Yeasts in peatlands: A review of richness and roles in peat decomposition
Tóm tắt
The richness and ecological roles of yeasts in peatlands are largely unknown. This paper presents a review of the literature on yeasts in peatlands and also provides new data with species isolated from peatlands in Saskatchewan, Canada, and West Siberia, Russia. To date, 75 yeast taxa have been reported from peatlands, including 46 identified species and 29 isolates identified only to genus or not at all. This represents 5%–10% of known yeasts and about 10% of all peatland fungi. Cryptococcus, Candida, Pichia, and Rhodotorula are the most prevalent genera, accounting for 58% of known peatland yeast species. We obtained 34 isolates from western Canadian and West Siberian bog and fen peat, including 12 identified species and eight unidentified taxa. Identified taxa comprised mostly species of Candida, Cryptococcus, and Rhodotorula. Unidentified taxa were described based on physiology and morphology. Globally, more species have been reported from bogs than fens (41 vs. 13 taxa), and the species composition differs between the two peatland classes. The effect of depth within the acrotelm on yeast abundance and species composition varies among peatlands. Physiological profiling of the yeasts from our study showed that they can use (poly)saccharides (primarily D-glucose, maltotriose, n-acetyl glucosamine, trehalose, and sucrose), organic acids (primarily D-gluconic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, and succinic acid), sugar alcohols (primarily D-arabitol, D-mannitol, and D-sorbitol), glycosides (primarily arbutin and salicin), and amino acids (primarily L-glutamic acid) as carbon and nitrogen sources. Based on these profiles, yeasts likely access simple polymers that leach from senesced and/or dead plant materials in peatlands and probably play important roles during the initial stages of organic matter decomposition.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Andersen, R., A.-J. Francez, and L. Rochefort. 2006. The physicochemical and microbiological status of a restored bog in Québec: identification of relevant criteria to monitor success. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38: 1375–87.
Anderson, I. C. and J. W. G. Cairney. 2004. Diversity and ecology of soil fungal communities: increased understanding through the application of molecular techniques. Environmental Microbiology 6: 769–79.
Bab’eva, I. P. and I. Yu. Chernov. 1995. Geographic aspects of yeast ecology. Physiology and General Biology Reviews 9: 1–54.
Baker, J. H. 1970. Quantitative study of yeasts and bacteria in a Signy Island peat. British Antarctic Service Bulletin 23: 51–55.
Barnett, J. A., R. W. Payne, and D. Yarrow. 1983. Yeasts: Characteristics and Identification. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Brinson, M. M., A. E. Lugo, and S. Brown. 1981. Primary productivity, decomposition and consumer activity in freshwater wetlands. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 12: 123–61.
Chernov, I. Y. 1985. Synecological analysis of yeast groupings in the Taimyr tundra. Ekologiya 1: 54–60.
Clymo, R. S. 1983. Peat. p. 159–224. In A. J. P. Gore (ed.) Ecosystems of the World 4A, Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen, and Moor. Elsevier, New York, NY, USA.
Christensen, P. J. and F. D. Cook. 1970. The microbiology of Alberta muskeg. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 50: 171–78.
Christensen, M. and W. F. Whittingham. 1965. The soil microfungi in open bogs and conifer swamps in Wisconsin. Mycologia 57: 882–89.
Deacon, J. W. 1997. Modern Mycology, third edition. Blackwell, Boston, MA, USA.
Dickinson, C. H. and M. J. Dooley. 1967. The microbiology of cut-away peat. I. descriptive ecology. Plant and Soil 21: 172–86.
Dobranic, J. K. and J. C. Zak. 1999. A microtiter plate procedure for evaluating fungal functional diversity. Mycologia 91: 756–65.
Environment Canada. 2004. Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000. http://www.climate.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/climate_normals
Fisk, M. C., K. F. Ruether, and J. B. Yavitt. 2003. Microbial activity and functional composition among northern peatland ecosystems. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 35: 591–602.
Frey, K. E. and L. C. Smith. 2003. Recent temperature and precipitation increases in West Siberia and their association with the Arctic Oscillation. Polar Research 22: 287–300.
Golovchenko, A. V., T. A. Semenova, A. V. Polyakova, and L. I. Inisheva. 2002. The structure of the micromycete complexes of oligotrophic peat deposits in the southern Taiga subzone of west Siberia. Microbiology 71: 575–81.
Golubev, V. I. 1986. Yeasts of the arctic west Siberian tundra. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Biologicheskie 4: 609–12. [in Russian, English summary]
Golubev, V. I., V. M. Blagodatskaya, A. R. Manukyan, and O. L. Liss. 1981a. Yeast microflora of peats. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Biologicheskie 2: 181–86. [in Russian, English summary]
Golubev, V. I., V. M. Blagodatskaya, S. O. Suetin, and R. Sh. Trotsenko. 1981b. Pichia inositovora and Candida paludigena, two new species of yeasts isolated from peat. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 31: 91–96.
Gore, A. J. P. 1983. Ecosystems of the World 4B. Mire: Swamp, Bog, Fen, and Moor. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Gorham, E. 1991. Northern peatlands: role in the carbon cycle and probable responses to climatic warming. Ecological Applications 1: 182–95.
Hambleton, S. and L. Sigler. 2005. Meliniomyces, a new anamorph genus for root-associated fungi with phylogenetic affinities to Rhizoscyphus ericae (≡ Hymenoscyphus ericae), Leotiomyces. Studies in Mycology 53: 1–27.
Heilman-Clausen, J. 2001. A gradient analysis of communities of macrofungi and slime molds on decaying beech logs. Mycological Research 195: 575–96.
Hobbie, E. A., L. S. Watrud, S. Maggard, T. Shiroyama, and P. T. Rygiewicz. 2003. Carbohydrate use and assimilation by litter and soil fungi assessed by carbon isotopes and Biolog assays. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 35: 303–11.
Index Fungorum. 2007. CABI Science Databases, CBS, Landcare Research. www.indexfungorum.org
Kurtzman, C. P. 2006. Yeast species — recognition from gene sequence analyses and other molecular methods. Mycoscience 47: 65–71.
Kurtzman, C. P. and J. W. Fell. 1998. The Yeasts: A Taxonomic Study, fourth edition. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Kurtzman, C. P. and J. W. Fell. 2006. Yeast systematics and phylogeny — implications of molecular identification methods for studies in ecology. p. 11–30, In C. A. Rosa and G. Peter (eds.) Biodiversity and Ecophysiology of Yeasts. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
Kurtzman, C. P. and J. Piskur. 2006. Taxonomy and phylogenetic diversity among the yeasts. p. 29–46, In P. Sunnerhagen and J. Piskur (eds.) Comparative Genomics: Using Fungi as Models, Volume 15. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
Latter, P. M., J. B. Cragg, and O. W. Heal. 1967. Comparative studies on the microbiology of four moorland soils in the northern Pennines. Journal of Ecology 55: 445–64.
Lumley, T. C., L. D. Gignac, and R. S. Currah. 2001. Microfungus communities of white spruce and trembling aspen logs at different stages of decay in disturbed and undisturbed sites in the boreal mixedwood region of Alberta. Canadian Journal of Botany 79: 76–92.
National Wetlands Working Group. 1988. Wetlands of Canada. Ecological Land Classification Series, No. 24. Sustainable Development Branch, Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON.and Poly Science Publications, Inc., Montréal, QC, Canada.
Nilsson, M., E. Bååth, and B. Söderström. 1992. The microfungal communities of a mixed mire in northern Sweden. Canadian Journal of Botany 70: 272–76.
Polyakova, A. V., I. Yu. Chernov, and N. S. Panikov. 2001. Yeast diversity in hydromorphic soils with reference to a grass-Sphagnum wetland in western Siberia and a hummocky tundra region at Cape Barrow (Alaska). Microbiology 70: 617–22.
Preston-Mafham, J., L. Boddy, and P. F. Randerson. 2002. Analysis of microbial community functional diversity using sole-carbon-source utilization profiles — a critique. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 42: 1–14.
Rice, A. V. and R. S. Currah. 2005. Oidiodendron: a survey of the named species and related anamorphs of Myxotrichum. Studies in Mycology 53: 83–120.
Rice, A. V., R. S. Currah, and A. Tsuneda. 2006. In vitro decomposition of Sphagnum by some microfungi resembles white-rot of wood. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 56: 372–82.
Robson, T. M., V. A. Pancotto, C. L. Ballaré, O. E. Sala, A. L. Scopel, and M. M. Caldwell. 2004. Reduction of solar UV-B mediates changes in the Sphagnum capitulum microenvironment and the peatland microfungal community. Oecologia 140: 480–90.
Roulet, N. T. 2000. Peatlands, carbon storage, greenhouse gases, and the Kyoto Protocol: prospects and significance to Canada. Wetlands 20: 605–15.
Sobek, E. A. and J. C. Zak. 2003. The Soil FungiLog procedure: method and analytical approaches toward understanding fungal functional diversity. Mycologia 95: 590–602.
Suh, S.-O., J. V. McHugh, D. D. Pollock, and M. Blackwell. 2005. The beetle gut: a hyperdiverse source of novel yeasts. Mycological Research 109: 261–65.
Thormann, M. N. 2006a. The role of fungi in decomposition dynamics in peatlands. p. 101–23, In R. K. Wieder and D. H. Vitt (eds.) Boreal Peatland Ecosystems. Ecological Studies, Volume 15. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
Thormann, M. N. 2006b. Diversity and function of fungi in peatlands: a carbon cycling perspective. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86: 281–93.
Thormann, M. N. and S. E. Bayley. 1997. Aboveground plant production and nutrient content of the vegetation in six peatlands in Alberta, Canada. Plant Ecology 131: 1–16.
Thormann, M. N., S. E. Bayley, and R. S. Currah. 2001. Comparison of decomposition of belowground and aboveground plant litters in peatlands of boreal Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany 79: 9–22.
Thormann, M. N., R. S. Currah, and S. E. Bayley. 2002. The relative ability of fungi from Sphagnum fuscum to decompose selected carbon sources. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 48: 204–11.
Thormann, M. N., R. S. Currah, and S. E. Bayley. 2003. Succession of microfungal assemblages in decomposing peat-land plants. Plant and Soil 250: 323–33.
Thormann, M. N., R. S. Currah, and S. E. Bayley. 2004. Patterns of distribution of microfungi in decomposing bog and fen plants. Canadian Journal of Botany 82: 710–20.
Thormann, M. N. and A. V. Rice. 2007. Fungi in peatlands. Fungal Diversity 24: 241–99.
Thornton, R. H. 1956. Fungi occurring in mixed oakwood and heath soil profiles. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 39: 485–94.
Tokumasu, S. 1994. Trophodynamic structure of a swampy bog at the climax stage of limnological succession III. filamentous fungi associated with the standing leaves of Typha latifolia. Water Air and Soil Pollution 76: 491–99.
Turetsky, M. R., R. K. Wieder, C. J. Williams, and D. H. Vitt. 2000. Organic matter accumulation, peat chemistry, and permafrost melting in peatlands of boreal Alberta. Écoscience 7: 379–92.
Williams, C. J., J. B. Yavitt, N. L. Cleavitt, and R. K. Wieder. 1998. Cupric oxide oxidation products of northern peat and peat-forming plants. Canadian Journal of Botany 76: 51–62.
Worrall, J. J. 1991. Media for selective isolation of hymenomycetes. Mycologia 83: 296–302.
Zvyagintsev, D. G., T. G. Dobrovol’skaya, A. V. Golovchenko, G. M. Zenova, and M. V. Smagina. 1991. The structure of a saprotrophic microbial complex in the peat-bogs. Microbiology (Moscow) 60: 155–64. [in Russian].