Exogenous glutathione can increase glutathione levels in tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) through extracellular breakdown and intracellular synthesis

Anderson, 1980, Dynamic state of glutathione in blood plasma, J. Biol. Chem., 255, 9530, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)43421-7 Anderson, 1983, Transport and direct utilization of γ-glutamylcyst(e)ine for glutathione synthesis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 80, 707, 10.1073/pnas.80.3.707 Anderson, 1980, Direct evidence for inter-organ transport of glutathione and that the non-filtration renal mechanism for glutathione utilization involves γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 96, 848, 10.1016/0006-291X(80)91433-3 Bai, 1994, Glutathione transport by type II cells in perfused rat lung, Am. J. Physiol., 267, L447 Ballatori, 2005, Molecular mechanisms of reduced glutathione transport: role of the MRP/CFTR/ABCC and OATP/SLC21A families of membrane proteins, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 204, 238, 10.1016/j.taap.2004.09.008 Barton, 1991, Physiological changes in fish from stress in aquaculture with emphasis on the response and effects of corticosteroids, Annu. Rev. Fish Dis., 1, 3, 10.1016/0959-8030(91)90019-G Bushnell, 1998, Tissue and whole-body extracellular, red blood cell and albumin spaces in the rainbow trout as a function of time: a reappraisal of the volume of the secondary circulation, J. Exp. Biol., 201, 1381, 10.1242/jeb.201.9.1381 Forman, 1995, Glutathione synthesis in oxidative stress, 189 Gallagher, 1992, Effects of buthionine sulfoximine and diethyl maleate on glutathione turnover in the channel catfish, Biochem. Pharmacol., 43, 2209, 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90180-Q Garcia-Ruiz, 1992, Bidirectional mechanism of plasma membrane transport of reduced glutathione in intact rat hepatocytes and membrane vesicles, J. Biol. Chem., 267, 22256, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)41663-8 Griffith, 1980, Determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide using glutathione reductase and 2-vinylpyridine, Anal. Biochem., 106, 207, 10.1016/0003-2697(80)90139-6 Hagen, 1988, Glutathione uptake and protection against oxidative injury in isolated kidney cells, Kidney Int., 34, 74, 10.1038/ki.1988.147 Jones, 1998, Glutathione measurement in human plasma. Evaluation of sample collection, storage and derivatization conditions for analysis of dansyl derivatives by HPLC, Clin. Chim. Acta, 275, 175, 10.1016/S0009-8981(98)00089-8 Kannan, 2001, Glutathione transport in human retinal pigment epithelial (HRPE) cells: apical localization of sodium-dependent GSH transport, Exp. Eye Res., 72, 661, 10.1006/exer.2001.0998 Kidd, 1997, Glutathione: systemic protectant against oxidative and free radical damage, Altern. Med. Rev., 2, 155 Lantum, 2004, Acivicin-induced alterations in renal and hepatic glutathione concentrations and in γ-glutamyltransferase activities, Biochem. Pharmacol., 67, 1421, 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.10.014 Lash, 1984, Renal glutathione transport — characteristics of the sodium-dependent system in the basal-lateral membrane, J. Biol. Chem., 259, 14508, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)42629-9 Lauterburg, 1984, Hepatic glutathione homeostasis in the rat: efflux accounts for glutathione turnover, Hepatology, 4, 586, 10.1002/hep.1840040402 Leggatt, 2007, The glutathione antioxidant system is enhanced in growth hormone transgenic coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), J. Comp. Physiol., 177B, 413, 10.1007/s00360-006-0140-5 Lu, 1994, Specificity and directionality of thiol effects on sinusoidal glutathione transport in rat liver, Mol. Pharmacol., 46, 578 Mårtensson, 1989, Mitochondrial damage in muscle occurs after marked depletion of glutathione and is prevented by giving glutathione monoester, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 86, 471, 10.1073/pnas.86.2.471 Mårtensson, 1989, Glutathione metabolism in the lung: inhibition of its synthesis leads to lamellar body and mitochondrial defects, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 86, 5296, 10.1073/pnas.86.14.5296 Meister, 1995, Strategies for increasing cellular glutathione, 165 Meister, 1981, γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase, Methods Enzymol., 77, 237, 10.1016/S0076-6879(81)77032-0 Mittur, 2002, The thiol sensitivity of glutathione transport in sidedness-sorted basolateral liver plasma membrane and in Oatp1-expressing HeLa cell membrane, Mol. Pharmacol., 61, 425, 10.1124/mol.61.2.425 Otto, 1997, Role of exogenous glutathione in teleost fish and its effects on antioxidant defense responses in rainbow trout exposed to 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl, Fish Physiol. Biochem., 16, 449, 10.1023/A:1007765609695 Puri, 1983, Transport of glutathione, as gamma-glutamylcysteinylglycyl ester, into liver and kidney, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 80, 5258, 10.1073/pnas.80.17.5258 Richman, 1975, Regulation of gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase by nonallosteric feedback inhibition by glutathione, J. Biol. Chem., 250, 1422, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)41830-9 Scott, 1993, Role of apical and basolateral secretion in turnover of glutathione in LlC-PK(1) cells, Am. J. Physiol., 265, F723 Smith, 1985, Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid, Anal. Biochem., 150, 76, 10.1016/0003-2697(85)90442-7 Wallace, 1989, Glutathione-dependent metabolism in fish and rodents, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 8, 1049, 10.1002/etc.5620081110 Wellner, 1984, Radioprotection by glutathione ester: transport of glutathione ester into human lymphoid cells and fibroblasts, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 81, 4732, 10.1073/pnas.81.15.4732 Wolff, 1998, Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase does not act as a cystine transporter in brain microvessels, Neurochem. Res., 23, 1175, 10.1023/A:1020726001310 Zlokovic, 1994, Evidence for transcapillary transport of reduced glutathione in vascular perfused guinea-pig brain, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 201, 402, 10.1006/bbrc.1994.1715