Design and performance of personal cooling garments based on three-layer laminates
Tóm tắt
Personal cooling systems are mainly based on cold air or liquids circulating through a tubing system. They are weighty, bulky and depend on an external power source. In contrast, the laminate-based technology presented here offers new flexible and light weight cooling garments integrated into textiles. It is based on a three-layer composite assembled from two waterproof, but water vapor permeable membranes and a hydrophilic fabric in between. Water absorbed in the fabric will be evaporated by the body temperature resulting in cooling energy. The laminate’s high adaptiveness makes it possible to produce cooling garments even for difficult anatomic topologies. The determined cooling energy of the laminate depends mainly on the environmental conditions (temperature, relative humidity, wind): heat flux at standard climatic conditions (20°C, 65% R.H., wind 5 km/h) has measured 423.2 ± 52.6 W/m2, water vapor transmission resistance, R
et, 10.83 ± 0.38 m2 Pa/W and thermal resistance, R
ct, 0.010 ± 0.002 m2 K/W. Thermal conductivity, k, changed from 0.048 ± 0.003 (dry) to 0.244 ± 0.018 W/m K (water added). The maximum fall in skin temperature, ∆T
max, under the laminate was 5.7 ± 1.2°C, taken from a 12 subject study with a thigh cooling garment during treadmill walking (23°C, 50% R.H., no wind) and a significant linear correlation (R = 0.85, P = 0.01) between body mass index and time to reach 67% of ∆T
max could be determined.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Arngrimsson SA, Petitt DS, Stueck MG, Jorgensen DK, Cureton KJ (2004) Cooling vest worn during active warm-up improves 5-km run performance in the heat. J Appl Physiol 96(5):1867–1874. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00979.2003
Bowman HF, Cravalho EG, Woods M (1975) Theory, measurement, and application of thermal properties of biomaterials. Annu Rev Biophys Bioeng 4(1):43–80. doi:10.1146/annurev.bb.04.060175.000355
Chan YT, Constable SH, Bomalaski SH (1997) A lightweight ambient air cooling unit for use in hazardous environments. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 58(1):10–14. doi:10.1080/15428119791013017
Cowell SA, Stocks JM, Evans DG, Simonson SR, Greenleaf JE (2002) The exercise and environmental physiology of extravehicular activity. Aviat Space Environ Med 73(1):54–67
Craig FN, Moffitt JT (1974) Efficiency evaporative cooling wet cloth. J Appl Physiol 36(3):313–316
Daanen HA, van Es EM, de Graaf JL (2006) Heat strain and gross efficiency during endurance exercise after lower, upper, or whole body precooling in the heat. Int J Sports Med 27(5):379–388. doi:10.1055/s-2005-865746
Flouris AD, Cheung SS (2006) Design and control optimization of microclimate liquid cooling systems underneath protective clothing. Ann Biomed Eng 34(3):359–372. doi:10.1007/s10439-005-9061-9
Frydrych I, Dziworska G, Bilska J (2002) Comparative analysis of the thermal insulation properties of fabrics made of natural and man-made cellulose fibres. Fibres Text East Eur 10(4):40–44
Hinz J, Rosmus M, Popov A, Moerer O, Frerichs I, Quintel M (2007) Effectiveness of an intravascular cooling method compared with a conventional cooling technique in neurologic patients. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 19(2):130–135. doi:10.1097/ANA.0b013e318032a208
Johnston NJ, King AT, Protheroe R, Childs C (2006) Body temperature management after severe traumatic brain injury: methods and protocols used in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Resuscitation 70(2):254–262. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.02.010
Kinnman J, Andersson T, Andersson G (2000) Effect of cooling suit treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis evaluated by evoked potentials. Scand J Rehabil Med 32(1):16–19. doi:10.1080/003655000750045686
Ku YTE, Montgomery LD, Webbon BW (1996) Hemodynamic and thermal responses to head and neck cooling in men and women. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 75(6):443–450. doi:10.1097/00002060-199611000-00008
Mayer SA, Kowalski RG, Presciutti M, Ostapkovich ND, McGann E, Fitzsimmons BF et al (2004) Clinical trial of a novel surface cooling system for fever control in neurocritical care patients. Crit Care Med 32(12):2508–2515. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000147441.39670.37
McLellan TM, Bell DG (1999) Efficacy of air and liquid cooling during light and heavy exercise while wearing NBC clothing. Aviat Space Environ Med 70(8):802–811
Mermier CM, Schneider SM, Gurney AB, Weingart HM, Wilmerding MV (2006) Preliminary results: effect of whole-body cooling in patients with myasthenia gravis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 38(1):13–20. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000180887.33650.0f
Meyer-Heim A, Rothmaier M, Weder M, Kool J, Schenk P, Kesselring J (2007) Advanced lightweight cooling-garment technology: functional improvements in thermosensitive patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 13(2):232–237. doi:10.1177/1352458506070648
Nunneley SA (1970) Water cooled garments—a review. Space Life Sci 2(3):335–360. doi:10.1007/BF00929293
Shim H, McCullough EA, Jones BW (2001) Using phase change materials in clothing. Text Res J 71(6):495–502
Shvartz E (1972) Efficiency and effectiveness of different water cooled suits—review. Aerosp Med 43(5):488
Syndulko K, Jafari M, Woldanski A, Baumhefner RW, Tourtellotte WW (1996) Effects of temperature in multiple sclerosis: a review of the literature. J Neurol Rehabil 10(1):23–34. doi:10.1177/154596839601000104
Taylor NAS (2006) Challenges to temperature regulation when working in hot environments. Ind Health 44(3):331–344. doi:10.2486/indhealth.44.331
Webb P, Troutman SJ, Annis JF (1970) Automatic cooling water cooled space suits. Aerosp Med 41(3):269
Webster J, Holland EJ, Sleivert G, Laing RM, Niven BE (2005) A light-weight cooling vest enhances performance of athletes in the heat. Ergonomics 48(7):821–837. doi:10.1080/00140130500122276
Xu XJ, Endrusick T, Laprise B, Santee W, Kolka M (2006) Efficiency of liquid cooling garments: prediction and manikin measurement. Aviat Space Environ Med 77(6):644–648