Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) and Cardiovascular Complications

Johns Hopkins University and Medicine. COVID-19 dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins. Available at: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html. Accessed April 15. Guo, 2020, Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), JAMA Cardiol, 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1017 Wu, 2020, Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, JAMA, 10.1001/jama.2020.2648 Zhu, 2020, A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019, N Engl J Med, 382, 727, 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017 Lu, 2020, Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: Implications for virus origins and receptor binding, Lancet, 395, 565, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8 Hamming, 2004, Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis, J Pathol, 203, 631, 10.1002/path.1570 Hoffmann, 2020, SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor, Cell, 181, 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052 Cilli, 2018, Acute cardiac events in severe community-acquired pneumonia: A multicenter study, Clin Respir J, 12, 2212, 10.1111/crj.12791 Corrales-Medina, 2012, Cardiac complications in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: Incidence, timing, risk factors, and association with short-term mortality, Circulation, 125, 773, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.040766 Corrales-medina, 2011, Cardiac complications in patients with community- acquired pneumonia : A systematic review and meta- analysis of observational studies, PLoS Med, 8, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001048 Musher, 2007, The association between pneumococcal pneumonia and acute cardiac events, Clin Infect Dis, 45, 58, 10.1086/518849 Viasus, 2013, Risk stratification and prognosis of acute cardiac events in hospitalized adults with community-acquired pneumonia, J Infect, 66, 27, 10.1016/j.jinf.2012.09.003 Corrales-Medina, 2015, Association between hospitalizaiton for pneumonia and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease, JAMA, 313, 264, 10.1001/jama.2014.18229 Cangemi, 2015, Relation of cardiac complications in the early phase of community-acquired pneumonia to long-term mortality and cardiovascular events, Am J Cardiol, 116, 647, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.05.028 Yu, 2006, Cardiovascular complications of severe acute respiratory syndrome, Postgrad Med J, 82, 140, 10.1136/pgmj.2005.037515 Li, 2003, Left ventricular performance in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: A 30-day echocardiographic follow-up study, Circulation, 108, 1798, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000094737.21775.32 Alhogbani, 2016, Acute myocarditis associated with novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Ann Saudi Med, 36, 78, 10.5144/0256-4947.2016.78 Wang, 2020, Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China, JAMA, 323, 1601, 10.1001/jama.2020.1585 Huang, 2020, Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China, Lancet, 395, 497, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5 Guan, 2020, Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China, N Engl J Med, 382, 1708, 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032 Shi, 2020, Host susceptibility to severe COVID-19 and establishment of a host risk score: Findings of 487 cases outside Wuhan, Crit Care, 24, 108, 10.1186/s13054-020-2833-7 Shi, 2020, Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, JAMA Cardiol, 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950 Yang, 2020, Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A single-centered, retrospective, observational study, Lancet Respir Med, 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5 Chen, 2020, Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: Retrospective study, BMJ, 10.1136/bmj.m1091 Lippi, 2020, Cardiac troponin I in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Evidence from a meta-analysis, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 10.1016/j.pcad.2020.03.001 Inciardi, 2020, Cardiac involvement in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), JAMA Cardiol, 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1096 Hu, 2020, Coronavirus fulminant mypcarditis saved with glucocorticoid and human immunoglobulin, Eur Heart J Restrepo, 2018, Pneumonia as a cardiovascular disease, Respirology, 23, 250, 10.1111/resp.13233 Bhatraju, 2020, Covid-19 in critically ill patients in the Seattle region - case series, N Engl J Med, 10.1056/NEJMoa2004500 Xu, 2020, Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome, Lancet Respir Med, 8, 420, 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30076-X Oudit, 2009, SARS-coronavirus modulation of myocardial ACE2 expression and inflammation in patients with SARS, Eur J Clin Invest, 39, 618, 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02153.x Zhang, 2020, The continuous evolution and dissemination of 2019 novel human coronavirus, J Infect Chen, 2020, Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study, Lancet, 395, 507, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7 Sun, 2020, Clinical features of severe pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan: A single center's observational study, World J Pediatr, 10.1007/s12519-020-00354-4 Fang, 2017, Systemic inflammation is associated with myocardial fibrosis, diastolic dysfunction, and cardiac hypertrophy in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Am J Transl Res, 9, 5063 Eskandari, 2018, Gene expression and levels of IL-6 and TNFα in PBMCs correlate with severity and functional class in patients with chronic heart failure, Ir J Med Sci, 187, 359, 10.1007/s11845-017-1680-2 Janczewski, 2003, Morphological and functional changes in cardiac myocytes isolated from mice overexpressing TNF-α, Am J Physiol Hear Circ Physiol, 284, H960, 10.1152/ajpheart.0718.2001 Dibbs, 2003, Targeted overexpression of transmembrane tumor necrosis factor provokes a concentric cardiac hypertrophic phenotype, Circulation, 108, 1002, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000085203.46621.F4 Fanola, 2017, Interleukin-6 and the risk of adverse outcomes in patients after an acute coronary syndrome: Observations from the SOLID-TIMI 52 (Stabilization of Plaque Using Darapladib-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 52) trial, J Am Heart Assoc, 6, 10.1161/JAHA.117.005637 Held, 2017, Inflammatory biomarkers interleukin-6 and c-reactive protein and outcomes in stable coronary heart disease: Experiences from the STABILITY (Stabilization of Atherosclerotic Plaque by Initiation of Darapladib Therapy) trial, J Am Heart Assoc, 6, 10.1161/JAHA.116.005077 Zarrouk-Mahjoub, 2016, Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in post-infarction left ventricular remodeling, Int J Cardiol, 221, 632, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.073 Cavusoglu, 2015, Elevated baseline plasma IL-8 levels are an independent predictor of long-term all-cause mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome, Atherosclerosis, 242, 589, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.08.022 Izumi, 2012, Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in acute myocarditis, Interleukin-10. Herz, 37, 627, 10.1007/s00059-012-3661-6 Santoro, 2016, Serum interleukin 6 and 10 levels in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: Increased admission levels may predict adverse events at follow-up, Atherosclerosis, 254, 28, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.09.012 Madjid, 2007, Systemic infections cause exaggerated local inflammation in atherosclerotic coronary arteries: Clues to the triggering effect of acute infections on acute coronary syndromes, Texas Hear Inst J, 34, 11 Milbrandt, 2009, Prevalence and significance of coagulation abnormalities in community-acquired pneumonia, Mol Med, 15, 438, 10.2119/molmed.2009.00091 Modica, 2007, Platelet aggregation and aspirin non-responsiveness increase when an acute coronary syndrome is complicated by an infection, J Thromb Haemost, 5, 507, 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02378.x Corrales-Medina, 2013, Acute pneumonia and the cardiovascular system, Lancet, 381, 496, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61266-5 Kumar, 1970, Hemodynamic effects of pneumonia. I. Normal and hypodynamic response, J Clin Invest, 49, 791, 10.1172/JCI106293 Kumar, 1970, Hemodynamic effects of pneumonia. II. Expansion of plasma volume, J Clin Invest, 49, 799, 10.1172/JCI106293 Dreyfuss, 1988, Acute infectious pneumonia is accompanied by a latent vasopressin-dependent impairment of renal water excretion, Am Rev Respir Dis, 138, 583, 10.1164/ajrccm/138.3.583 Wrapp, 2020, Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation, Science, 367, 1260, 10.1126/science.abb2507 Kuba, 2005, A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury, Nat Med, 11, 875, 10.1038/nm1267 Vaduganathan, 2020, Renin – angiotensin – aldosterone aystem inhibitors in patients with Covid-19, N Engl J Med, 382, 1653, 10.1056/NEJMsr2005760 Wang, 2020, Comorbidities and multi-organ injuries in the treatment of COVID-19, Lancet, 395, e52, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30558-4 Akram, 2010, Incidence and prognostic implications of acute kidney injury on admission in patients with community-acquired pneumonia, Chest, 138, 825, 10.1378/chest.09-3071 Mortensen, 2007, Impact of previous statin and angiotensin II receptor blocker use on mortality in patients hospitalized with sepsis, Pharmacotherapy, 27, 1619, 10.1592/phco.27.12.1619 Myles, 2009, The impact of statins, ACE inhibitors and gastric acid suppressants on pneumonia mortality in a UK general practice population cohort, Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 18, 697, 10.1002/pds.1769 Chalmers, 2008, Prior statin use is associated with improved outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia, Am J Med, 121, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.06.030 Shah, 2014, Risk of hospitalization for community acquired pneumonia with renin-angiotensin blockade in elderly patients: A population-based study, PLoS One, 9, 10.1371/journal.pone.0110165 Falagas, 2007, Arrhythmias associated with fluoroquinolone therapy, Int J Antimicrob Agents, 29, 374, 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.11.011 Gao, 2020, Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies, Biosci Trends, 14, 72, 10.5582/bst.2020.01047 Gautret, 2020, Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: Results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial, Int J Antimicrob Agents, 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949 Chatre, 2018, Cardiac complications attributed to chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine: A systematic review of the literature, Drug Saf, 41, 919, 10.1007/s40264-018-0689-4 Gabay, 2013, Tocilizumab monotherapy versus adalimumab monotherapy for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (ADACTA): A randomised, double-blind, controlled phase 4 trial, Lancet, 381, 1540, 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60250-0 Qiu, 2019, Baricitinib induces LDL-C and HDL-C increases in rheumatoid arthritis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Lipids Health Dis, 18, 54, 10.1186/s12944-019-0994-7 Stockman, 2006, SARS: Systematic review of treatment effects, PLoS Med, 3, e343, 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030343 Arabi, 2018, Corticosteroid therapy for critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 197, 757, 10.1164/rccm.201706-1172OC Ni, 2019, The effect of corticosteroids on mortality of patients with influenza pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Crit Care, 23, 99, 10.1186/s13054-019-2395-8 Russell, 2020, Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury, Lancet, 395, 473, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30317-2