Critical review of the science and sustainability of persulphate advanced oxidation processes

Bennedsen, 2014, In situ chemical oxidation: the mechanisms and applications of chemical oxidants for remediation purposes, 13 R. Munter, Advanced oxidation processes - current status and prospects, in: Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Science. Chemistry, 50, 2001, pp. 59–80. Sun, 2015, Catalytic oxidation of organic pollutants in aqueous solution using sulfate radicals, Catalysis, 27, 209, 10.1039/9781782622697-00209 Zhang, 2015, Sulfate radical and its application in decontamination technologies, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 1756, 10.1080/10643389.2014.970681 Oh, 2016, Generation of sulfate radical through heterogeneous catalysis for organic contaminants removal: current development, challenges and prospects, Appl. Catal., B, 194, 169, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.04.003 Ghanbari, 2017, Application of peroxymonosulfate and its activation methods for degradation of environmental organic pollutants: review, Chem. Eng. J., 310, 41, 10.1016/j.cej.2016.10.064 Hach, Phosphonates, Persulfate UV Oxidation Method (125.0 mg/L), in: H.C.H.L. GmbH (Ed.), Hach Company/Hach Lange GmbH, 2014. Zhang, 2014, Efficient peroxydisulfate activation process not relying on sulfate radical generation for water pollutant degradation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 5868, 10.1021/es501218f Wacławek, 2017, Chemistry of persulfates in water and wastewater treatment: a review, Chem. Eng. J., 330, 44, 10.1016/j.cej.2017.07.132 Tsitonaki, 2010, In situ chemical oxidation of contaminated soil and groundwater using persulfate: a review, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 55, 10.1080/10643380802039303 Devi, 2016, In-situ chemical oxidation: Principle and applications of peroxide and persulfate treatments in wastewater systems, Sci. Total Environ., 571, 643, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.032 Ranc, 2016, Selection of oxidant doses for in situ chemical oxidation of soils contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): a review, J. Hazard. Mater., 312, 280, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.068 Deng, 2015, Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in wastewater treatment, Curr. Pollut. Rep., 1, 167, 10.1007/s40726-015-0015-z Marshall, 1891, LXXIV.— Contributions from the chemical laboratory of the University of Edinburgh. No. V. The persulphates, J. Chem. Soc. Trans., 59, 771, 10.1039/CT8915900771 Sra, 2010, Persistence of persulfate in uncontaminated aquifer materials, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 3098, 10.1021/es903480k Reichert, 1939, Determination of hydrogen peroxide and some related peroxygen compounds, Ind. Eng. Chem., 11, 194 Matilainen, 2010, Removal of natural organic matter from drinking water by advanced oxidation processes, Chemosphere, 80, 351, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.067 FMC, Persulfates technical information, in, FMC Corporation, Available from: http://www.peroxychem.com/media/90826/aod_brochure_persulfate.pdf 2001. NCBI, Sodium Persulfate in, National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database; CID=62655, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/62655 (accessed July 18, 2017). T.W. Swaddle, Inorganic chemistry, in: An industrial and environmental perspective, Elsevier Science, 1997. Minisci, 2002, Electron-transfer processes: peroxydisulfate, a useful and versatile reagent in organic chemistry, Acc. Chem. Res., 16, 27, 10.1021/ar00085a005 Atkins, 2010 House, 1962, Kinetics and mechanism of oxidations by peroxydisulfate, Chem. Rev., 62, 185, 10.1021/cr60217a001 Sharpe, 1992 P. Neta, R.E. Huie, A.B. Ross, Rate constants for reactions of inorganic radicals in aqueous solution, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 17 (1988) 1027–1284. Asghar, 2015, Advanced oxidation processes for in-situ production of hydrogen peroxide/hydroxyl radical for textile wastewater treatment: a review, J. Cleaner Prod., 87, 826, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.010 AWWA, Water Treatment, fourth ed., American Water Works Association, Denver, 2010. I.M. Kolthoff, I.K. Miller, The chemistry of persulfate. I. The kinetics and mechanism of the decomposition of the persulfate ion in aqueous medium, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 73 (1951) 3055–3059. Uri, 1952, Inorganic free radicals in solution, Chem. Rev., 50, 375, 10.1021/cr60157a003 Rice, 1927, The thermal decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, J. Phys. Chem., 31, 1352, 10.1021/j150279a006 Braun, 1996, Initiation of free radical polymerization by thermal cleavage of carbon-carbon bonds, Macromol. Symp., 111, 63, 10.1002/masy.19961110108 Stirling, 1965 Gallopo, 1971, Kinetics and mechanisms of the spontaneous and metal-modified oxidations of ethanol by peroxydisulfate ionl, J. Org. Chem., 36, 4089, 10.1021/jo00825a018 Anipsitakis, 2004, Radical generation by the interaction of transition metals with common oxidants, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 3705, 10.1021/es035121o Gansauer, 2000, Reagent-controlled transition-metal-catalyzed radical reactions, Chem. Rev., 100, 2771, 10.1021/cr9902648 Anipsitakis, 2004, Transition metal/UV-based advanced oxidation technologies for water decontamination, Appl. Catal., B, 54, 155, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2004.05.025 Antoniou, 2010, Degradation of microcystin-LR using sulfate radicals generated through photolysis, thermolysis and e− transfer mechanisms, Appl. Catal., B, 96, 290, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.02.013 Xu, 2008, Hg(0) oxidative absorption by K(2)S(2)O(8) solution catalyzed by Ag(+) and Cu(2+), J. Hazard. Mater., 158, 410, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.108 A.J. Kalb, T.L. Allen, The Oxidation of Oxalate Ion by Peroxodisulfate. III. The Kinetics and Mechanism of the Catalysis by Silver(I), J. Am. Chem. Soc., 86 (1964) 5107–5112. Połczyński, 2013, Strong and long-lived free-radical oxidizer based on silver(II). Mechanism of Ag(I) electrooxidation in concentrated H2SO4, J. Phys. Chem. C, 117, 20689, 10.1021/jp406442j Kumar, 1981, Oxidative C-C bond cleavage of 1,2-diols by silver(II), J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103, 5179, 10.1021/ja00407a038 Kumar, 1982, Kinetics of complexation and oxidation of ethanolamine and diols by silver(II), J. Phys. Chem., 86, 1674, 10.1021/j100206a037 Conlin, 1999 M.H. Mouliney, C. Bernard, Process and apparatus for dissolving a mixture of oxides of uranium and of plutonium, in, Google Patents, 1998. M.S. Antelman, Divalent silver bactericide for water treatment, in, Google Patents, 1991. M.S. Antelman, Divalent silver halide bactericide, in, Google Patents, 1992. Liang, 2004, Persulfate oxidation for in situ remediation of TCE. I. Activated by ferrous ion with and without a persulfate-thiosulfate redox couple, Chemosphere, 55, 1213, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.01.029 Yuan, 2014, Electrolytic manipulation of persulfate reactivity by iron electrodes for trichloroethylene degradation in groundwater, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 656, 10.1021/es404535q Ding, 2017, Mechanism insight of degradation of norfloxacin by magnetite nanoparticles activated persulfate: identification of radicals and degradation pathway, Chem. Eng. J., 308, 330, 10.1016/j.cej.2016.09.077 Wu, 2017, Activation of persulfate by Fe(III) species: implications for 4-tert-butylphenol degradation, J. Hazard. Mater., 322, 380, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.10.013 Usman, 2012, Application of magnetite-activated persulfate oxidation for the degradation of PAHs in contaminated soils, Chemosphere, 87, 234, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.01.001 Hussain, 2012, Degradation of p-chloroaniline by persulfate activated with zero-valent iron, Chem. Eng. J., 203, 269, 10.1016/j.cej.2012.06.120 Li, 2014, New insights into the role of zero-valent iron surface oxidation layers in persulfate oxidation of dibutyl phthalate solutions, Chem. Eng. J., 250, 137, 10.1016/j.cej.2014.03.092 Liu, 2012, Oxidative degradation of propachlor by ferrous and copper ion activated persulfate, Sci. Total Environ., 416, 507, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.004 Liu, 2016, Oxidation of benzene by persulfate in the presence of Fe(III)- and Mn(IV)-containing oxides: stoichiometric efficiency and transformation products, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 890, 10.1021/acs.est.5b04815 Rodriguez, 2014, Oxidation of Orange G by persulfate activated by Fe(II), Fe(III) and zero valent iron, Chemosphere, 101, 86, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.037 Li, 2014, Influence of particle size of zero-valent iron and dissolved silica on the reactivity of activated persulfate for degradation of acid orange 7, Chem. Eng. J., 237, 487, 10.1016/j.cej.2013.10.035 Xu, 2010, Degradation of azo dye Orange G in aqueous solutions by persulfate with ferrous ion, Sep. Purif. Technol., 72, 105, 10.1016/j.seppur.2010.01.012 Kusic, 2011, Iron-activated persulfate oxidation of an azo dye in model wastewater: influence of iron activator type on process optimization, J. Environ. Eng., 137, 454, 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000347 Zhu, 2013, Core–shell Fe–Fe2O3 nanostructures as effective persulfate activator for degradation of methyl orange, Sep. Purif. Technol., 108, 159, 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.02.016 Wordofa, 2017, Sulfate radical-induced disinfection of pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 via iron-activated persulfate, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 4, 154, 10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00035 Zhen, 2012, Enhanced dewaterability of sewage sludge in the presence of Fe(II)-activated persulfate oxidation, Bioresour. Technol., 116, 259, 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.170 Zhen, 2012, Novel insights into enhanced dewaterability of waste activated sludge by Fe(II)-activated persulfate oxidation, Bioresour. Technol., 119, 7, 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.115 Akbari, 2016, Bisphenol A degradation in aqueous solutions by electrogenerated ferrous ion activated ozone, hydrogen peroxide and persulfate: applying low current density for oxidation mechanism, Chem. Eng. J., 294, 298, 10.1016/j.cej.2016.02.106 Liang, 2004, Persulfate oxidation for in situ remediation of TCE. II. Activated by chelated ferrous ion, Chemosphere, 55, 1225, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.01.030 Yan, 2013, Removal effectiveness and mechanisms of naphthalene and heavy metals from artificially contaminated soil by iron chelate-activated persulfate, Environ. Pollut., 178, 15, 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.02.030 Wen, 2009, Biodegradation of rhamnolipid, EDTA and citric acid in cadmium and zinc contaminated soils, Soil Biol. Biochem., 41, 2214, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.08.006 Andrade, 2017, Performance of different oxidants in the presence of oxisol: Remediation of groundwater contaminated by gasoline/ethanol blend, Chem. Eng. J., 308, 428, 10.1016/j.cej.2016.09.069 Ike, 2017, Advanced oxidation of orange G using phosphonic acid stabilised zerovalent iron, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 5, 4014, 10.1016/j.jece.2017.07.069 Manoli, 2017, Enhanced oxidative transformation of organic contaminants by activation of ferrate(VI): Possible involvement of Fe V /Fe IV species, Chem. Eng. J., 307, 513, 10.1016/j.cej.2016.08.109 Sharma, 2015, Ferrates: greener oxidants with multimodal action in water treatment technologies, Acc. Chem. Res., 48, 182, 10.1021/ar5004219 Liang, 2009, pH dependence of persulfate activation by EDTA/Fe(III) for degradation of trichloroethylene, J. Contam. Hydrol., 106, 173, 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2009.02.008 Bartlett, 1949, The kinetics of the decomposition of potassium persulfate in aqueous solutions of methanol, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 71, 1419, 10.1021/ja01172a078 Fang, 2013, Activation of persulfate by quinones: free radical reactions and implication for the degradation of PCBs, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 4605, 10.1021/es400262n Stefansson, 2007, Iron(III) Hydrolysis and Solubility at 25 °C, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 6117, 10.1021/es070174h Hem, 1959 Deng, 2013, Zero-valent iron/persulfate(Fe0/PS) oxidation acetaminophen in water, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 11, 881, 10.1007/s13762-013-0284-2 Wei, 2016, Zero-valent iron (ZVI) activation of persulfate (PS) for oxidation of bentazon in water, Chem. Eng. J., 285, 660, 10.1016/j.cej.2015.08.120 Oh, 2009, Oxidation of polyvinyl alcohol by persulfate activated with heat, Fe2+, and zero-valent iron, J. Hazard. Mater., 168, 346, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.065 Li, 2015, Heterogeneous Fenton oxidation of 2,4-dichlorophenol using iron-based nanoparticles and persulfate system, Chem. Eng. J., 264, 587, 10.1016/j.cej.2014.11.128 Oh, 2010, Degradation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene by persulfate activated with zero-valent iron, Sci. Total Environ., 408, 3464, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.04.032 Rodriguez, 2017, Oxidation of priority and emerging pollutants with persulfate activated by iron: effect of iron valence and particle size, Chem. Eng. J., 318, 197, 10.1016/j.cej.2016.06.057 Law, 2006 Duan, 2015, Insights into heterogeneous catalysis of persulfate activation on dimensional-structured nanocarbons, ACS Catal., 5, 4629, 10.1021/acscatal.5b00774 E. Hayon, A. Treinin, J. Wilf, Electronic Spectra, Photochemistry, and Autoxidation Mechanism of the Sulfite-Bisulfite-Pyrosulfite Systems. The SO,-, SO,-, SO,-, and SO,- Radicals, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 94 (1972) 47–57. Ike, 2017, Effects of dope sonication and hydrophilic polymer addition on the properties of low pressure PVDF mixed matrix membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 540, 200, 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.06.056 Crane, 2012, Nanoscale zero-valent iron: future prospects for an emerging water treatment technology, J. Hazard. Mater., 211–212, 112, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.11.073 C.D.M. Donega, Nanoparticles, the workhorses of nanoscience, Springer, Heidelberg, 2014. Al-Shamsi, 2013, Iron based bimetallic nanoparticles to activate peroxygens, Chem. Eng. J., 232, 555, 10.1016/j.cej.2013.07.109 H.T. Madsen, Membrane Filtration in Water Treatment – Removal of Micropollutants, in: Chemistry of Advanced Environmental Purification Processes of Water, Elsevier B.V., 2014, pp. 199-248. Yan, 2011, Degradation of sulfamonomethoxine with Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles as heterogeneous activator of persulfate, J. Hazard. Mater., 186, 1398, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.017 Marsac, 2016, Oxolinic acid binding at goethite and akaganéite surfaces: experimental study and modeling, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 660, 10.1021/acs.est.5b04940 Do, 2010, Effect of metal oxides on the reactivity of persulfate/Fe(II) in the remediation of diesel-contaminated soil and sand, J. Hazard. Mater., 182, 933, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.06.068 Ahmad, 2010, Persulfate activation by subsurface minerals, J. Contam. Hydrol., 115, 34, 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2010.04.002 Teel, 2011, Persulfate activation by naturally occurring trace minerals, J. Hazard. Mater., 196, 153, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.09.011 Usman, 2012, Application of magnetite catalyzed chemical oxidation (Fenton-like and persulfate) for the remediation of oil hydrocarbon contamination, Fuel, 96, 270, 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.01.017 Yan, 2013, Oxidative decomposition of organic pollutants by using persulfate with ferrous hydroxide colloids as efficient heterogeneous activator, Sep. Purif. Technol., 106, 8, 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.12.012 Liang, 2013, Oxidative degradation of p-chloroaniline by copper oxidate activated persulfate, Chem. Eng. J., 218, 384, 10.1016/j.cej.2012.11.093 Jo, 2014, Persulfate activation by iron oxide-immobilized MnO2 composite: identification of iron oxide and the optimum pH for degradations, Chemosphere, 95, 550, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.010 Hazime, 2014, Comparative study of imazalil degradation in three systems: UV/TiO2, UV/K2S2O8 and UV/TiO2/K2S2O8, Appl. Catal., B, 144, 286, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.07.001 Taha, 2016, Degradation of boscalid by nitrogen-doped/undoped TiO 2 and persulfate ions using different activation conditions and the identification of its main degradation products using LC/MS/MS, Chem. Eng. J., 288, 845, 10.1016/j.cej.2015.12.053 Ismail, 2017, Elimination of sulfaclozine from water with SO 4 − radicals: Evaluation of different persulfate activation methods, Appl. Catal., B, 201, 573, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.08.046 Lin, 2016, Degradations of acetaminophen via a K2S2O8-doped TiO2 photocatalyst under visible light irradiation, Chemosphere, 155, 388, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.059 Ike, 2017, Nanoparticle incorporation into desalination and water treatment membranes—potential advantages and challenges, 261 Arslan-Alaton, 2017, Oxidative degradation of Triton X-45 using zero valent aluminum in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, persulfate and peroxymonosulfate, Catal. Today, 280, 199, 10.1016/j.cattod.2016.04.039 Arslan-Alaton, 2017, Removal of iopamidol, an iodinated X-ray contrast medium, by zero-valent aluminum-activated H 2 O 2 and S 2 O 8 2−, Chem. Eng. J., 318, 64, 10.1016/j.cej.2016.05.021 Lee, 2016, Activation of persulfates by graphitized nanodiamonds for removal of organic compounds, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 10134, 10.1021/acs.est.6b02079 Duan, 2016, Surface controlled generation of reactive radicals from persulfate by carbocatalysis on nanodiamonds, Appl. Catal., B, 194, 7, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.04.043 Lin, 2011, Feasibility study of ultraviolet activated persulfate oxidation of phenol, Chemosphere, 82, 1168, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.027 Ghauch, 2012, Ibuprofen removal by heated persulfate in aqueous solution: A kinetics study, Chem. Eng. J., 197, 483, 10.1016/j.cej.2012.05.051 Sun, 2014, Catalytic oxidation of organic pollutants on pristine and surface nitrogen-modified carbon nanotubes with sulfate radicals, Appl. Catal., B, 154–155, 134, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.02.012 Lee, 2015, Activation of persulfates by carbon nanotubes: Oxidation of organic compounds by nonradical mechanism, Chem. Eng. J., 266, 28, 10.1016/j.cej.2014.12.065 Girardello, 2015, Effects of carbon nanotube environmental dispersion on an aquatic invertebrate, Hirudo medicinalis, PLoS One, 10, e0144361, 10.1371/journal.pone.0144361 Lee, 2013, Promoted degradation of perfluorooctanic acid by persulfate when adding activated carbon, J. Hazard. Mater., 261, 463, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.054 Yang, 2011, Activated carbon catalyzed persulfate oxidation of Azo dye acid orange 7 at ambient temperature, J. Hazard. Mater., 186, 659, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.057 Pu, 2014, Fe/S doped granular activated carbon as a highly active heterogeneous persulfate catalyst toward the degradation of Orange G and diethyl phthalate, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 418, 330, 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.12.034 Liang, 2009, Treatment of trichloroethylene by adsorption and persulfate oxidation in batch studies, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 48, 8373, 10.1021/ie900841k Ahmad, 2013, Mechanism of persulfate activation by phenols, Environ Sci Technol, 47, 5864, 10.1021/es400728c A.M. Ocampo, Persulfate Activation by Organic Compounds, in: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, 2009. Tan, 2013, Degradation of antipyrine by heat activated persulfate, Sep. Purif. Technol., 109, 122, 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.03.003 Chen, 2016, Degradation of p-Nitrophenol by thermally activated persulfate in soil system, Chem. Eng. J., 283, 1357, 10.1016/j.cej.2015.08.107 Furman, 2010, Mechanism of base activation of persulfate, Environ. Sci. Technol., 6423, 10.1021/es1013714 Furman, 2011, Effect of basicity on persulfate reactivity, J. Environ. Eng., 137, 241, 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000323 Chandra Singh, 1976, Decomposition of peroxodisulphate in aqueous alkaline solution, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 38, 541, 10.1016/0022-1902(76)80300-4 Liang, 2009, Identification of sulfate and hydroxyl radicals in thermally activated persulfate, Ind. Eng. Chem., 48, 5558, 10.1021/ie9002848 Matzek, 2016, Activated persulfate for organic chemical degradation: a review, Chemosphere, 151, 178, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.055 Goulden, 2002, Kinetics of uncatalyzed peroxydisulfate oxidation of organic material in fresh water, Anal. Chem., 50, 953, 10.1021/ac50029a032 Lee, 2009, Efficient decomposition of perfluorocarboxylic acids in aqueous solution using microwave-induced persulfate, Water Res., 43, 2811, 10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.052 Deng, 2011, Sulfate radical-advanced oxidation process (SR-AOP) for simultaneous removal of refractory organic contaminants and ammonia in landfill leachate, Water Res., 45, 6189, 10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.015 Liang, 2007, Influence of pH on persulfate oxidation of TCE at ambient temperatures, Chemosphere, 66, 106, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.026 Yu, 2004, Free Radical Reactions Involving Cl•, Cl2-•, and SO4-• in the 248 nm Photolysis of Aqueous Solutions Containing S2O82- and Cl-, J. Phys. Chem. A, 108, 295, 10.1021/jp036211i Huang, 2005, Degradation of volatile organic compounds with thermally activated persulfate oxidation, Chemosphere, 61, 551, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.02.032 Huang, 2002, Kinetics of heat-assisted persulfate oxidation of methyl tert-butyl ether, Chemosphere, 49, 413, 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00330-2 Deng, 2014, Impact of activation methods on persulfate oxidation of methyl tert-butyl ether, J. Hazard. Mater., 264, 521, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.10.042 Tan, 2012, Heat-activated persulfate oxidation of diuron in water, Chem. Eng. J., 203, 294, 10.1016/j.cej.2012.07.005 Ghauch, 2012, Methylene blue discoloration by heated persulfate in aqueous solution, Chem. Eng. J., 213, 259, 10.1016/j.cej.2012.09.122 Ghauch, 2012, Oxidation of bisoprolol in heated persulfate/H2O systems: Kinetics and products, Chem. Eng. J., 183, 162, 10.1016/j.cej.2011.12.048 Zhao, 2013, Effect and mechanism of persulfate activated by different methods for PAHs removal in soil, J. Hazard. Mater., 254–255, 228, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.03.056 Marcus, 2006, Ion Pairing, Chem. Rev., 106, 4585, 10.1021/cr040087x Hori, 2008, Efficient decomposition of perfluorocarboxylic acids and alternative fluorochemical surfactants in hot water, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 7438, 10.1021/es800832p Tsao, 1959, The aqueous chemistry of inorganic free radicals. I. The mechanism of the photolytic decomposition of aqueous persulfate ion and evidence regarding the sulfate-hydroxyl radical interconversion equilibrium, J. Phys. Chem., 63, 346, 10.1021/j150573a006 (!!! INVALID CITATION !!!). Xu, 2012, Potassium persulfate promoted catalytic wet oxidation of fulvic acid as a model organic compound in landfill leachate with activated carbon, Chem. Eng. J., 200–202, 25, 10.1016/j.cej.2012.06.029 Stijepovic, 2011, Optimal waste heat recovery and reuse in industrial zones, Energy, 36, 4019 Law, 2013, Opportunities for low-grade heat recovery in the UK food processing industry, Appl. Therm. Eng., 53, 188, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.03.024 Garimella, 2012, Low-grade waste heat recovery for simultaneous chilled and hot water generation, Appl. Therm. Eng., 42, 191, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.07.051 Pulat, 2009, Waste-heat recovery potential in Turkish textile industry: Case study for city of Bursa, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 13, 663, 10.1016/j.rser.2007.10.002 Shih, 2013, Application of UV/persulfate oxidation process for mineralization of 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propanol, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., 44, 287, 10.1016/j.jtice.2012.10.005 Luo, 2016, Oxidation of the odorous compound 2,4,6-trichloroanisole by UV activated persulfate: Kinetics, products, and pathways, Water Res, 96, 12, 10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.039 Wang, 2014, Oxidative degradation of TMAH solution with UV persulfate activation, Chem. Eng. J., 254, 472, 10.1016/j.cej.2014.05.116 T.K. Lau, A. Wei Chu, N.J.D. Graham‡, The aqueous degradation of butylated hydroxyanisole by UV/S2O82-: study of reaction mechanisms via dimerization and mineralization, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41 (2007) 613–619. Salari, 2009, The photooxidative destruction of C.I. Basic Yellow 2 using UV/S2O8(2-) process in a rectangular continuous photoreactor, J. Hazard. Mater., 166, 61, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.11.039 Gao, 2012, Ultraviolet (UV) light-activated persulfate oxidation of sulfamethazine in water, Chem. Eng. J., 195–196, 248, 10.1016/j.cej.2012.04.084 An, 2015, UV-activated persulfate oxidation and regeneration of NOM-Saturated granular activated carbon, Water Res., 73, 304, 10.1016/j.watres.2015.01.040 Chen, 2017, UV/persulfate preoxidation to improve coagulation efficiency of Microcystis aeruginosa, J. Hazard. Mater., 322, 508, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.10.017 Chu, 2015, The control of emerging haloacetamide DBP precursors with UV/persulfate treatment, Water Res., 72, 340, 10.1016/j.watres.2014.09.019 He, 2013, Destruction of cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin by hydroxyl radicals and sulfate radicals using UV-254nm activation of hydrogen peroxide, persulfate and peroxymonosulfate, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 251, 160, 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2012.09.017 Wang, 2017, Sodium persulfate based PVDF membrane for concurrent advanced oxidation and ultrafiltration of ofloxacin in water, Chem. Eng. J., 315, 509, 10.1016/j.cej.2017.01.059 Lutze, 2014, Formation of bromate in sulfate radical based oxidation: mechanistic aspects and suppression by dissolved organic matter, Water Res., 53, 370, 10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.001 Herrmann, 2007, On the photolysis of simple anions and neutral molecules as sources of O-/OH, SO(x)- and Cl in aqueous solution, PCCP, 9, 3935, 10.1039/B618565G Lin, 2014, UV/S2O82− process for degrading polyvinyl alcohol in aqueous solutions, Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif., 85, 209, 10.1016/j.cep.2014.08.012 Guo, 2014, Enhanced degradation of Tetrabromobisphenol A in water by a UV/base/persulfate system: kinetics and intermediates, Chem. Eng. J., 254, 538, 10.1016/j.cej.2014.05.143 Scanlon, 2017, The food-energy-water nexus: transforming science for society, Water Resour. Res., 53, 3550, 10.1002/2017WR020889 Toor, 2007, UV-H2O2 based AOP and its integration with biological activated carbon treatment for DBP reduction in drinking water, Chemosphere, 66, 2087, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.09.043 Wei, 2017, Kinetics and mechanism of ultrasonic activation of persulfate: an in situ EPR spin trapping study, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 3410, 10.1021/acs.est.6b05392 Wang, 2016, Removal of carbamazepine from aqueous solution using sono-activated persulfate process, Ultrason. Sonochem., 29, 156, 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.09.008 Darsinou, 2015, Sono-activated persulfate oxidation of bisphenol A: kinetics, pathways and the controversial role of temperature, Chem. Eng. J., 280, 623, 10.1016/j.cej.2015.06.061 Li, 2016, Simultaneous degradation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane and solvent stabilizer 1,4-dioxane by a sono-activated persulfate process, Chem. Eng. J., 284, 750, 10.1016/j.cej.2015.08.153 Chakma, 2017, Mechanistic investigations in sono-hybrid (ultrasound/Fe2+/UVC) techniques of persulfate activation for degradation of Azorubine, Ultrason. Sonochem., 38, 652, 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.08.015 Neta, 1977, Rate constants and mechanism of reaction of SO4*- with aromatic compounds, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 99, 163, 10.1021/ja00443a030 Paul (Guin), 2014, Studies on oxidative radiolysis of ibuprofen in presence of potassium persulfate, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 100, 38, 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2014.03.016 Tsitonaki, 2008, Effects of heat-activated persulfate oxidation on soil microorganisms, Water Res, 42, 1013, 10.1016/j.watres.2007.09.018 Johnson, 2008, Persulfate persistence under thermal activation conditions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 9350, 10.1021/es8019462 Feng, 2016, Red mud powders as low-cost and efficient catalysts for persulfate activation: pathways and reusability of mineralizing sulfadiazine, Sep. Purif. Technol., 167, 136, 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.04.051 I.D. Ferreira, T. Prieto, J.G. Freitas, N.R. Thomson, I.L. Nantes, E.J.H. Bechara, Natural Persulfate Activation for Anthracene Remediation in Tropical Environments, Water Air Soil Pollut., 228 (2017). Sra, 2013, Persulfate injection into a gasoline source zone, J. Contam. Hydrol., 150, 35, 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2013.03.007 Waclawek, 2016, The impact of peroxydisulphate and peroxymonosulphate on disintegration and settleability of activated sludge, Environ. Technol., 37, 1296, 10.1080/09593330.2015.1112434 Zhang, 2014, Removal of COD from landfill leachate by an electro/Fe2+/peroxydisulfate process, Chem. Eng. J., 250, 76, 10.1016/j.cej.2014.03.114 Amra, 2013, Pretreatment of stabilized leachate using ozone/persulfate oxidation process, Chem. Eng. J., 221, 492, 10.1016/j.cej.2013.02.038 Khan, 2010, Absorption and oxidation of nitric oxide (NO) by aqueous solutions of sodium persulfate in a bubble column reactor, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 49, 8749, 10.1021/ie100607u Adewuyi, 2013, Simultaneous absorption and oxidation of nitric oxide and sulfur dioxide by aqueous solutions of sodium persulfate activated by temperature, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 52, 11702, 10.1021/ie401649s Little, 2011, Comparative assessment of alternative cycles for waste heat recovery and upgrade, Energy, 36, 4492, 10.1016/j.energy.2011.03.069 Binnie, 2013 Saien, 2011, Homogeneous and heterogeneous AOPs for rapid degradation of Triton X-100 in aqueous media via UV light, nano titania hydrogen peroxide and potassium persulfate, Chem. Eng. J., 167, 172, 10.1016/j.cej.2010.12.017 H. Lutze, Sulfate radical based oxidation in water treatment, doctoral thesis: Institute of Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, university Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 2013. Ahn, 2013, Disinfection of ballast water with iron activated persulfate, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 11717, 10.1021/es402508k Xia, 2017, Activation of persulfates by natural magnetic pyrrhotite for water disinfection: Efficiency, mechanisms, and stability, Water Res., 112, 236, 10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.052 WHO, Iron in drinking-water, in: Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/iron.pdf, 2003. WHO, Silver in drinking-water, in: Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/silver.pdf, 2003. WHO, Copper in Drinking-water, in: Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/copper.pdf, 2004. WHO, Manganese in Drinking-water, in: Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/manganese.pdf, 2011. WHO, Sulfate in drinking-water, in: Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/sulfate.pdf, 2004. Fujioka, 2012, N-nitrosamine removal by reverse osmosis for indirect potable water reuse – a critical review based on observations from laboratory-, pilot- and full-scale studies, Sep. Purif. Technol., 98, 503, 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.07.025 Wintgens, 2005, The role of membrane processes in municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse, Desalination, 178, 1, 10.1016/j.desal.2004.12.014 Alturki, 2010, Combining MBR and NF/RO membrane filtration for the removal of trace organics in indirect potable water reuse applications, J. Membr. Sci., 365, 206, 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.09.008 Bixio, 2006, Wastewater reuse in Europe, Desalination, 187, 89, 10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.070 Guo, 2012, A mini-review on membrane fouling, Bioresour. Technol., 122, 27, 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.089 Fujioka, 2013, Rejection of small and uncharged chemicals of emerging concern by reverse osmosis membranes: The role of free volume space within the active skin layer, Sep. Purif. Technol., 116, 426, 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.06.015 Ganiyu, 2015, Coupling of membrane filtration and advanced oxidation processes for removal of pharmaceutical residues: a critical review, Sep. Purif. Technol., 156, 891, 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.09.059