Magnetic anisotropy of rocks and its application in geology and geophysics
Tóm tắt
Magnetic anisotropy in sedimentary rocks is controlled by the processes of deposition and compaction, in volcanic rocks by the lava flow and in metamorphic and plutonic rocks by ductile deformation and mimetic crystallization. In massive ore it is due to processes associated with emplacement and consolidation of an ore body as well as to ductile deformation. Hence, it can be used as a tool of structural analysis for almost all rock types. Morcover, it can influence considerably the orientation of the remanent magnetization vector as well as the configuration of a magnetic anomaly over a magnetized body. For these reasons it should be investigated in palaeomagnetism and applied geophysics as well.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Aparin, V. P., Rodionov, V. P., and Fedoseeva, N. V.: 1972, ‘Magnetic Anisotropy of Red Beds from the Horizons with the Normal and Reverse Magnetization’,Geol. Geophys. 113–118 (in Russian).
Balsley, J. R. and Buddington, A. F.: 1960, ‘Magnetic Susceptibility Anisotropy and Fabric of Some Adirondack Granites and Orthogneisses’,Amer. J. Sci. 258-A, 6–20.
Banerjee, S. K., and Stacey, F. D.: 1967, ‘The High-field Torque-meter Method of Measuring Magnetic Anisotropy of Rocks’, in D. W. Collinson, K. M. Creer, and S. K. Runcorn,Methods in Palaeomagnetism, Amsterdam, 470–476.
Bhatal, R. S.: 1971, ‘Magnetic Anisotropy in Rocks’,Earth-Sci. Rev. 7, 227–253.
Brown, C. H., Khan, M. A., and Stacey, F. D.: 1964, ‘A Search for Flow Structure in Columnar Basalt Using Magnetic Anisotropy Measurements,Pure Appl. Geophys. 57, 61–65.
Bucha, V.: 1975,Geomagnetic field. (In Czech). Academia. Prague.
Čejchanová, B.: 1975,A Study of Magnetic Properties of West-Bohemian Amphibolites, Report of Geofyzika Brno (in Czech).
Chlupáčová, M., Hrouda, F., Janák, F., and Rejl, L.: 1975, ‘The Fabric, Genesis and Relative-age Relations of the Granitic Rocks of the Čistá-Jesenice Massif (Czechoslovakia), as Indicated by Magnetic Anisotropy’,Gerl. Beitr. Geophys. 84, 487–500.
Collinson, D. W., Creer, K. M., and Runcorn, S. K.: 1967,Methods in Palaeomagnetism, Elsevier Publ. Co. Amsterdam.
Coward, M. P.: 1976, ‘Strain within Ductile Shear Zones’,Tectonophysics 34, 181–197.
Crimes, T. P. and Oldershaw, M. A.: 1967, ‘Palaeocurrent Determinations by Magnetic Fabric Measurement on the Cambrian Rocks of St. Tudwal's Peninsula, North Wales’,Geol. J. 5, 217–232.
Daly, L.: 1967a ‘L'anisotropie magnétique des roches et sa mesure par un inductométre à translation’,Annal. Geóphys. 23, 619–627.
Daly, L.: 1967b, ‘Possibilité d'existence dans les roches de plusieurs anisotropies superposées: leur séparation,’Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 264, 1377–1380.
Dvořák, J. and Hrouda, F.: 1975, ‘The Reflection of the Deeper Structure of the Artmanov-Osoblaha Block (Nízký Jeseník Mountains, Czechoslovakia) in the Magnetic Anisotropy and Deformation History of Overlying Palaeozoic Sediments’,Věstník ÚÚG 50, 285–296.
Ellwood, B. B.: 1975, ‘Analysis of Emplacement Mode in Basalt from DSDP Holes 319A and 321 Using Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility’,J. Geophys. Res. 80, 4805–4808.
Ellwood, B. B.: 1978a, ‘Measurement of Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility: A comparison of the Precision of Torque and Spinner Magnetometer Systems for Basaltic Specimens’,J. Phys. E.: Sci. Instrum. 11, 71–75.
Ellwood, B. B.: 1978b, ‘Flow and Emplacement Direction Determined for Selected Basaltic Bodies Using Magnetic Susceptibility Anisotropy Measurements’,Earth Plan. Sci. Letters 41, 254–264.
Ellwood, B. B.: 1979a, ‘Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility Variations in Icelandic Columnar Basalts’,Earth Plan. Sci. Letters 42, 209–212.
Ellwood, B. B.: 1979b, ‘Magnetic Susceptibility Anisotropy Measurements of Coal from the South Wales Coal Field: A Coalification Process Indicator’,Geophys. J. Roy. Astron. Soc. 57, 431–443.
Ellwood, B. B. and Fisk, M. R.: 1977, ‘Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility Variations in a Single Icelandic Columnar Basalt’,Earth Plan. Sci. Letters 35, 116–122.
Ellwood, B. B. and Ledbetter, M. T.: 1979, ‘Paleocurrent Indicators in Deep-sea Sediment’,Science 203, 1335–1337.
Ellwood, B. B. and Noltimier, H. C.: 1978, ‘Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility Measurements as a Coal Banding-plane Indicator’,Nature 274, 353–354.
Ende, C., van den: 1975, ‘On the Origin of Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility in Permian Red Beds from the Western Part of the Dome de Barrot (S. France)’, in G. J. Borradaileet al. (eds.),Progress in Geodynamics, North-Holland Publ. Co., 176–189.
Ende, C., van den: 1977, ‘Paleomagnetism of Permian Red Beds of the Dome de Barrot (S. France)’ Thesis University of Utrecht.
Fisher, R.: 1953, ‘Dispersion on a Sphere’,Proc. Roy. Soc. A217, 295–305.
Fucugauchi, J. U.: 1980, ‘On the Relationship Between the Magnetic and Strain Fabric in Slates and Possible Effects of Consistent Instrumental Discrepancies’,Tectonophysics 69, T15-T23.
Fuller, M. D.: 1963, ‘Magnetic Anisotropy and Paleomagnetism’,J. Geophys. Res. 68, 293–309.
Girdler, R. W.: 1961, ‘The Measurement and Computation of Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility of Rocks’,Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc. 5, 34–44.
Graham, J. W.: 1966, ‘Significance of Magnetic Anisotropy in Appalachian Sedimentary Rocks’, in J. S. Steinhart and T. J. Smith (eds)The Earth Beneath the Continents, Geophys. Monogr. 10, 627–648.
Granar, L.: 1958, ‘Magnetic Measurements on Swedish Varved Sediments’,Arkiv Geofys. 3, 1–40.
Halvorsen, E.: 1974, ‘The Magnetic Fabric of Some Dolerite Intrusions, NE. Spitsbergen; Implications for Their Mode of Emplacement’,Earth Plan. Sci. Letters 21, 127–133.
Hamilton, N.: 1963, ‘Susceptibility Anisotropy Measurements on Some Silurian Siltstones’,Nature 197, 170–171.
Hamilton, N.: 1967, ‘Laboratory Redeposition Studies—an appraisal of Apparatus and Technique’, in: D. W. Collinson, K. M. Creer, and S. K. Runcorn (eds),Methods in Palaeomagnetism, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 596–603.
Hamilton, N. and Loveland, P. J.: 1967, ‘Some Preliminary Susceptibility Anisotropy Measurements on Greywackes from the Trinity Peninsula Series of Graham Land’,Br. Antarc. Surv. Bull. 11, 59–71.
Hamilton, N., and Rees, A. I.: 1970, ‘The Use of Magnetic Fabric in Palaeocurrent Estimation’, in S. K. Runcorn (ed.)Palaeogeophysics, Oxford, 445–463.
Hamilton, N., and Rees, A. F.: 1971, ‘The Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility of the Franciscan Rocks of the Diablo Range, Central California’,Geol. Rundsch. 60, 1103–1124.
Hamilton, N., Owens, W. H., and Rees, A. I.: 1968, ‘Laboratory Experiments on the Production of Grain Orientation in Shearing Sand’,J. Geol. 76, 465–472.
Hargraves, R. B.: 1959, ‘Magnetic Anisotropy and Remanent Magnetism in Hemo-ilmenite from Ore Deposits at Allard Lake, Quebec’,J. Geophys. Res. 68, 293–309.
Hedley, I., Bingöl, E., Delaloye, M., Piskin, Ö., and Wagner, J. J.: 1977, ‘Application de l'anisotropie de susceptibilité magnétique à l'étude structurale du pluton de Kozak (Bergama, Turquie)’, C. R. des Séances, SPHN Genève, NS, 11, 31–38.
Heller, F.: 1973, ‘Magnetic Anisotropy of Granitic Rocks of the Bergell Massif (Switzerland)’,Earth Planetary Sci. Letters 20, 180–183.
Henry, B.: 1973, ‘Studies of Microtectonics, Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility and Paleomagnetism of the Permian Dome de Barrot (France): Paleotectonic and Paleosedimentological Implications’,Tectonophysics 17, 61–72.
Henry, B.: 1977, ‘Relations entre déformations et propriétés magnétiques dans des roches volcaniques des Alpes françaises’,Mem. BRGM 91, 79–86.
Henry, B.: 1982, ‘Interpretation quantitative de l'anisotropie de susceptibilité magnétique’, (in preparation).
Hext, G. R.: 1963, ‘The Estimation of Seccond-order Tensors, with Related Tests and Designs,’Biometrika 50, 353–373.
Hrouda, F.: 1976, ‘The Origin of Cleavage in the Light of Magnetic Anisotropy Investigations’,Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors 13, 132–142.
Hrouda, F.: 1978 ‘The Magnetic Fabric in Some Folds,’Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors 17, 89–97.
Hrouda, F.: 1979, ‘The Strain Interpretation of Magnetic Anisotropy in Rocks of the Nízký Jeseník Mountains (Czechoslovakia)’,Sbor. Geol. Věd, UG 16, 27–62.
Hrouda, F.: 1980, ‘Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy of Rocks and Massive Ores: A Mathematical Model Study and Its Fabric Implications’,J. Struc. Geol. 2, 459–462.
Hrouda, F. and Chlupáčová, M.: 1980, ‘The Magnetic Fabric in the Nasavrky Massif’,Cas. Mineral. Geol. 25, 17–27.
Hrouda, F. and Janák, F.: 1971, ‘A study of the Hematite Fabric of Some Red Sediments on the Basis of Their Magnetic Susceptibility Anisotropy’,Sediment. Geol. 6, 187–199.
Hrouda, F. and Janák, F.: 1976, ‘The Changes in Shape of the Magnetic Susceptibility Ellipsoid During Progressive Metamorphism and Deformation’,Teconophysics 34, 135–148.
Hrouda, F. Chlupáčová, M., and Rejl, L.: 1971a, ‘The Mimetic Fabric of Magnetite in Some Foliated Granodiorites, as Indicated by Magnetic Anisotropy’,Earth Plan. Sci. Letters 11, 381–384.
Hrouda, F., Janák, F., Rejl, L., and Weiss, J.: 1971b, ‘The Use of Magnetic Susceptibility Anisotropy for Estimating the Ferromagnetic Mineral Fabrics of Metamorphic Rocks’,Geol. Rdsch. 60, 1124–1142.
Hrouda, F., Janák, F., and Rejl, L.: 1978, ‘Magnetic Anisotropy and Ductile Deformation of Rocks in Zones of Progressive Regional Metamorphism’,Gerl. Beitr. Geophys. 87, 126–134.
Irving, E., and Park, J. R.: 1973, ‘Palaeomagnetism of Metamorphic Rocks: Errors Owing to Intrinsic Anisotropy’,Geophys. J. 34, 489–493.
Ising, E.: 1942, ‘On the Magnetic Properties of Varved Clay’,Arkiv Astron. Fysik 29A (5), 1–37.
Janák, F.: 1965, ‘Determination of Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility of Rocks’,Studia geoph. geod. 9, 290–301.
Janák, F.: 1977, ‘The Effect of the Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility on the Direction of the Vector of Isothermal Remanent Magnetic Polarization’,Studia geoph. geod. 11, 419–429.
Janák, F., Hrouda, F.: 1969, ‘Research of Magnetic Susceptibility and Its Anisotropy’,Report of Geofyzika Brno (in Czech).
Jelínek, V.: 1977, ‘The Statistical Theory of Measuring Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility of Rocks and Its Application’, Geofyzika Brno.
Jelínek, V.: 1978, ‘Statistical Processing of Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility Measured on Groups of Specimens’,Studia geophys. geod. 22, 50–62.
Jelínek, V.: 1981, ‘Characterization of Magnetic Fabric of Rocks’,Tectonophysics 79, 563–567.
Khan, M. A.: 1962, ‘Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility of Some Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks’,J. Geophys. Res. 67, 2873–2885.
King, R. F.: 1966, ‘The Magnetic Fabric of Some Irish Granites’,Geol. J. 5, 43–66.
Kligfield, R., Owens, W. H., and Lowrie, W.: 1982, ‘Magnetic Susceptibility Anisotropy, Strain, and Progressive Deformation in Permian Sediments from the Maritime Alps (France)’,Earth Plan. Sci. Letters 55, 181–189.
Kligfield, R., Lowrie, W., and Dalziel, I. W. D.: 1977, ‘Magnetic Susceptibility as a Strain Indicator in the Sudbury Basin, Ontario’,Tectonophysics 40, 287–308.
Kneen, S. J.: 1976, ‘The Relationship Between the Magnetic and Strain Fabrics of Some Haematitebearing Welsh Slates’,Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett. 31, 413–416.
Kolofiková, O.: 1976, ‘Geological Interpretation of Measurements of Magnetic Properties of Basalts on Example of the Chribský Les Lava Flow of the Velký Roudný Volcano (Nízký Jeseník)’,Čas. Mineral. geol. 21, 387–396. (In Czech).
Kropáček, V. and Krs, M.: 1968, ‘Magnetism and Ferromagnetism of Natural Minerals of the Spinel Group’,Studia geoph. geod. 12, 385–397.
Kropáček, V., Krs, M.: 1971, ‘Magnetism of Natural Pyrrhotite, Hematite and Ilmenite’,Studia geoph. geod. 15, 161–172.
Lowrie, W. and Kligfield, R.: 1981, ‘Effect of Progressive Deformation on the Remanent Magnetization of Redbeds’,EOS Trans. AGU 62, 273.
Nagata, T.: 1961Rock Magnetism, Maruzen, Tokio.
Nye, J. F.: 1957,Physical Properties of Crystals, Clarendon Press, Oxford (Russian translation, Moscow, 1960).
Osipov, Ju.: 1978,Magnetism of Clay Soils, Nedra Moscow. (in Russian).
Owens, W. H.: 1974, ‘Mathematical Model Studies on Factors Affecting the Magnetic Anisotropy of Deformed Rocks’,Tectonophysics 24, 115–131.
Owens, W. H. and Bamford, D.: 1976, ‘Magnetic, Seismic, and Other Anisotropic Properties of Rock Fabrics’,Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A283, 55–68.
Owens, W. H. and Rutter, E. H.: 1978, ‘The Development of Magnetic Susceptibility Anisotropy Through Crystallographic Preferred Orientation in a Calcite Rock’,Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors 16, 215–222.
Pecherskyi, D. M.: 1965, ‘Anisotropy of Remanent Magnetization—An Important Indicator of the Thermodynamic Regime of the Formation of Rocks’. (In Russian) inNastoyashchee i proskloyem magnitnogo polya Zemli, Moscow, 143–147.
Porath, H.: 1968, ‘The Magnetic Anisotropy of the Yampi Sound Hematite Ores’,Pure Appl. Geophys. 69, 168–178.
Porath, H.: 1971, ‘Anisotropie der magnetischen Suszeptibilität und Sättigungsmagnetisierung als Hilfmittel der Gefügekunde’,Geol. Rundsch. 60, 1088–1102.
Porath, H. and Chamalaun, F. H.: 1966, ‘The Magnetic Anisotropy of Hematite Bearing Rocks’,Pure Appl. Geophys. 64, 81–88.
Porath, H., and Raleigh, C. B.: 1967, ‘An Origin of the Triaxial Basal-plane Anisotropy in Hematite Crystals’,J. Appl. Phys. 38, 2401–2402.
Priyatkin, A. A., and Pisakin, B. N.: 1974, ‘Anisotropy of Isothermal Remanent Magnetization as Indicator of the Fabric Inhomogenity of a Rock’. (In Russian) inMekhanica lithospheri. Moskva, 18–21.
Rad, U. von: 1971, ‘Comparison between “Magnetic” and Sedimentary Fabric in Graded and Crosslaminated Sand Layers, Southern California’,Geol. Rundsch. 60, 331–354.
Rathore, J. S.: 1979a, ‘Magnetic Susceptibility Anisotropy in the Cambrian Slate Belt of North Wales and Correlation with Strain’,Tectonophysics 53, 83–97.
Rathore, J. S.: 1979b. ‘Strain to Magnetic Anisotropy Correlations—A Possible Universal Relationship.EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 60, 570–571.
Rathore, J. S. and Becke, M., 1980, ‘Magnetic Fabric Analyses in the Gail Valley (Carinthia, Austria) for the Determination of the Sense of Movements Along this Region of the Periadriatic Line’,Tectonophysics 69, 349–368.
Rees, A. I.: 1966, ‘The Effects of Depositional slopes on the Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility of Laboratory Deposited sands’,J. Geol. 74, 856–867.
Rees, A. I.: 1968. ‘The Production of Preferred Orientation in a Concentrated Dispersion of Elongated and Flattened Grains’,J. Geol. 76, 457–465.
Rees, A. I.: 1971, ‘The Magnetic Fabric of a Sedimentary Rock deposited on a Slope’,J. Sediment. Petrol., 307–309.
Rees, A. I., and Woodall, W. A.: 1975: ‘The Magnetic Fabric of some Laboratory-deposited Sediments’,Earth Planet. Sci. Letters 25, 121–130.
Rees, A. I., Rad, U. von, Shepard, F.P.: 1968, ‘Magnetic Fabric of Sediments from the La Jolla Submarine Canyon and Fan, California’,Marine Geol. 6, 145–178.
Schwarz, E. J.: 1974, ‘Magnetic Fabric in Massive Sulphide Deposits’,Van. J. Earth Sci. 11, 1699–1675.
Schwarz, E. J.: 1975, ‘Magnetic Properties of Pyrrhotite and Their Use in Applied Geology and Geophysics’,Geol. Surv. Canada Paper 74-59, pp. 24.
Scriba, H. and Heller, F.: 1978, ‘Measurements of Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility Using Inductive Magnetometers’,J. Geophys. 44, 341–352.
Sholpo, L. E.: 1977,The Utilization of Rock Magnetism for Solving Geological Problems (In Russian). Leningrad.
Singh, J., Sanderson, D. J., and Tarling, D. H.: 1975, ‘The Magnetic Susceptibility Anisotropy of Deformed Rocks from North Cornwall, England’,Tectonophysics 27, 141–153.
Stacey, F. D.: 1960, ‘Magnetic Anisotropy of Igneous Rocks’,J. Geophys. Res. 65, 2429–2442.
Stacey, F. D., Joplin, G., and Lindsay, J.: 1960, ‘Magnetic Anisotropy and Fabric of some Foliated Rocks from S.E. Australia’,Geofiz. Pura Appl. 47, 30–40.
Stoner, E. C.: 1945, ‘The Demagnetizing Factors for Ellipsoids’,Phil. Mag. 36, 803–821.
Symons, D. T. A.: 1967, ‘The Magnetic and Petrologic Properties of a Basalt Column’,Geophys. J. 12, 473–490.
Uyeda, S., Fuller, M. D., Belshé, J. C., and Girdler, R. W.: 1963, ‘Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility of Rocks and Minerals’,J. Geoph. Res. 68, 279–291.
Vašek, P.: 1971,A Contribution to the Petrophysical Characteristics of Amphibolites of the Jeseník Amphibolite Massif. Thesis University Brno. (in Czech)
Wagner, J. J., Hedley, F. G., Steen, D., Tinkler, C., and Vaugnat, M.: 1981, ‘Magnetic Anisotropy and Fabric of some Progressively Deformed Ophiolitic Gabbros’,J. Geophys. Res. 86, 307–315.
Wing-Fatt, L. and Stacey, F. D.: 1966, ‘Magnetic Anisotropy of Laboratory Materials in which Magma Flow is Simulated’,Pure Appl. Geophys. 64, 78–80.
Wood, D. S., Oertel, G., Singh, J., and Bennet, M. F.: 1976, ‘Strain and Anisotropy in Rocks’,Phill. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.,A283, 27–42.
Zinsser, H.: 1977,Die Anisotropie der Magnetisierbarkeit metamorpher Gesteine aus der Umrahmung der Münchberger Gneismasse, Thesis University of Munich.