM.01082-09
Peterson, 2007, Detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in stool samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of C. difficile-associated diarrhea, Clin Infect Dis, 45, 1152, 10.1086/522185
van den Berg, 2007, Evaluation of real-time PCR and conventional diagnostic methods for the detection of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in a prospective multicentre study, J Med Microbiol, 56, 36, 10.1099/jmm.0.46680-0
Teasley, 1983, Prospective randomised trial of metronidazole versus vancomycin for Clostridium-difficile-associated diarrhoea and colitis, Lancet, 2, 1043, 10.1016/S0140-6736(83)91036-X
Zar, 2007, A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity, Clin Infect Dis, 45, 302, 10.1086/519265
Herpers, 2009, Intravenous tigecycline as adjunctive or alternative therapy for severe refractory Clostridium difficile infection, Clin Infect Dis, 48, 1732, 10.1086/599224
Louie, 2006, Tolevamer, a novel nonantibiotic polymer, compared with vancomycin in the treatment of mild to moderately severe Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, Clin Infect Dis, 43, 411, 10.1086/506349
Pillai, 2008, Probiotics for treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated colitis in adults, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10.1002/14651858.CD004611.pub2
Aboudola, 2003, Clostridium difficile vaccine and serum immunoglobulin G antibody response to toxin A, Infect Immun, 71, 1608, 10.1128/IAI.71.3.1608-1610.2003
Kelly, 1996, Immune response to Clostridium difficile infection, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 8, 1048, 10.1097/00042737-199611000-00004
Kyne, 2000, Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A, N Engl J Med, 342, 390, 10.1056/NEJM200002103420604
Kyne, 2001, Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea, Lancet, 357, 189, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03592-3
Salcedo, 1997, Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for severe Clostridium difficile colitis, Gut, 41, 366, 10.1136/gut.41.3.366
Garey, 2008, Meta-analysis to assess risk factors for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, J Hosp Infect, 70, 298, 10.1016/j.jhin.2008.08.012
Sougioultzis, 2005, Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine in recurrent C. difficile-associated diarrhea, Gastroenterology, 128, 764, 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.11.004
McFarland, 2002, Breaking the cycle: treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease, Am J Gastroenterol, 97, 1769, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05839.x
Johnson, 2007, Interruption of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea episodes by serial therapy with vancomycin and rifaximin, Clin Infect Dis, 44, 846, 10.1086/511870
Bakken, 2009, Fecal bacteriotherapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, Anaerobe, 15, 285, 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.09.007
You, 2008, Successful treatment of fulminant Clostridium difficile infection with fecal bacteriotherapy, Ann Intern Med, 148, 632, 10.7326/0003-4819-148-8-200804150-00024
Tvede, 1989, Bacteriotherapy for chronic relapsing Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in six patients, Lancet, 1, 1156, 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)92749-9