Targeting signal transduction pathways by chemopreventive agents

Sporn, 2000, Chemoprevention of cancer, Carcinogenesis, 21, 525, 10.1093/carcin/21.3.525 Sporn, 2002, Chemoprevention: an essential approach to controlling cancer, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2, 537, 10.1038/nrc844 Sporn, 1991, Carcinogenesis and cancer: different perspectives on the same disease, Cancer Res., 51, 6215 Veronesi, 1999, Randomized trial of fenretinide to prevent second breast malignancy in women with early breast cancer (see comments), J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 91, 1847, 10.1093/jnci/91.21.1847 Fisher, 1998, Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study (see comments), J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 90, 1371, 10.1093/jnci/90.18.1371 Albanes, 1995, Effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements on cancer incidence in the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 62, 1427S, 10.1093/ajcn/62.6.1427S Omenn, 1996, Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease, N. Engl. J. Med., 334, 1150, 10.1056/NEJM199605023341802 Nowell, 1986, Mechanisms of tumor progression, Cancer Res., 46, 2203 Hong, 2003, General keynote: the impact of cancer chemoprevention, Gynecol. Oncol., 88, 56, 10.1006/gyno.2002.6685 Hanahan, 2000, The hallmarks of cancer, Cell, 100, 57, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9 Pitot, 1994, The multistage nature of chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat, Drug Metab. Rev., 26, 209, 10.3109/03602539409029792 Bode, 2000, Signal transduction pathways: targets for chemoprevention of skin cancer, Lancet Oncol., 1, 181, 10.1016/S1470-2045(00)00029-2 Bode, 2003, Mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in UV-induced signal transduction, Sci. STKE, 2003, RE2, 10.1126/stke.2003.167.re2 Cowley, 1994, Activation of MAP kinase is necessary and sufficient for PC12 differentiation and for transformation of NIH 3T3 cells, Cell, 77, 841, 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90133-3 Minden, 1994, Differential activation of ERK and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinases by Raf-1 and MEKK, Science, 266, 1719, 10.1126/science.7992057 Kallunki, 1994, JNK2 contains a specificity-determining region responsible for efficient c-Jun binding and phosphorylation, Genes Dev., 8, 2996, 10.1101/gad.8.24.2996 Huang, 1999, Arsenic induces apoptosis through a c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-dependent, p53-independent pathway, Cancer Res., 59, 3053 Huang, 1999, The extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinases (Erks) are required for UV-induced AP-1 activation in JB6 cells, Oncogene, 18, 2828, 10.1038/sj.onc.1202639 Huang, 1998, Shortage of mitogen-activated protein kinase is responsible for resistance to AP-1 transactivation and transformation in mouse JB6 cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 95, 156, 10.1073/pnas.95.1.156 Watts, 1998, Expression of dominant negative Erk2 inhibits AP-1 transactivation and neoplastic transformation, Oncogene, 17, 3493, 10.1038/sj.onc.1202259 Huang, 1999, Requirement of Erk, but not JNK, for arsenite-induced cell transformation, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 14595, 10.1074/jbc.274.21.14595 Huang, 1999, JNK activation is required for JB6 cell transformation induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha but not by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 29672, 10.1074/jbc.274.42.29672 Chen, 2001, Suppression of skin tumorigenesis in c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase-2-deficient mice, Cancer Res., 61, 3908 Pitot, 1980, The stages of initiation and promotion in hepatocarcinogenesis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 605, 191 Kerr, 1972, Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics, Br. J. Cancer, 26, 239, 10.1038/bjc.1972.33 Golstein, 1998, Cell death in us and others, Science, 281, 1283, 10.1126/science.281.5381.1283 Nagata, 1995, The Fas death factor, Science, 267, 1449, 10.1126/science.7533326 Steller, 1995, Mechanisms and genes of cellular suicide, Science, 267, 1445, 10.1126/science.7878463 Thompson, 1995, Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease, Science, 267, 1456, 10.1126/science.7878464 Barinaga, 1998, Is apoptosis key in Alzheimer's disease?, Science, 281, 1303, 10.1126/science.281.5381.1303 Barry, 1990, Activation of programmed cell death (apoptosis) by cisplatin, other anticancer drugs, toxins and hyperthermia, Biochem. Pharmacol., 40, 2353, 10.1016/0006-2952(90)90733-2 Hickman, 1992, Apoptosis induced by anticancer drugs, Cancer Metastasis Rev., 11, 121, 10.1007/BF00048059 Sen, 1992, Apoptosis: biochemical events and relevance to cancer chemotherapy, FEBS Lett., 307, 122, 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80914-3 Merritt, 1994, The role of p53 in spontaneous and radiation-induced apoptosis in the gastrointestinal tract of normal and p53-deficient mice, Cancer Res., 54, 614 Lowe, 1993, p53-dependent apoptosis modulates the cytotoxicity of anticancer agents, Cell, 74, 957, 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90719-7 McCarthy, 1994, Regulation of apoptosis in transgenic mice by simian virus 40 T antigen-mediated inactivation of p53, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 91, 3979, 10.1073/pnas.91.9.3979 Fujiwara, 1994, Induction of chemosensitivity in human lung cancer cells in vivo by adenovirus-mediated transfer of the wild-type p53 gene, Cancer Res., 54, 2287 Clarke, 1994, p53 dependence of early apoptotic and proliferative responses within the mouse intestinal epithelium following gamma-irradiation, Oncogene, 9, 1767 Malkin, 1990, Germ line p53 mutations in a familial syndrome of breast cancer, sarcomas, and other neoplasms, Science, 250, 1233, 10.1126/science.1978757 Donehower, 1992, Mice deficient for p53 are developmentally normal but susceptible to spontaneous tumours, Nature, 356, 215, 10.1038/356215a0 Prives, 1999, The p53 pathway, J. Pathol., 187, 112, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199901)187:1<112::AID-PATH250>3.0.CO;2-3 Tomei, 1988, Inhibition of radiation-induced apoptosis in vitro by tumor promoters, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 155, 324, 10.1016/S0006-291X(88)81088-X Forbes, 1992, Induction of apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and its prevention by phorbol ester, Exp. Cell Res., 198, 367, 10.1016/0014-4827(92)90393-M Song, 1992, Inhibition of apoptosis in human tumour cells by okadaic acid, J. Cell Physiol., 153, 550, 10.1002/jcp.1041530316 Bhat, 2002, Cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol, Ann. N Y Acad. Sci., 957, 210, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02918.x Gusman, 2001, A reappraisal of the potential chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic properties of resveratrol, Carcinogenesis, 22, 1111, 10.1093/carcin/22.8.1111 Bode, 2004, 257 Yang, 2000, Tea and tea polyphenols in cancer prevention, J. Nutr., 130, 472S, 10.1093/jn/130.2.472S Lambert, 2003, Mechanisms of cancer prevention by tea constituents, J. Nutr., 133, 3262S, 10.1093/jn/133.10.3262S Bode, 2003, Signal transduction pathways: targets for green and black tea polyphenols, J. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 36, 66, 10.5483/BMBRep.2003.36.1.066 Hashimoto, 2004, Caffeine inhibits cell proliferation by G0/G1 phase arrest in JB6 cells, Cancer Res., 64, 3344, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-3453 He, 2003, Induction of apoptosis by caffeine is mediated by the p53, Bax, and caspase 3 pathways, Cancer Res., 63, 4396 Shamsuddin, 1997, IP6: a novel anti-cancer agent, Life Sci., 61, 343, 10.1016/S0024-3205(97)00092-1 Vucenik, 2003, Cancer inhibition by inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) and inositol: from laboratory to clinic, J. Nutr., 133, 3778S, 10.1093/jn/133.11.3778S Bode, 2001, Inhibition of epidermal growth factor-induced cell transformation and activator protein 1 activation by [6]-gingerol, Cancer Res., 61, 850 Dercks, 1989, The significance of stilbene phytoalexins in the Plasmopara viticola-grapevine interaction, Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol., 34, 189, 10.1016/0885-5765(89)90043-X Dercks, 1989, The influence of fosetyl-Al on phytoalexin accumulation in the Plasmopara viticola-grapevine interaction, Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol., 34 Ahmad, 2001, Resveratrol causes WAF-1/p21-mediated G(1)-phase arrest of cell cycle and induction of apoptosis in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells, Clin. Cancer Res., 7, 1466 Surh, 1999, Resveratrol, an antioxidant present in red wine, induces apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells, Cancer Lett., 140, 1, 10.1016/S0304-3835(99)00039-7 Wolter, 2001, Downregulation of the cyclin D1/Cdk4 complex occurs during resveratrol-induced cell cycle arrest in colon cancer cell lines, J. Nutr., 131, 2197, 10.1093/jn/131.8.2197 Zhou, 2003, Resveratrol induces apoptosis in human esophageal carcinoma cells, World J. Gastroenterol., 9, 408, 10.3748/wjg.v9.i3.408 Wang, 2003, Resveratrol promotes differentiation and induces Fas-independent apoptosis of human medulloblastoma cells, Neurosci. Lett., 351, 83, 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.07.002 Scarlatti, 2003, Resveratrol induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in metastatic breast cancer cells via de novo ceramide signaling, FASEB J., 17, 2339, 10.1096/fj.03-0292fje Niles, 2003, Resveratrol is a potent inducer of apoptosis in human melanoma cells, Cancer Lett., 190, 157, 10.1016/S0304-3835(02)00676-6 Mouria, 2002, Food-derived polyphenols inhibit pancreatic cancer growth through mitochondrial cytochrome C release and apoptosis, Int. J. Cancer, 98, 761, 10.1002/ijc.10202 Joe, 2002, Resveratrol induces growth inhibition, S-phase arrest, apoptosis, and changes in biomarker expression in several human cancer cell lines, Clin. Cancer Res., 8, 893 Kim, 2004, Resveratrol inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis of human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells, Oncol. Rep., 11, 441 Ferry-Dumazet, 2002, Resveratrol inhibits the growth and induces the apoptosis of both normal and leukemic hematopoietic cells, Carcinogenesis, 23, 1327, 10.1093/carcin/23.8.1327 Gao, 2002, Disparate in vitro and in vivo antileukemic effects of resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic compound found in grapes, J. Nutr., 132, 2076, 10.1093/jn/132.7.2076 Kim, 2003, Involvement of p21WAF1/CIP1, pRB, Bax and NF-kappaB in induction of growth arrest and apoptosis by resveratrol in human lung carcinoma A549 cells, Int. J. Oncol., 23 Billard, 2002, Comparative antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of resveratrol, epsilon-viniferin and vine-shots derived polyphenols (vineatrols) on chronic B lymphocytic leukemia cells and normal human lymphocytes, Leuk. Lymphoma, 43, 1991, 10.1080/1042819021000015952 Ferry, 2002, Inositol hexakisphosphate blocks tumor cell growth by activating apoptotic machinery as well as by inhibiting the Akt/NFkappaB-mediated cell survival pathway, Carcinogenesis, 23 Clement, 1998, Chemopreventive agent resveratrol, a natural product derived from grapes, triggers CD95 signaling-dependent apoptosis in human tumor cells, Blood, 92, 996, 10.1182/blood.V92.3.996 Shih, 2002, Resveratrol induces apoptosis in thyroid cancer cell lines via a MAPK- and p53-dependent mechanism, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 87, 1223, 10.1210/jc.87.3.1223 Baek, 2002, Resveratrol enhances the expression of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene (NAG-1) by increasing the expression of p53, Carcinogenesis, 23, 425, 10.1093/carcin/23.3.425 Lu, 2001, Resveratrol analog, 3,4,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene, differentially induces pro-apoptotic p53/Bax gene expression and inhibits the growth of transformed cells but not their normal counterparts, Carcinogenesis, 22, 321, 10.1093/carcin/22.2.321 Huang, 1996, Requirement for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in epidermal growth factor-induced AP-1 transactivation and transformation in JB6 P+ cells, Mol. Cell Biol., 16, 6427, 10.1128/MCB.16.11.6427 Dong, 1994, Blocking of tumor promoter-induced AP-1 activity inhibits induced transformation in JB6 mouse epidermal cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 91, 609, 10.1073/pnas.91.2.609 She, 2003, Inhibition of cell transformation by resveratrol and its derivatives: differential effects and mechanisms involved, Oncogene, 22, 2143, 10.1038/sj.onc.1206370 Huang, 1999, Resveratrol suppresses cell transformation and induces apoptosis through a p53-dependent pathway, Carcinogenesis, 20, 237, 10.1093/carcin/20.2.237 She, 2001, Resveratrol-induced activation of p53 and apoptosis is mediated by extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinases and p38 kinase, Cancer Res., 61, 1604 Levine, 1997, p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division, Cell, 88, 323, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81871-1 Mahyar-Roemer, 2001, Resveratrol induces colon tumor cell apoptosis independently of p53 and precede by epithelial differentiation, mitochondrial proliferation and membrane potential collapse, Int. J. Cancer, 94, 615, 10.1002/ijc.1516 Jazirehi, 2004, Resveratrol modifies the expression of apoptotic regulatory proteins and sensitizes non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma cell lines to paclitaxel-induced apoptosis, Mol. Cancer Ther., 3, 71, 10.1158/1535-7163.71.3.1 Kubota, 2003, Combined effects of resveratrol and paclitaxel on lung cancer cells, Anticancer Res., 23, 4039 Fulda, 2004, Sensitization for tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis by the chemopreventive agent resveratrol, Cancer Res., 64, 337, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-1656 Nicolini, 2003, Effect of trans-resveratrol on signal transduction pathways involved in paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, Neurochem. Int., 42, 419, 10.1016/S0197-0186(02)00132-8 Ahmad, 1997, Green tea constituent epigallocatechin-3-gallate and induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human carcinoma cells, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 89 Lu, 2000, Differential effects of theaflavin monogallates on cell growth, apoptosis, and Cox-2 gene expression in cancerous versus normal cells, Cancer Res., 60, 6465 Ahmad, 2000, Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate differentially modulates nuclear factor kappaB in cancer cells versus normal cells, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 376, 338, 10.1006/abbi.2000.1742 Chen, 2003, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate-induced stress signals in HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells, Carcinogenesis, 24, 1369, 10.1093/carcin/bgg091 Hastak, 2003, Role of p53 and NF-kappaB in epigallocatechin-3-gallate-induced apoptosis of LNCaP cells, Oncogene, 22, 4851, 10.1038/sj.onc.1206708 Kuo, 2003, Green tea constituent (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits Hep G2 cell proliferation and induces apoptosis through p53-dependent and Fas-mediated pathways, J. Biomed. Sci., 10, 219 Chen, 2000, Inhibition of arsenite-induced apoptosis and AP-1 activity by epigallocatechin-3-gallate and theaflavins, J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol., 19, 287 Chung, 2003, Dual mechanisms of green tea extract (EGCG)-induced cell survival in human epidermal keratinocytes, FASEB J., 17, 1913, 10.1096/fj.02-0914fje Afaq, 2003, Inhibition of ultraviolet B-mediated activation of nuclear factor kappaB in normal human epidermal keratinocytes by green tea constituent (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, Oncogene, 22 Vucenik, 1992, Antitumor activity of phytic acid (inositol hexaphosphate) in murine transplanted and metastatic fibrosarcoma, a pilot study, Cancer Lett., 65 Pretlow, 1994, Colon carcinogenesis is inhibited more effectively by phytate than by selenium if F344 rats given 30mg/kg azoxymethane, 244 Estensen, 1993, Studies of chemopreventive effects of myoinositol on benzo[a]pyrene-induced neoplasia of the lung and forestomach of female A/J mice, Carcinogenesis, 14, 1975, 10.1093/carcin/14.9.1975 Cosgrove, 1980 Bunce, 1993, Comparison of the levels of inositol metabolites in transformed haemopoietic cells and their normal counterparts, Biochem. J., 289, 667, 10.1042/bj2890667 Surh, 1998, Chemoprotective properties of some pungent ingredients present in red pepper and ginger, Mut. Res., 402, 259, 10.1016/S0027-5107(97)00305-9 Gupta, 2003, Suppression of DMBA-induced mouse skin tumor development by inositol hexaphosphate and its mode of action, Nutr. Cancer, 46 Singh, 2003, Inositol hexaphosphate inhibits growth, and induces G1 arrest and apoptotic death of prostate carcinoma DU145 cells: modulation of CDKI-CDK-cyclin and pRb-related protein-E2F complexes, Carcinogenesis, 24, 555, 10.1093/carcin/24.3.555 Singh, 2004, In vivo suppression of hormone-refractory prostate cancer growth by inositol hexaphosphate: induction of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 and inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor, Clin. Cancer Res., 10, 244, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-1080-3 Sharma, 2003, Growth inhibitory and apoptotic effects of inositol hexaphosphate in transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP-C1) cells, Int. J. Oncol., 23, 1413 Deliliers, 2002, Effect of inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) on human normal and leukaemic haematopoietic cells, Br. J. Haematol., 117, 577, 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03453.x El-Sherbiny, 2001, G0/G1 arrest and S phase inhibition of human cancer cell lines by inositol hexaphosphate (IP6), Anticancer Res., 21, 2393 Saied, 1998, Up-regulation of the tumor suppressor gene p53 and WAF1 gene expression by IP6 in HT-29 human colon carcinoma cell line, Anticancer Res., 18, 1479 Surh, 1999, Molecular mechanisms of chemopreventive effects of selected dietary and medicinal phenolic substances, Mut. Res., 428, 305, 10.1016/S1383-5742(99)00057-5 Grant, 2000, Ginger, Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm., 57, 945, 10.1093/ajhp/57.10.945 Yoshimi, 1992, Modifying effects of fungal and herb metabolites on azoxymethane-induced intestinal carcinogenesis in rats, Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 83, 1273, 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1992.tb02758.x Vimala, 1999, Anti-tumour promoter activity in Malaysian ginger rhizobia used in traditional medicine, Br. J. Cancer, 80, 110, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690329 Kapadia, 2002, Inhibitory effect of herbal remedies on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-promoted Epstein–Barr virus early antigen activation, Pharmacol. Res., 45, 213, 10.1006/phrs.2001.0936 Katiyar, 1996, Inhibition of tumor promotion in SENCAR mouse skin by ethanol extract of Zingiber officinale rhizome, Cancer Res., 56, 1023 Park, 1998, Inhibitory effects of [6]-gingerol, a major pungent principle of ginger, on phorbol ester-induced inflammation, epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity and skin tumor promotion in ICR mice, Cancer Lett., 129, 139, 10.1016/S0304-3835(98)00081-0 Chung, 2001, Antioxidative and antitumor promoting effects of [6]-paradol and its homologs, Mut. Res., 496, 199, 10.1016/S1383-5718(01)00221-2 Thatte, 2000, Modulation of programmed cell death by medicinal plants, Cell Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand), 46, 199 Keum, 2002, Induction of apoptosis and caspase-3 activation by chemopreventive [6]-paradol and structurally related compounds in KB cells, Cancer Lett., 177, 41, 10.1016/S0304-3835(01)00781-9 Miyoshi, 2003, Dietary ginger constituents, galanals A and B are potent apoptosis inducers in Human T lymphoma Jurkat cells, Cancer Lett., 199 Angel, 1991, The role of Jun, Fos and the AP-1 complex in cell-proliferation and transformation, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1072, 129 Huang, 1997, Inhibition of ultraviolet B-induced activator protein-1 (AP-1) activity by aspirin in AP-1-luciferase transgenic mice, J. Biol. Chem., 272, 26325, 10.1074/jbc.272.42.26325 Li, 1996, Inhibition of tumor promoter-induced transformation by retinoids that transrepress AP-1 without transactivating retinoic acid response element, Cancer Res., 56, 483 Dong, 1995, Progressive elevation of AP-1 activity during preneoplastic-to neoplastic progression as modeled in mouse JB6 cell variants, Int. J. Oncol., 7, 359 Deng, 1993, JunB differs from c-Jun in its DNA-binding and dimerization domains, and represses c-Jun by formation of inactive heterodimers, Genes Dev., 7, 479, 10.1101/gad.7.3.479 Chiu, 1989, Jun-B differs in its biological properties from, and is a negative regulator of, c-Jun, Cell, 59, 979, 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90754-X Passegue, 2001, Chronic myeloid leukemia with increased granulocyte progenitors in mice lacking junB expression in the myeloid lineage, Cell, 104, 21, 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00188-X Zenz, 2003, c-Jun regulates eyelid closure and skin tumor development through EGFR signaling, Dev. Cell, 4, 879, 10.1016/S1534-5807(03)00161-8 Pfarr, 1994, Mouse JunD negatively regulates fibroblast growth and antagonizes transformation by ras, Cell, 76, 747, 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90513-4 Baeuerle, 1996, NF-kappa B: ten years after, Cell, 87, 13, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81318-5 Baeuerle, 1994, Function and activation of NF-kappa B in the immune system, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 12, 141, 10.1146/annurev.iy.12.040194.001041 Karin, 1998, The NF-kappa B activation pathway: its regulation and role in inflammation and cell survival, Cancer J. Sci. Am., 4, 92 Karin, 2000, Phosphorylation meets ubiquitination: the control of NF-[kappa]B activity, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 18, 621, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.18.1.621 Karin, 2000, The I kappa B kinase (IKK) and NF-kappa B: key elements of proinflammatory signalling, Semin. Immunol., 12, 85, 10.1006/smim.2000.0210 Baldwin, 1996, The NF-kappa B and I kappa B proteins: new discoveries and insights, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 14, 649, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.14.1.649 Schulze-Osthoff, 1997, Regulation of NF-kappa B activation by MAP kinase cascades, Immunobiology, 198, 35, 10.1016/S0171-2985(97)80025-3 Gilmore, 1997, Clinically relevant findings [editorial], J. Clin. Invest., 100, 2935, 10.1172/JCI119843 Li, 1997, Inhibitors of both nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein-1 activation block the neoplastic transformation response, Cancer Res., 57, 3569 Beg, 1995, Embryonic lethality and liver degeneration in mice lacking the RelA component of NF-kappa B, Nature, 376, 167, 10.1038/376167a0 Abbadie, 1993, High levels of c-rel expression are associated with programmed cell death in the developing avian embryo and in bone marrow cells in vitro, Cell, 75, 899, 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90534-W Coughlin, 1989, Role of phosphatidylinositol kinase in PDGF receptor signal transduction, Science, 243, 1191, 10.1126/science.2466336 Stein, 2000, PI3-kinase inhibition: a target for drug development?, Mol. Med. Today, 6, 347, 10.1016/S1357-4310(00)01770-6 Serunian, 1990, Production of novel polyphosphoinositides in vivo is linked to cell transformation by polyomavirus middle T antigen, J. Virol., 64, 4718, 10.1128/JVI.64.10.4718-4725.1990 Dong, 1999, PI-3 kinase in signal transduction, cell transformation, and as a target for chemoprevention of cancer, Anticancer Res., 19, 3743 Huang, 1997, Inositol hexaphosphate inhibits cell transformation and activator protein 1 activation by targeting phosphatidylinositol-3′ kinase, Cancer Res., 57, 2873 Pozo-Guisado, 2004, Resveratrol modulates the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway through an estrogen receptor alpha-dependent mechanism: relevance in cell proliferation, Int. J. Cancer, 109 Manna, 2000, Resveratrol suppresses TNF-induced activation of nuclear transcription factors NF-kappa B, activator protein-1, and apoptosis: potential role of reactive oxygen intermediates and lipid peroxidation, J. Immunol., 164, 6509, 10.4049/jimmunol.164.12.6509 Holmes-McNary, 2000, Chemopreventive properties of trans-resveratrol are associated with inhibition of activation of the IkappaB kinase, Cancer Res., 60, 3477 Ashikawa, 2002, Piceatannol inhibits TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation and NF-kappaB-mediated gene expression through suppression of IkappaBalpha kinase and p65 phosphorylation, J. Immunol., 169, 6490, 10.4049/jimmunol.169.11.6490 Pendurthi, 2002, Mechanism of resveratrol-mediated suppression of tissue factor gene expression, Thromb. Haemost., 87, 155, 10.1055/s-0037-1612959 Adhami, 2003, Suppression of ultraviolet B exposure-mediated activation of NF-kappaB in normal human keratinocytes by resveratrol, Neoplasia, 5, 74, 10.1016/S1476-5586(03)80019-2 Katiyar, 1996, Tea in chemoprevention of cancer: epidemiologic and experimental studies., Int. J. Oncol., 8, 221 Dreosti, 1997, Inhibition of carcinogenesis by tea: the evidence from experimental studies, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 37, 761, 10.1080/10408399709527801 Yang, 1993, Tea and cancer, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 85, 1038, 10.1093/jnci/85.13.1038 Yang, 1997, Mechanistic considerations of the inhibition of carcinogenesis by tea, 113 Ahn, 1999, Epigallocathechin-3 gallate selectively inhibits the PDGF-BB-induced intracellular signaling transduction pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells and inhibits transformation of sis-transfected NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and human glioblastoma cells (A172), Mol. Biol. Cell, 10, 1093, 10.1091/mbc.10.4.1093 Dong, 1997, Inhibition of tumor promoter-induced activator protein 1 activation and cell transformation by tea polyphenols, (−)-epigallocatechin gallate, and theaflavins, Cancer Res., 57, 4414 Chung, 1999, Inhibition of activator protein 1 activity and cell growth by purified green tea and black tea polyphenols in H-ras-transformed cells: structure-activity relationship and mechanisms involved, Cancer Res., 59 Chung, 2001, Mechanisms of inhibition of the Ras-MAP kinase signaling pathway in 30.7b Ras 12 cells by tea polyphenols (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and theaflavin-3,3′-digallate, FASEB J., 15, 2022, 10.1096/fj.01-0031fje Barthelman, 1998, Inhibitory effects of perillyl alcohol on UVB-induced murine skin cancer and AP-1 transactivation, Cancer Res., 58, 711 Barthelman, 1998, (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibition of ultraviolet B-induced AP-1 activity, Carcinogenesis, 19, 2201, 10.1093/carcin/19.12.2201 Chen, 1999, Inhibition of ultraviolet B-induced c-fos gene expression and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by (−)-epigallocatechin gallate in a human keratinocyte cell line, Mol. Carcinog., 24, 79, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2744(199902)24:2<79::AID-MC1>3.0.CO;2-E Nomura, 2000, Inhibition of ultraviolet B-induced AP-1 activation by theaflavins from black tea, Mol. Carcinog., 28, 148, 10.1002/1098-2744(200007)28:3<148::AID-MC3>3.0.CO;2-Q Nomura, 2000, Inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced NF-kappaB activation by tea polyphenols, (−)-epigallocatechin gallate and theaflavins, Carcinogenesis, 21, 1885, 10.1093/carcin/21.10.1885 Nam, 2001, Ester bond-containing tea polyphenols potently inhibit proteasome activity in vitro and in vivo, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 13322, 10.1074/jbc.M004209200 Vivanco, 2002, The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase AKT pathway in human cancer, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2, 489, 10.1038/nrc839 Nomura, 2001, Inhibitory mechanisms of tea polyphenols on the ultraviolet B-activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent pathway, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 46624, 10.1074/jbc.M107897200 Pianetti, 2002, Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3 gallate inhibits Her-2/neu signaling, proliferation, and transformed phenotype of breast cancer cells, Cancer Res., 62, 652 Huang, 1997, Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase is necessary for 12-O- tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced cell transformation and activated protein 1 activation, J. Biol. Chem., 272, 4187, 10.1074/jbc.272.7.4187 Chen, 2001, Inositol hexaphosphate inhibits ultraviolet B-induced signal transduction, Mol. Carcinog., 31, 139, 10.1002/mc.1048 Ishikawa, 1999, Inhibition of skin cancer by IP6 in vivo: initiation–promotion model, Anticancer Res., 19, 3749 Agarwal, 2003, Inositol hexaphosphate inhibits constitutive activation of NF-kappa B in androgen-independent human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells, Anticancer Res., 23, 3855 Goodsell, 2000, The molecular perspective: cyclooxygenase-2, Stem Cells, 18, 227, 10.1634/stemcells.18-3-227 Dinchuk, 2003, COX-3: in the wrong frame in mind, Immunol. Lett., 86, 121, 10.1016/S0165-2478(02)00268-7 Chandrasekharan, 2002, COX-3, a cyclooxygenase-1 variant inhibited by acetaminophen and other analgesic/antipyretic drugs: cloning, structure, and expression, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 99, 13926, 10.1073/pnas.162468699 Prescott, 2000, Cyclooxygenase-2 and carcinogenesis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1470, 69 Subbaramaiah, 2003, Cyclooxygenase 2: a molecular target for cancer prevention and treatment, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 24, 96, 10.1016/S0165-6147(02)00043-3 Turini, 2002, Cyclooxygenase-2: a therapeutic target, Annu. Rev. Med., 53, 35, 10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.103952 Kutchera, 1996, Prostaglandin H synthase 2 is expressed abnormally in human colon cancer: evidence for a transcriptional effect, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 93, 4816, 10.1073/pnas.93.10.4816 Sano, 1995, Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in human colorectal cancer, Cancer Res., 55, 3785 Eberhart, 1994, Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression in human colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas, Gastroenterology, 107, 1183, 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90246-1 Subbaramaiah, 1996, Transcription of cyclooxygenase-2 is enhanced in transformed mammary epithelial cells, Cancer Res., 56, 4424 Hwang, 1998, Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in human breast cancer, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 90, 455, 10.1093/jnci/90.6.455 Hida, 1998, Increased expression of cyclooxygenase 2 occurs frequently in human lung cancers, specifically in adenocarcinomas, Cancer Res., 58, 3761 Wolff, 1998, Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human lung carcinoma, Cancer Res., 58, 4997 van Rees, 2002, Cyclooxygenase-2 expression during carcinogenesis in the human stomach, J. Pathol., 196 Ristimaki, 1997, Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human gastric carcinoma, Cancer Res., 57, 1276 Mestre, 1999, Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 expression. An approach to preventing head and neck cancer, Ann. N Y Acad. Sci., 889, 62, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08724.x Gallo, 2001, Cyclooxygenase-2 pathway correlates with VEGF expression in head and neck cancer. Implications for tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, Neoplasia, 3, 53, 10.1038/sj.neo.7900127 Chan, 1999, Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is up-regulated in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, Cancer Res., 59, 991 Tucker, 1999, Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is up-regulated in human pancreatic cancer, Cancer Res., 59, 987 Tong, 2000, Heightened expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta in human endometrial adenocarcinoma, Neoplasia, 2, 483, 10.1038/sj.neo.7900119 Gaffney, 2001, Elevated cyclooxygenase-2 expression correlates with diminished survival in carcinoma of the cervix treated with radiotherapy, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 49, 1213, 10.1016/S0360-3016(00)01583-2 Grubbs, 2000, Celecoxib inhibits N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitro amine-induced urinary bladder cancers in male B6D2F1 mice and female Fischer-344 rats, Cancer Res., 60, 5599 Grossman, 2000, The role of cyclooxygenase enzymes in the growth of human gall bladder cancer cells, Carcinogenesis, 21, 1403, 10.1093/carcin/21.7.1403 Buckman, 1998, COX-2 expression is induced by UVB exposure in human skin: implications for the development of skin cancer, Carcinogenesis, 19, 723, 10.1093/carcin/19.5.723 An, 2002, Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in murine and human non-melanoma skin cancers: implications for therapeutic approaches, Photochem. Photobiol., 76, 73, 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)076<0073:CEIMAH>2.0.CO;2 Athar, 2001, Ultraviolet B(UVB)-induced cox-2 expression in murine skin: an immunohistochemical study, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 280, 1042, 10.1006/bbrc.2000.4201 Denkert, 2001, Expression of cyclooxygenase 2 in human malignant melanoma, Cancer Res., 61, 303 Lee, 2003, Cyclooxygenases in the skin: pharmacological and toxicological implications, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 192, 294, 10.1016/S0041-008X(03)00301-6 Tiano, 2002, Deficiency of either cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 or COX-2 alters epidermal differentiation and reduces mouse skin tumorigenesis, Cancer Res., 62, 3395 Bol, 2002, Cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression in the skin of transgenic mice results in suppression of tumor development, Cancer Res., 62, 2516 Surh, 2001, Molecular mechanisms underlying chemopreventive activities of anti-inflammatory phytochemicals: down-regulation of COX-2 and iNOS through suppression of NF-kappa B activation, Mut. Res., 480–481, 243, 10.1016/S0027-5107(01)00183-X Tsai, 2002, Arsenite stimulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression through activating IkappaB kinase and nuclear factor kappaB in primary and ECV304 endothelial cells, J. Cell Biochem., 84, 750, 10.1002/jcb.10096 Adderley, 1999, Oxidative damage of cardiomyocytes is limited by extracellular regulated kinases 1/2-mediated induction of cyclooxygenase-2, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 5038, 10.1074/jbc.274.8.5038 Wang, 2001, Protein kinase C-alpha coordinately regulates cytosolic phospholipase A(2) activity and the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 through different mechanisms in mouse keratinocytes, Mol. Pharmacol., 59, 860, 10.1124/mol.59.4.860 Xie, 1995, v-src induces prostaglandin synthase 2 gene expression by activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase and the c-Jun transcription factor, J. Biol. Chem., 270, 27622, 10.1074/jbc.270.46.27622 Niiro, 1998, MAP kinase pathways as a route for regulatory mechanisms of IL-10 and IL-4 which inhibit COX-2 expression in human monocytes, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 250, 200, 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9287 Jaffee, 2000, Inhibition of MAP kinase kinase (MEK) results in an anti-inflammatory response in vivo, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 268, 647, 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2184 Guan, 1998, Interleukin-1beta-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression requires activation of both c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and p38 MAPK signal pathways in rat renal mesangial cells, J. Biol. Chem., 273, 28670, 10.1074/jbc.273.44.28670 Jang, 1997, Cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol, a natural product derived from grapes, Science, 275, 218, 10.1126/science.275.5297.218 Li, 2002, Suppression of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA)-induced esophageal tumorigenesis in F344 rats by resveratrol, Carcinogenesis, 23, 1531, 10.1093/carcin/23.9.1531 Banerjee, 2002, Suppression of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats by resveratrol: role of nuclear factor-kappaB, cyclooxygenase 2, and matrix metalloprotease 9, Cancer Res., 62 Bove, 2002, Effect of resveratrol on growth of 4T1 breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 291, 1001, 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6554 Subbaramaiah, 1998, Resveratrol inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 transcription and activity in phorbol ester-treated human mammary epithelial cells, J. Biol. Chem., 273, 21875, 10.1074/jbc.273.34.21875 Garcia-Garcia, 1999, The cancer chemopreventive agent resveratrol is incorporated into model membranes and inhibits protein kinase C alpha activity, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 372, 382, 10.1006/abbi.1999.1507 Lee, 2003, Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 activity by 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-d-glucose in murine macrophage cells, Arch. Pharm. Res., 26, 832, 10.1007/BF02980029 Park, 2001, Involvement of ERK and protein tyrosine phosphatase signaling pathways in EGCG-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in Raw 264.7 cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 286, 721, 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5415 Li, 2002, Inhibitory effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine-induced esophageal tumorigenesis in F344 rats, Int. J. Oncol., 21, 1275 Kundu, 2003, Inhibition of phorbol ester-induced COX-2 expression by epigallocatechin gallate in mouse skin and cultured human mammary epithelial cells, J. Nutr., 133, 3805S, 10.1093/jn/133.11.3805S Koo, 2001, Gingerols and related analogues inhibit arachidonic acid-induced human platelet serotonin release and aggregation, Thromb. Res., 103, 387, 10.1016/S0049-3848(01)00338-3 Tjendraputra, 2001, Effect of ginger constituents and synthetic analogues on cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme in intact cells, Bioorg. Chem., 29, 156, 10.1006/bioo.2001.1208