Postural activity of the pelvic floor muscles is delayed during rapid arm movements in women with stress urinary incontinence

DeLancey JO (1988) Structural aspects of the extrinsic continence mechanism. Obstet Gynecol 72:296–301 DeLancey JO (1996) Stress urinary incontinence: where are we now, where should we go? Am J Obstet Gynecol 175:311–319 Ashton-Miller JA, Howard D, DeLancey JO (2001) The functional anatomy of the female pelvic floor and stress continence control system. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl:1–7 (discussion 106–125) Peschers UM, Vodusek DB, Fanger G, Schaer GN, DeLancey JO, Schuessler B (2001) Pelvic muscle activity in nulliparous volunteers. Neurourol Urodyn 20:269–275 Thind P, Lose G, Jorgensen L, Colstrup H (1990) Variations in urethral and bladder pressure during stress episodes in healthy women. Br J Urol 66:389–392 Thuroff JW, Bazeed MA, Schmidt RA, Tanagho EA (1982) Mechanisms of urinary continence: an animal model to study urethral responses to stress conditions. J Urol 127:1202–1206 Hemborg B, Moritz U, Lowing H (1985) Intra-abdominal pressure and trunk muscle activity during lifting. IV. The causal factors of the intra-abdominal pressure rise. Scand J Rehabil Med 17:25–38 Deindl FM, Vodusek DB, Hesse U, Schussler B (1993) Activity patterns of pubococcygeal muscles in nulliparous continent women. Br J Urol 72:46–51 Amarenco G, Ismael SS, Lagauche D, Raibaut P, Rene-Corail P, Wolff N et al (2005) Cough anal reflex: strict relationship between intravesical pressure and pelvic floor muscle electromyographic activity during cough. Urodynamic and electrophysiological study. J Urol 173:149–152 Hodges PW, Sapsford RR, Pengel HM (2006) Postural and respiratory functions of the pelvic floor muscles. Neurourol Urodyn (in press) Pool-Goudzwaard A, van Dijke GH, van Gurp M, Mulder P, Snijders C, Stoeckart R (2004) Contribution of pelvic floor muscles to stiffness of the pelvic ring. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 19:564–571 Hodges PW, Cresswell AG, Thorstensson A (2004) Intra-abdominal pressure response to multidirectional support-surface translation. Gait Posture 20:163–170 van der Kooi JB, van Wanroy PJ, De Jonge MC, Kornelis JA (1984) Time separation between cough pulses in bladder, rectum and urethra in women. J Urol 132:1275–1278 Constantinou CE, Govan DE (1981) Contribution and timing of transmitted and generated pressure components in the female urethra. Prog Clin Biol Res 78:113–120 Constantinou CE, Govan DE (1982) Spatial distribution and timing of transmitted and reflexly generated urethral pressures in healthy women. J Urol 127:964–969 Pieber D, Zivkovic F, Tamussino K (1998) Timing of urethral pressure pulses before and after continence surgery. Neurourol Urodyn 17:19–23 Barbic M, Kralj B, Cor A (2003) Compliance of the bladder neck supporting structures: importance of activity pattern of levator ani muscle and content of elastic fibers of endopelvic fascia. Neurourol Urodyn 22:269–276 Sorensen S (1989) Urethral pressures during bladder filling. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 125:45–51 Keane DP, O’Sullivan S (2000) Urinary incontinence: anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 14:207–226 ACSM (2000) ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia Baecke J, Burema J, Frijters J (1982) A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies. Am J Clin Nutr 36:936–942 Sandvik H, Seim A, Vanvik A, Hunskaar S (2000) A severity index for epidemiological surveys of female urinary incontinence: comparison with 48-hour pad-weighing tests. Neurourol Urodyn 19:137–145 Sandvik H, Hunskaar S, Seim A, Hermstad R, Vanvik A, Bratt H (1993) Validation of a severity index in female urinary incontinence and its implementation in an epidemiological survey. J Epidemiol Community Health 47:497–499 Smith M, Coppieters MW, Hodges PW (2006) Postural response of the pelvic floor and abdominal muscles in women with and without incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn (in press) Ng JK, Kippers V, Richardson CA (1998) Muscle fibre orientation of abdominal muscles and suggested surface EMG electrode positions. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 38:51–58 Hodges PW, Richardson CA (1997) Feedforward contraction of transversus abdominis is not influenced by the direction of arm movement. Exp Brain Res 114:362–370 Oliver S, Fowler C, Mundy A, Craggs M (2003) Measuring the sensations of urge and bladder filling during cystometry in urge incontinence and the effects of neuromodulation. Neurourol Urodyn 22:7–16 Hodges PW, Bui BH (1996) A comparison of computer-based methods for the determination of onset of muscle contraction using electromyography. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 101:511–519 Bo K, Larsen S, Oseid S, Kvarstein B, Hagen R, Jorgensen J (1988) Knowledge about and ability to correct pelvic floor muscle exercises in women with urinary stress incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn 7:261–262 Bump RC, Hurt WG, Fantl JA, Wyman JF (1991) Assessment of Kegel pelvic muscle exercise performance after brief verbal instruction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 165:322–327 (discussion 27–29) Benvenuti F, Caputo GM, Bandinelli S, Mayer F, Biagini C, Sommavilla A (1987) Reeducative treatment of female genuine stress incontinence. Am J Phys Med 66:155–168 van Dieen JH, Cholewicki J, Radebold A (2003) Trunk muscle recruitment patterns in patients with low back pain enhance the stability of the lumbar spine. Spine 28:834–841 Hodges P, Cresswell A, Thorstensson A (1999) Preparatory trunk motion accompanies rapid upper limb movement. Exp Brain Res 124:69–79 Hodges PW, Butler JE, McKenzie DK, Gandevia SC (1997) Contraction of the human diaphragm during rapid postural adjustments. J Physiol 505(Pt 2):539–548 Finkelstein MM (2002) Medical conditions, medications, and urinary incontinence. Analysis of a population-based survey. Can Fam Physician 48:96–101 Smith MD, Russell A, Hodges PW (2006) Disorders of breathing and continence have a stronger association with back pain than obesity and physical activity. Aust J Physiother 52:11–16 Gunnarsson M, Mattiasson A (1999) Female stress, urge, and mixed urinary incontinence are associated with a chronic and progressive pelvic floor/vaginal neuromuscular disorder: an investigation of 317 healthy and incontinent women using vaginal surface electromyography. Neurourol Urodyn 18:613–621 Morkved S, Salvesen KA, Bo K, Eik-Nes S (2004) Pelvic floor muscle strength and thickness in continent and incontinent nulliparous pregnant women. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 15:384–389 Deindl FM, Vodusek DB, Hesse U, Schussler B (1994) Pelvic floor activity patterns: comparison of nulliparous continent and parous urinary stress incontinent women. A kinesiological EMG study. Br J Urol 73:413–417 Devreese A, Staes F, De Weerdt W, Feys H, Van Assche A, Penninckx F et al (2004) Clinical evaluation of pelvic floor muscle function in continent and incontinent women. Neurourol Urodyn 23:190–197 Bernstein IT (1997) The pelvic floor muscles: muscle thickness in healthy and urinary-incontinent women measured by perineal ultrasonography with reference to the effect of pelvic floor training. Estrogen receptor studies. Neurourol Urodyn 16:237–275 Hale DS, Benson JT, Brubaker L, Heidkamp MC, Russell B (1999) Histologic analysis of needle biopsy of urethral sphincter from women with normal and stress incontinence with comparison of electromyographic findings. Am J Obstet Gynecol 180:342–348 Pool-Goudzwaard AL, Slieker Ten Hove MC, Vierhout ME, Mulder PH, Pool JJ, Snijders CJ et al (2005) Relations between pregnancy-related low back pain, pelvic floor activity and pelvic floor dysfunction. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 16:468–474 Lavender SA, Marras WS (1995) The effects of a temporal warning signal on the biomechanical preparation for sudden loading. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 5:45–56 Moseley GL, Hodges PW, Gandevia SC (2003) External perturbation of the trunk in standing humans differentially activates components of the medial back muscles. J Physiol 547:581–587 Ness TJ, Elhefni H (2004) Reliable visceromotor responses are evoked by noxious bladder distension in mice. J Urol 171:1704–1708 Ness TJ, Lewis-Sides A, Castroman P (2001) Characterization of pressor and visceromotor reflex responses to bladder distension in rats: sources of variability and effect of analgesics. J Urol 165:968–974 Castroman P, Ness TJ (2001) Vigor of visceromotor responses to urinary bladder distension in rats increases with repeated trials and stimulus intensity. Neurosci Lett 306:97–100 Kamo I, Torimoto K, Chancellor MB, de Groat WC, Yoshimura N (2003) Urethral closure mechanisms under sneeze-induced stress condition in rats: a new animal model for evaluation of stress urinary incontinence. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 285:R356–R365 Bo K, Stien R (1994) Needle EMG registration of striated urethral wall and pelvic floor muscle activity patterns during cough, Valsalva, abdominal, hip adductor, and gluteal muscle contractions in nulliparous healthy females. Neurourol Urodyn 13:35–41 Stenberg A, Heimer G, Ulmsten U, Cnattingius S (1996) Prevalence of genitourinary and other climacteric symptoms in 61-year-old women. Maturitas 24:31–36 Samsioe G (1998) Urogenital aging—a hidden problem. Am J Obstet Gynecol 178:S245–S249 Aukee P, Penttinen J, Airaksinen O (2003) The effect of aging on the electromyographic activity of pelvic floor muscles. A comparative study among stress incontinent patients and asymptomatic women. Maturitas 44:253–257 Miller JM, Ashton-Miller JA, DeLancey JO (1998) A pelvic muscle precontraction can reduce cough-related urine loss in selected women with mild SUI. J Am Geriatr Soc 46:870–874