The changing patterns of China’s international standardization in ICT under techno-nationalism: A reflection through 5G standardization

21st Century Business Herald (2003). TD-SCDMA联盟名存实亡 三部委急投7亿救场. August 23, 2003. (http://tech.sina.com.cn/it/t/2003-08-23/1353224651.shtml). 5G Americas (2020). The 5G Evolution: 3GPP Releases 16-17 (White Paper). January 2020. (https://www.5gamericas.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/5G-Evolution-3GPP-R16-R17-FINAL.pdf). Abecassis, 2018 Baron, 2011, Essential patents and standard dynamics, 1 Bekkers, 2014 Breznitz, 2011 Chen, 2014, Indigenous innovation vs. Teng-long huan-niao: Policy conflicts in the development of China’s flat panel industry, Industrial and Corporate Change, 23, 1445, 10.1093/icc/dtu004 Chen, 2002, China’s perspectives on 3G mobile communications and beyond: TD-SCDMA technology, IEEE Wireless Communications, 9, 48, 10.1109/MWC.2002.998525 China Daily, 2019 China State Council, 2015 Clendenin, M., WAPI’s promise, 2005, Electronic Engineering Times, February 28. (https://www.eetimes.com/wapis-promise/). Clendenin, 2006 Cromer, 2005, China’s WAPI policy: Security measure or trade protectionism?, Duke Law and Technology Review, 4, 1 Ernst, 2009 Ernst, 2011 Ernst, 2012 Ernst, 2017 Farrell, 2019, Weaponized globalization: Huawei and emerging battle over 5G networks, Global Asia, 14, 8 Feng, 2019 Financial Times, 2019 Gao, 2008, WAPI: A chinese attempt to establish wireless standards and the international coalition that resisted, Communications of Association for Information System, 23, 8 Gao, 2014, A latecomer’s strategy to promote a technology standard: The case of Datang and TD-SCDMA, Research Policy, 43, 597, 10.1016/j.respol.2013.09.003 Gao, 2012, Catching up through the development of technology standard: The case of TD-SCDMA in China, Telecommunications Policy, 36, 531, 10.1016/j.telpol.2012.01.006 Gao, 2014, Government in standardization in the catching-up context: Case of China’s mobile system, Telecommunications Policy, 38, 200, 10.1016/j.telpol.2013.10.002 GSMA (2019) . The mobile economy china 2019 11-12. Hashem, 2016, Smart cities: Advances in research—An information systems perspective, International Journal of Information Management, 36, 748, 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2016.05.002 Hirono, 2015, Why do we need ‘myth-busting’ in the study of sino-african relations, 21 IPlytics, 2019, Who is leading the 5G patent race?: A patent landscape analysis on declared 5G patents and 5G standards contributions, IPlytics Ismagilova, 2019, The role of big data in smart city, International Journal of Information Management, 47, 88, 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.01.004 Jho, 2007, Global political economy of technology standardization: A case of the Korean mobile telecommunications market, Telecommunications Policy, 31, 124, 10.1016/j.telpol.2006.12.004 Jordan, 2014 Kanellos, 2004 Kennedy, 2006, The political economy of standards coalitions: Explaining China’s involvement in high-tech standards wars, Asia Policy, 2, 41, 10.1353/asp.2006.0021 Kim, 2016, Effects of user experience on user resistance to change to the voice user interface of an in vehicle infotainment system: Implications for platform and standards competition, International Journal of Information Management, 36, 653, 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2016.04.011 Kim, 2014, China׳ s information security standardization: Analysis from the perspective of technical barriers to trade principles, Telecommunications Policy, 38, 592, 10.1016/j.telpol.2014.02.001 Kohno, 1995, Ideas and foreign policy: The emergence of techno-nationalism in US policies toward Japan, National competitiveness in a global economy, 199, 10.1515/9780585149844-011 Kshetri, 2011, Chinese institutions and standardization: The case of government support to domestic third generation cellular standard, Telecommunications Policy, 35, 399, 10.1016/j.telpol.2011.03.005 Kwak, 2012, The evolution of alliance structure in China’s mobile telecommunication industry and implications for international standardization, Telecommunications Policy, 36, 966, 10.1016/j.telpol.2012.07.017 Lee, 2008, The political economy of standards setting by newcomers: China’s WAPI and South Korea’s WIPI, Telecommunications Policy, 32, 662, 10.1016/j.telpol.2008.07.008 Lee, 2006, A standards war waged by a developing country: Understanding international standard setting from the actor-network perspective, The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 15, 177, 10.1016/j.jsis.2005.10.002 Lee, 2009, China’s ICT standards policy after the WTO accession: Techno-national versus techno-globalism, Info: The Journal of Policy, Regulation and Strategy for Telecommunications, 11, 9, 10.1108/14636690910932966 Lewis, 2018, Technological competition and China Manfreda, 2019, Autonomous vehicles in the smart city era: An empirical study of adoption factors important for millennials, International Journal of Information Management, 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.102050 G. McGregor. (2019). China is launching its 5G network ahead of schedule and on a Spectrum the U.S. Can’t yet match Fortune, October 31, 2019. (Retrieved February 22, 2020). (https://fortune.com/2019/10/31/china-5g-rollout-spectrum/). Medin, 2019 Montresor, 2001, Techno-globalism, techno-nationalism and technological systems: Organizing the evidence, Technovation, 21, 399, 10.1016/S0166-4972(00)00061-4 Naughton, 2003, China in search of a workable model: Technology development in the new millennium, 160 Ostry, 1995 Reich, 1987, The rise of techno-nationalism, The Atlantic Monthly, 259, 63 Saunders, 2015 Shapiro, 1999, The art of standards wars, California Management Review, 41, 8, 10.2307/41165984 Shim, 2016, Neo-techno nationalism: The case of China’s handset industry, Telecommunications Policy, 40, 197, 10.1016/j.telpol.2015.09.006 Shim, 2019, Smartness in techno-nationalism? Combining actor-network theory and institutionalization to assess Chinese smart TV development, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 139, 87, 10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.004 Suttmeier, 2005, A new technonationalism? China and the development of technical standards, Communications of the ACM, 48, 35, 10.1145/1053291.1053313 Suttmeier, 2004, China’s Post-WTO technology policy: Standards, software, and the changing nature of techno-nationalism, NBR Special Report, 27 Suttmeier, 2009, Standards of power? Technology, institutions, and politics in the development of China’s national standards strategy, Geopolitics History and International Relations, 1, 46 U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 2017, 66 USTR (2004). The U.S.–China JCCT: Outcomes on major U.S. Trade concerns [factsheet], 2004. (https://ustr.gov/archive/Document_Library/Fact_Sheets/2004/The_US-China_JCCT_Outcomes_on_Major_US_Trade_Concerns.html). Walko, 2004, China lays down a standards marker, IEE Review, 50, 20, 10.1049/ir:20040201 Z. Wang (2017) . R&D status of IMT-2020 (5G) promotion group Presented at The 4th 5G Global Event, November 22, 2017, Seoul. Washington Post. (2019). Trumps loves walls. But he should be careful about a digital barrier with China May 22, 2019. (https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/trump-loves-walls-but-he-should-be-careful-about-a-digital-barrier-with-china/2019/05/21/7280a146-7c13-11e9-a5b3-34f3edf1351e_story.html). Xia, 2011, The third-generation-mobile (3G) policy and deployment in China: Current status, challenges, and prospects, Telecommunications Policy, 35, 51, 10.1016/j.telpol.2010.12.008 Xinhua, 2019, China Focus: Top mobile operators switch on commercial services, Xinhuanet Yamada, 2000 Yan, 2007, The 3G standard setting strategy and indigenous innovation policy in China: Is TD-SCDMA a flagship? Yin, 2009, Case study research: Design and methods, 5 Zhan, 2010, Standardisation and innovation in China: TD-SCDMA standard as a case, International Journal of Technology Management, 51, 453, 10.1504/IJTM.2010.033814