Diffuse and disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis: clinical cases experienced in Ecuador and a brief review
Tóm tắt
In Ecuador, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is prevalent countrywide, but only one case of diffuse-CL and two cases of disseminated-CL were experienced during our research activities more than 30 years from 1982 to date. These three patients suffered from multiple lesions distributed at a wide range of the body surface, revealing difficulty to clinically differentiate each other. There is a considerable confusion of the use and/or differentiation of the terminologies (terms) between the two disease forms, diffuse-CL and disseminated-CL. One of the aims of the present study is to clarify the difference between the two disease forms, mainly based on the cases experienced in Ecuador. The disseminated-CL case newly reported here was clinically very similar to the diffuse-CL case, but the former showed the following marked differences from the latter: (1) the organisms isolated were identified as the parasites of Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis/panamensis, which are also known as the causative agents of disseminated-CL in different endemic countries of the New World; (2) the patient was sensitive against antimonials; and (3) mucosal involvement was observed, which is never observed in diffuse-CL. In the text, three clinical cases, one diffuse-CL and two disseminated-CL, were presented. Furthermore, a bibliographic comparison of the features between the two disease forms was made, and a brief comment was also given.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Desjeux P. The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2001;95:239–43.
Alvar J, Velez ID, Bern C, Herrero M, et al. WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team, 2012. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e35671.
Convit J, Lapenta M. Sobre un caso de leishmaniasis tegumentaria de forma diseminada. Rev Policlinica Caracas. 1948;17:153–8.
Destombes P, Poirer A, Serie C. Leishmaniose cutanee nodulaire disseminee en Ethiopie. Arch Inst Pasteur Alger. 1965;43:9–19.
Costa JM, Marsden PD, Llanos-Cuestas EA, Netto EM, et al. Disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis in a field clinic in Bahia, Brazil: a report of eight cases. J Trop Med Hyg. 1986;89:319–23.
Carvalho EM, Barral A, Costa JML, et al. Clinical and immunopathological aspects of disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis. Act Trop. 1994;56:315–25.
Turetz ML, Machado PR, Ko AI, et al. Disseminated leishmaniasis: a new and emerging form of leishmaniasis observed in northeastern Brazil. J Inf Dis. 2002;186:1829–34.
Kato H, Caceres AC, Mimori T, et al. Use of FTA cards for direct sampling of patients’ lesions in the ecological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:3661–5.
Kato H, Calvopina M, Criollo H, et al. First human cases of Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi infection in Ecuador and identification of its suspected vector species. Act Trop. 2013;128:710–3.
Furuya M, Nonaka S, Gomez EAL, Hashiguchi Y. Evaluation and characterization of partially purified skin test antigens prepared from Leishmania panamensis promastigotes. Jpn J Trop Med Hyg. 1991;19:209–17.
Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994;22:4673–80.
Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, et al. MEGAS: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol. 2011;28:2731–9.
Reyna EA, Aroca MC, Castillo AR, et al. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis: the first report of a parasitologically confirmed case in Ecuador. In: Hashiguchi Y, editor. Studies on New World leishmaniasis and its transmission, with particular reference to Ecuador, vol. 4. Kochi, Japan: Res Rep Ser; 1994. p. 85–92.
Calvopina M, Gomez EAL, Sindermann H, et al. Relapse of New World diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana after Miltefosine treatment. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;75:1074–7.
Lazo RFS, Hashiguchi Y. Generalized cutaneous leishmaniasis: a parasitologically confirmed case in Ecuador. In: Hashiguchi Y, editor. Studies on New World leishmaniasis and its transmission with particular reference to Ecuador, vol. 4. Kochi, Japan: Res Rep Ser; 1994. p. 93–8.
Furuya M, Akimaru Y, Mimori T, et al. Identification of species of Ecuadorian Leishmania isolates by ELISA using monoclonal antibodies. In: Hashiguchi Y, editor. Studies on New World leishmaniasis and its transmission, with particular reference to Ecuador, vol. 5. Kochi, Japan: Res Rep Ser; 1997. p. 11–20.
Hashiguchi Y, Gomez EAL. A review of leishmaniasis in Ecuador. Bull Pan Am Health Org. 1991;25:64–76.
Calvopina M, Armijos RX, Hashiguchi Y. Epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Ecuador: current status of knowledge—a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2004;99:1–10.
Gomez EAL, Kato H, Hashiguchi Y. Man-biting sand fly species and natural infection with the Leishmania promastigote in leishmaniasis- endemic areas in Ecuador. Act Trop. 2014;140:41–9.
Develoux M, Diallo S, Dieng Y, et al. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania major in Senegal. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1996;90:396–7.
Azeredo-Coutinho RBG, Conceicao-Silva F, Schubach A, et al. First report of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis and Leishmania amazonensis infection in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007;101:735–7.
Kungu A, Mutinga MJ, Ngoka JM. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kenya. East Afr Med J. 1972;48:458–65.
Niamba P, Goumbri-Lompo O, Traoré A, et al. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in an HIV-positive patient in western Africa. Austral J Dermatol. 2007;48:32–4.
Grimaldi Jr G, Tesh RB, McMahoon-Pratt D. A review of the geographical distribution and epidemiology of leishmaniasis in the New World. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1989;41:687–725.
Bryceson ADM. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. III. Immunological studies. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1970;64:387–93.
Walton BC, Velasco O. Leishmaniasis. The distribution and aetiology of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in the New World. NATO ASI Ser. 1989;171:149–57.
World Health Organization. Control of the leishmaniasis: report of a WHO Expert Committee. Tech Rep Ser. 1990;793:1–158.
Convit J, Ulrich CT, Fernandez FJ, et al. The clinical and immunological spectrum of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1993;87:444–8.
Lainson R. The American leishmaniases. Some observations on their ecology and epidemiology. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1983;77:569–96.
Couppie P, Clyti E, Sainte-Marie D, Dedet JP, et al. Disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania guyanensis: case of a patient with 425 lesions. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;71:558–60.
Sousa AQ, Pompeu MML, Sólon FRN, Frutuoso MS, et al. Disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis: a patient with 749 lesions. Braz J Infect Dis. 2006;10:230–0.
Silveira FT, Lainson R, Corbett CEP. Clinical and immunopathological spectrum of American cutaneous leishmaniasis with special reference to the disease in Amazonian Brazil—a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro. 2004;99:239–51.
Mondolfi AEP, Duffey GB, Horton LE, et al. Intermediate/borderline disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatal. 2013;52:446–55.
Queiroz A, Sousa R, Heine C, et al. Association between an emerging disseminated form of leishmaniasis and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis strain polymorphisms. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50:4028–34.
Newlove T, Robinson M, Meehan SA, et al. Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Dermatol Online J. 2012;18(12):32.
Romero HD, Almeida-Silva L, Silva-Vergara ML, et al. Comparative study of serologic tests for the diagnosis of asymptomatic visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;81:27–33.
Molinet FJ, Ampuero JS, Costa RD, et al. Specificity of the rapid rK39 antigen-based immunochromatographic test Kalazar Detect(r) in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswardo Cruz 2013. 108(3). doi:10.1590/S0074-02762013000300006.
Maia Z, Lírio M, Mistro S, et al. Comparative study of rK39 Leishmania antigen for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: systematic review with meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6:e1484. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001484. Epub 2012 Jan 31.