Choroidal metastasis as initial presentation of aggressive medullary thyroid carcinoma with widespread mediastinal, brain, pituitary, bone, lung, and liver metastasis: Case report and literature review

Lloyd, 2017

Leboulleux, 2004, Medullary thyroid carcinoma, Clin. Endocrinol., 61, 299, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02037.x

Quayle, 2005, Medullary thyroid carcinoma: including MEN 2A and MEN 2B syndromes, J. Surg. Oncol., 89, 122, 10.1002/jso.20184

García, 2002, Metástasis poco habituales del carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides [Unusual metastasis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma], An. Med. Intern., 19, 579

Machens, 2002, Pattern of nodal metastasis for primary and reoperative thyroid cancer, World J. Surg., 26, 22, 10.1007/s00268-001-0176-3

Moley, 2010, Medullary thyroid carcinoma: management of lymph node metastases, J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw., 8, 549, 10.6004/jnccn.2010.0042

Morita, 1996, A family of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A: genetic analysis and clinical features, Endocr. J., 43, 25, 10.1507/endocrj.43.25

Smoers, 1996, Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma: not a distinct entity? Genotype-phenotype correlation in a large family, Am. J. Med., 101, 635, 10.1016/S0002-9343(96)00330-0

Makhija, 2015, Unusual case of papillary thyroid carcinoma with choroidal metastasis, Thyroid, 25, 860, 10.1089/thy.2014.0511

Ferry, 1974, Carcinoma metastatic to the eye and orbit. I. A clinicopathological study of 227 cases, Arch. Ophthalmol., 92, 276, 10.1001/archopht.1974.01010010286003

Shields, 2002, Choroidal metastasis from medullary thyroid carcinoma in multiple endocrine neoplasia, Am J. Ophthalmol., 134, 607, 10.1016/S0002-9394(02)01634-3

Agha, 2020, SCARE group, the SCARE guidelines: updating consensus surgical case report, Int. J. Surg., 84, 226, 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.10.034

Accardo, 2017, Genetics of medullary thyroid cancer: an overview, Int. J. Surg., 41, S2, 10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.02.064

Raue, 1993, Prognostic factors in medullary thyroid carcinoma: evaluation of 741 patients from the German medullary thyroid carcinoma register, Clin. Investig., 71, 7, 10.1007/BF00210956

Roman, 2006, Prognosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma: demographic, clinical, and pathologic predictors of survival in 1252 cases, Cancer, 107, 2134, 10.1002/cncr.22244

Gajdzis, 2018, Intraocular metastasis of medullary thyroid carcinoma investigated by trans-scleral fine-needle aspiration. a case report and review of the literature, Diagn. Cytopathol., 46, 764, 10.1002/dc.23945

Yildiz, 2011, Optic disc and choroidal metastasis from sporadic medullary thyroid carci- Noma. case report and review of the literature, Onkologie, 34, 630, 10.1159/000334197

Bianciotto, 2008, Simultaneous eyelid and choroidal metastases 36 years after diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma, Ophthalmic Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 24, 62, 10.1097/IOP.0b013e3181607435

Palm, 2007, Posterior uveal metastases from medullary thyroid carcinoma, Retina, 27, 115, 10.1097/01.iae.0000258269.90389.18

Søndergaard Pedersen, 2006, Choroidal metastases in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B, Acta Ophthalmol. Scand., 85, 120, 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2006.00669.x

Rosario, 2005, Choroidal metastasis from sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma, Thyroid, 15, 1401, 10.1089/thy.2005.15.1401

Koh, 1995, Multiple endocrine neoplasia type two B. a case report with light and electron microscopic and immunohistochemical correlation, Aust. N. Z. J. Ophthalmol., 23, 343, 10.1111/j.1442-9071.1995.tb00189.x

Gysin, 1979, Cryo- and photocoagulation for choroidal metastases of a thyroid carcinoma, Klin. Monatsbl. Augenheilkd., 174, 978

Menko, 2002, Atypical MEN type 2B associated with two germline RET mutations on the same allele not involving codon 918, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 87, 393, 10.1210/jcem.87.1.8136

Nakao, 2012, ICE/ECE

Baloch, 2014, Fine needle aspiration of thyroid, 40

Avram, 2004, Choroidal and skin metastases from papillary thyroid cancer: case and a review of the literature, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 89, 5303, 10.1210/jc.2004-0757

Seneviratne, 2011, Late-stage metastasis to the choroid from follicular thyroid carcinoma—case report, Optom. J. Am. Optom. Assoc., 82, 215

Palaniswamy, 2018, Unusual sites of metastatic and benign I 131 uptakes in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma, Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab., 22, 740, 10.4103/ijem.IJEM_70_18

Ghodasra, 2016, Photodynamic therapy for choroidal metastasis, Am J. Ophthalmol., 161, 104, 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.09.033

Scott, 2008, Choroidal metastasis of follicular thyroid adenocarcinoma diagnosed by 25-gauge transretinal biopsy, Ann. (Skokie) Ophthalmol., 40, 110

Kim, 2009, Gamma knife radiosurgery for metastatic brain tumors from thyroid cancer, J. Neuro-Oncol., 93, 355, 10.1007/s11060-008-9783-2

McWilliams, 2003, Management of brain metastases from thyroid carcinoma: a study of 16 pathologically confirmed cases over 25 years, Cancer, 98, 356, 10.1002/cncr.11488

Kebebew, 2005, Extent of disease and practice patterns for medullary thyroid cancer, J. Am. Coll. Surg., 200, 890, 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2004.12.011

Wells, 2015, 25(6), 567

Weaver, 2019, A choroidal mass: rare presentation of a metastatic disease, Retin. Today, 47

Elisei, 2008, Prognostic significance of somatic RET oncogene mutations in sporadic medullary thyroid cancer. a 10-year follow-up study, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 93, 682, 10.1210/jc.2007-1714