I’m shocked: informed consent in ECT and the phenomenological-self
Tóm tắt
This paper argues that phenomenological insights regarding selfhood are relevant to the informed consent process in the treatment of depression using electro-convulsive therapy (ECT). One of the most significant side-effects associated with ECT is retrograde amnesia. Unfortunately, the current informed consent model does not adequately appreciate the full extent in which memory loss disturbs lived-experience. Through the philosophy of Merleau-Ponty, it is possible to appreciate the way in which memory loss affects a person’s self-experience, with emphasis given to one’s pre-reflective and embodied, relationship with things in the world. This paper aims to demonstrate that proper informed consent should acknowledge the extent to which repeated ECT treatments affect a patient’s sense self.
Tài liệu tham khảo
American Psychiatric Association. The practice of ECT, a task force report. 2nd ed. American Psychiatric Publishing: Washington, DC; 2001.
American Psychiatric Association. The practice of electroconvulsive therapy: recommendations for treatment, training, and privileging (a task force report of the American Psychiatric Association). Second ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2008.
Berrios G, Callahan C. Re-inventing depression: a history of the treatment of depression in primary care 1940–2004. Oxford: Oxford UP; 2004.
Breeding J. Electroshock and informed consent. J Humanist Psychol. 2000;40(1):65–79.
Fink M. Millinial artiucle: convulsive therapy: a review of the first 55 years. J Affect Disord. 2001;63(2001):1–15.
Fink M. The electroshock riddle: effective but rejected. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;195(5):390.
Geddes J, Carney S, Cowen P, Goodwin G, Rogers R, Dearness K, Tomlin A, et al. Efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy in depressive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2003;361(9360):799–808.
Henry M. In: Etzkorn TGJ, editor. Philosophy and phenomenology of the body. The Hague: Springer; 1975.
Husserl E. In: Gibson TWRB, editor. Ideas: general introduction to pure phenomenology. London: Routledge; 2012.
Jacobson K. The gift of memory: sheltering the I. In: Morris D, Maclaren K, editors. Time, memory, institution: Merleau-Ponty's new ontology of self. Athens: Ohio University Press; 2015.
Johnstone L. Adverse Pyschological effects of ECT. J Ment Health. 1999;8(1):69–85.
Karp DA. Speaking of sadness: depression, disconnection, and the meanings of illness. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996.
Kellner CH, Greenberg RM, Murrough JW, Bryson EO, Briggs MC, Pasculli RM. ECT in treatment-resistant depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(12):1238–44.
Koopowitz LF, Chur-Hansen A, Reid S, Blashki M. The subjective experience of patients who received electroconvulsive therapy. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2003;37:49–54.
Locke J. An essay concerning human understanding. 27th ed. London: T. Tegg and Son; 1836.
Maiese M. Embodied selves and divided minds. Oxford: Oxford UP; 2015.
Mazis GA. The depths of time in the World's of Merleau-Ponty. In: Morris D, Maclaren K, editors. Time, memory, institution: Merleau-Ponty's new ontology of self. Athens: Ohio University Press; 2015.
Merleau-Ponty M. Phenomenology of Perception (D. A. Landes, trans.). Hoboken: Taylor and Francis; 2012.
Morris D, Maclaren K, editors. Time, memory, institution: Merleau-Ponty's new ontology of self. Athens: Ohio University Press; 2015.
Parfit D. Reasons and persons. Oxford: OUP; 1984.
Pestello FG, Davis-Berman J. Taking anti- depressant medication: a qualitative examination of internet postings. J Ment Health. 2008;17(4):349–60.
Ratcliffe M. Experiences in depression: a phenomenological study. Oxford: Oxford Uiniversity Press; 2015.
Read J, Bentall R. The effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy: a literature review. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale. 2011;19(04):333–47.
Robertson H, Pryor R. Advances in psychiatric treatment. Memory and cognitive effects of ECT: informing and assessing patients. 2006;12:228–38.
Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB. The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of psychopharmacology. Fourth ed. Washington D.C: American Psychiatric Pub; 2009.
Sienaert P. What we have learned about electroconvulsive therapy and its relevance for the practising psychiatrist. Can J Psychiatr. 2011;56(1):5–12.
Stefanazzi M. Is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) ever ethically justified? If so, under what circumstances. HEC Forum. 2013;25(1):79–94.
Svenaeus F. Depression and the self: bodily resonance and attuned being-in-the-world. In: Ratcliffe M, Stephan A, editors. Depression, emotion and the self. Exeter: Imprint Academic; 2014.
Warren CAB. Electroconvulsive therapy, the self and family relations. Research in the Sociology of Health Care. 1988;7:283–300.
World Health Organization. 2017 “Depression.” WHO.int. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/ (Accessed December 31, 2017).