Current concept of reverse cholesterol transport and novel strategy for atheroprotection

Baigent, 2005, Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins, Lancet, 366, 1267, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67394-1 Kearney, 2008, Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18,686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a meta-analysis, Lancet, 371, 117, 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60104-X Baigent, 2010, Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials, Lancet, 376, 1670, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61350-5 Barter, 2007, HDL cholesterol, very low levels of LDL cholesterol, and cardiovascular events, N Engl J Med, 357, 1301, 10.1056/NEJMoa064278 Gordon, 1989, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies, Circulation, 79, 8, 10.1161/01.CIR.79.1.8 Barter, 2007, Effects of torcetrapib in patients at high risk for coronary events, N Engl J Med, 357, 2109, 10.1056/NEJMoa0706628 Boden, 2011, Niacin in patients with low HDL cholesterol levels receiving intensive statin therapy, N Engl J Med, 365, 2255, 10.1056/NEJMoa1107579 Vaisar, 2007, Shotgun proteomics implicates protease inhibition and complement activation in the antiinflammatory properties of HDL, J Clin Invest, 117, 746, 10.1172/JCI26206 Besler, 2011, Mechanisms underlying adverse effects of HDL on eNOS-activating pathways in patients with coronary artery disease, J Clin Invest, 121, 2693, 10.1172/JCI42946 Tamehiro, 2007, Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2- and liver X receptor-driven dual promoter regulation of hepatic ABC transporter A1 gene expression: mechanism underlying the unique response to cellular cholesterol status, J Biol Chem, 282, 21090, 10.1074/jbc.M701228200 Maejima, 2004, Effect of pitavastatin on apolipoprotein A-I production in HepG2 cell, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 324, 835, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.122 Berge, 1991, Coronary drug project: experience with niacin. Coronary Drug Project Research Group, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 40, S49, 10.1007/BF03216290 Kamanna, 2000, Mechanism of action of niacin on lipoprotein metabolism, Curr Atheroscler Rep, 2, 36, 10.1007/s11883-000-0093-1 Guyton, 2007, Safety considerations with niacin therapy, Am J Cardiol, 99, 22C, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.11.018 Glomset, 1964, Some properties of a cholesterol esterifying enzyme in human plasma, Biochim Biophys Acta, 89, 266 Glomset, 1968, The plasma lecithins:cholesterol acyltransferase reaction, J Lipid Res, 9, 155, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)43114-1 Wang, 2007, In vivo reverse cholesterol transport from macrophages lacking ABCA1 expression is impaired, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 27, 1837, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.146068 Wang, 2007, Macrophage ABCA1 and ABCG1, but not SR-BI, promote macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in vivo, J Clin Invest, 117, 2216, 10.1172/JCI32057 Zanotti, 2011, Macrophage, but not systemic, apolipoprotein E is necessary for macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in vivo, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 31, 74, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.213892 Larrede, 2009, Stimulation of cholesterol efflux by LXR agonists in cholesterol-loaded human macrophages is ABCA1-dependent but ABCG1-independent, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 29, 1930, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.194548 Zhang, 2003, Overexpression of apolipoprotein A-I promotes reverse transport of cholesterol from macrophages to feces in vivo, Circulation, 108, 661, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000086981.09834.E0 Alexander, 2009, Macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in mice expressing ApoA-I Milano, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 29, 1496, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.191379 Navab, 2004, Oral D-4F causes formation of pre-beta high-density lipoprotein and improves high-density lipoprotein-mediated cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport from macrophages in apolipoprotein E-null mice, Circulation, 109, 3215, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000134275.90823.87 Amar, 2010, 5A apolipoprotein mimetic peptide promotes cholesterol efflux and reduces atherosclerosis in mice, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 334, 634, 10.1124/jpet.110.167890 Bielicki, 2010, A new HDL mimetic peptide that stimulates cellular cholesterol efflux with high efficiency greatly reduces atherosclerosis in mice, J Lipid Res, 51, 1496, 10.1194/jlr.M003665 Rader, 1994, Markedly accelerated catabolism of apolipoprotein A-II (ApoA-II) and high density lipoproteins containing ApoA-II in classic lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency and fish-eye disease, J Clin Invest, 93, 321, 10.1172/JCI116962 Alexander, 2011, Influence of apolipoprotein A-I domain structure on macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in mice, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 31, 320, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.216226 Jin, 2007, Hepatic proprotein convertases modulate HDL metabolism, Cell Metab, 6, 129, 10.1016/j.cmet.2007.07.009 Kozarsky, 1997, Overexpression of the HDL receptor SR-BI alters plasma HDL and bile cholesterol levels, Nature, 387, 414, 10.1038/387414a0 Wang, 1998, Liver-specific overexpression of scavenger receptor BI decreases levels of very low density lipoprotein ApoB, low density lipoprotein ApoB, and high density lipoprotein in transgenic mice, J Biol Chem, 273, 32920, 10.1074/jbc.273.49.32920 Ueda, 1999, Lower plasma levels and accelerated clearance of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and non-HDL cholesterol in scavenger receptor class B type I transgenic mice, J Biol Chem, 274, 7165, 10.1074/jbc.274.11.7165 Zhang, 2005, Hepatic expression of scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is a positive regulator of macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in vivo, J Clin Invest, 115, 2870, 10.1172/JCI25327 Fabre, 2006, Cell surface adenylate kinase activity regulates the F(1)-ATPase/P2Y (13)-mediated HDL endocytosis pathway on human hepatocytes, Cell Mol Life Sci, 63, 2829, 10.1007/s00018-006-6325-y Yamanashi, 2011, NPC2 regulates biliary cholesterol secretion via stimulation of ABCG5/G8-mediated cholesterol transport, Gastroenterology, 140, 1664, 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.01.050 Garcia-Calvo, 2005, The target of ezetimibe is Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1), Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102, 8132, 10.1073/pnas.0500269102 Laffitte, 2001, LXRs control lipid-inducible expression of the apolipoprotein E gene in macrophages and adipocytes, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 98, 507, 10.1073/pnas.98.2.507 Chisholm, 2003, The LXR ligand T0901317 induces severe lipogenesis in the db/db diabetic mouse, J Lipid Res, 44, 2039, 10.1194/jlr.M300135-JLR200 Joseph, 2002, Synthetic LXR ligand inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in mice, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99, 7604, 10.1073/pnas.112059299 Repa, 2000, Regulation of mouse sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c gene (SREBP-1c) by oxysterol receptors, LXRalpha and LXRbeta, Genes Dev, 14, 2819, 10.1101/gad.844900 Katz, 2009, Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of single doses of LXR-623, a novel liver X-receptor agonist, in healthy participants, J Clin Pharmacol, 49, 643, 10.1177/0091270009335768 Peng, 2008, Antiatherosclerotic effects of a novel synthetic tissue-selective steroidal liver X receptor agonist in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 327, 332, 10.1124/jpet.108.142687 Quinet, 2009, LXR ligand lowers LDL cholesterol in primates, is lipid neutral in hamster, and reduces atherosclerosis in mouse, J Lipid Res, 50, 2358, 10.1194/jlr.M900037-JLR200 Nakaya, 2011, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha activation promotes macrophage reverse cholesterol transport through a liver X receptor-dependent pathway, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 31, 1276, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.225383 Lee, 2006, FXR, a multipurpose nuclear receptor, Trends Biochem Sci, 31, 572, 10.1016/j.tibs.2006.08.002 Rayner, 2010, MiR-33 contributes to the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, Science, 328, 1570, 10.1126/science.1189862 Najafi-Shoushtari, 2010, MicroRNA-33 and the SREBP host genes cooperate to control cholesterol homeostasis, Science, 328, 1566, 10.1126/science.1189123 Marquart, 2010, miR-33 links SREBP-2 induction to repression of sterol transporters, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 107, 12228, 10.1073/pnas.1005191107 Horie, 2010, MicroRNA-33 encoded by an intron of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (Srebp2) regulates HDL in vivo, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 107, 17321, 10.1073/pnas.1008499107 Rayner, 2011, Antagonism of miR-33 in mice promotes reverse cholesterol transport and regression of atherosclerosis, J Clin Invest, 121, 2921, 10.1172/JCI57275 Kim, 1998, Nutritional and insulin regulation of fatty acid synthetase and leptin gene expression through ADD1/SREBP1, J Clin Invest, 101, 1, 10.1172/JCI1411 Chen, 2004, Central role for liver X receptor in insulin-mediated activation of Srebp-1c transcription and stimulation of fatty acid synthesis in liver, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101, 11245, 10.1073/pnas.0404297101 Rayner, 2011, Inhibition of miR-33a/b in non-human primates raises plasma HDL and lowers VLDL triglycerides, Nature, 478, 404, 10.1038/nature10486