Designing cost-effective seawater reverse osmosis system under optimal energy options

Vörösmarty CJ, Green P, Salisbury J, Lammers RB. Water stress in to today's and tomorrow's world. Global water resources: vulnerability from climate change and population growth. Water 2001;3(1); Science 289:284–8. Vaknin S. The emerging water wars. The progress report. Progress.org; 2005. Accessed December 29, 2005. Government of Eritrea (GoE). Asmara Power Distribution and Rural Electrification Project, Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA). Report including Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP). Ministry of Energy and Mines, Asmara, Eritrea, January 2004. Kalogirou, 2005, Seawater desalination using renewable energy sources, Prog Energy Combust Sci, 31, 242, 10.1016/j.pecs.2005.03.001 Gilau A. Desalination by solar distillation. Ministry of Energy, Mining and Water Resources, Asmara, Eritrea; September 1992. Feron, 1985, The use of wind power in autonomous reverse osmosis sea water desalination. Wind Energy Group, the Netherlands, Wind Eng, 9, 1985 Carta, 2003, Operational analysis of an innovative wind powered reverse osmosis system installed in the Canary Islands, Sol Energy, 75, 153, 10.1016/S0038-092X(03)00247-0 Miranda, 2003, A wind-powered seawater reverse-osmosis system without batteries, Desalination, 153, 9, 10.1016/S0011-9164(02)01088-3 Sultan, 2002, Seawater reverse osmosis powered from renewable energy sources—hybrid wind/photovoltaic/grid power supply for small-scale desalination in Libya, Desalination, 153, 17 DOW Chemical Company. ROSA 6.0.1 Software, A guide to ROSA 6.0; 2005. 〈http://www.dow.com〉. Accessed October 2005. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). HOMER, The Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables, 2005. 〈http://www.nrel.gov/homer/〉. Accessed 2005. Marie A, Pedersen J. Urban households and urban economy in Eritrea. Analytical report from the urban Eritrean household income and expenditure survey 1996/97. Statistics and Evaluation Office, Asmara, Eritrea, May 2001. Habtesion S, Tsighe Z, Anebrhan. Sustainable energy in Eritrea. In: Proceedings of a national policy seminar. Asmara, Eritrea, October 31, 2001. Habtesion S, Tsighe Z. Current energy utilization and future options in rural areas. Department of Energy, Eritrea, October 2002. African Development Bank. Strategic study of wind energy deployment in Africa. Hélimax Énergie Inc.; March 2004. Avlonitis, 2005, Optimization of the design and operation of seawater RO desalination plants separation, Sci Technol, 40, 2663 Busch, 2004, Reducing energy consumption in seawater desalination, Desalination, 165, 299, 10.1016/S0011-9164(04)00239-5 Chen, 2005, Marine reverse osmosis desalination plant—a case study, Desalination, 174, 299, 10.1016/j.desal.2004.10.004 Moreno, 2004, Preliminary experimental study of a small reverse osmosis wind-powered desalination plant, Desalination, 171, 257, 10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.191 Nisan, 2005, A new method for the treatment of the reverse osmosis process, with preheating of the feed water, Desalination, 182, 483, 10.1016/j.desal.2005.02.041 Redondo, 2001, Designing seawater RO for clean and fouling RO feed, desalination experiences with the FilmTec SW30HR-380 and SW30HR-320 elements—technical—economic review, Desalination, 134, 83, 10.1016/S0011-9164(01)00118-7 DOW Chemical Company. FILMTEC membrane, system design: membrane system design guidelines. Form No. 609-02054-604; 2005. Darwish, 2002, Energy consumption in equivalent work by different desalinating methods: case study for Kuwait, Desalination, 152, 83, 10.1016/S0011-9164(02)01051-2 Thomson, 2001 Van Buskirk R, Garbesi K, Rosen K. South Red Sea wind and solar radiation maps. 〈http://www.punchdown.org/rvb〉. Accessed July 2005. Amjad, 1993 Energy Recovery Inc. Data sheet: performance curves PX-45s pressure exchanger; 2005. 〈http://www.energy-recovery.com/pdf〉. Accessed October 2005. Lew DJ, Barley CD, Flowers LT. Hybrid wind/photovoltaic systems for households in Inner Mongolia. In: International conference on village electrification through renewable energy, New Delhi, 3–5 March 1997. Farret, 2006 Fung C, Rattanongphisat W, Nayar C. A simulation study on the economic aspects of hybrid energy systems for remote islands in Thailand. In: IEEE Region 10 conference on computers, communications, control and power engineering, TENCON ’02 proceedings, vol. 3, 28–31 October 2002. p. 1966–9. Iqbal, 2003, A feasibility study of a zero energy home in newfoundland, Renewable Energy Int J, 29, 277, 10.1016/S0960-1481(03)00192-7 Jubran, 2003, Feasibility of using various photovoltaic systems for window-type air-conditioning units under hot-arid climates, Renew Energy, 28, 1545, 10.1016/S0960-1481(02)00256-2 Manwell, 2003, Wind/hybrid power system applications for New England Islands, Wind Eng, 27, 10.1260/03095240360698582 Hafez, 2002, Economics of seawater RO desalination in the Red Sea region, Egypt. Part 1. A case study, Desalination, 153, 335, 10.1016/S0011-9164(02)01122-0 Rosen K. An assessment of the potential for utility-scale wind power generation in Eritrea. Masters thesis in environmental studies, August 1999. Danish Industry Wind Association. 〈http://www.windpower.org〉. Accessed October 2005. DeCarolis J, Keith DW. Is the answer to climate change blowing in the wind? In: Proceedings of the first international doctoral consortium on technology, policy, and management. Delft University, Delfelt; 2002. Lorax Energy Systems, LLC. Fuhrländer wind turbines. 〈http://www.lorax-energy.com〉. Accessed 2005. Manwell, 2002 DuPont H. Wind diesel workshop. Lorax Energy Systems LLC. Block Island, RI, September 29, 2004. United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). Africa environment outlook 2—Our environment, our wealth (AEO-2). UNEP, 2006. Habtesion S, Ghebrehiwet D, Buskirk R, Lebassi B. The potentials of wind energy applications in Eritrea. Asmara, Eritrea; 2001. 〈http://www.punchdown.org/rvb〉. Accessed October 2005. Meyer-Steele S, Gottberg A. New sea water reverse osmosis plants for the Caribbean. Energy recovery, brine recovery and cost reduction. Ionics Incorporated, USA, 2005. Zhou, 2005, Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport, Water Resour Res, 41, 10.1029/2004WR003749 Grundisch, 2001, Optimizing energy consumption in SWRO systems with brine concentrators, Desalination, 138, 223, 10.1016/S0011-9164(01)00268-5 Zhou, 2004, Implications of desalination for water resources in China—an economic perspective, Desalination, 164, 225, 10.1016/S0011-9164(04)00191-2