The nature and dynamics of soil organic matter: Plant inputs, microbial transformations, and organic matter stabilization

Acton, 1963, The relationship of polysaccharides to soil aggregation, Can. J. Soil Sci., 43, 201, 10.4141/cjss63-025 Adair, 2008, Simple three pool kinetic model describes patterns of long-term litter decomposition in diverse climates, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 2636, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01674.x Aitkenhead, 2000, Soil C: N ratio as a predictor of annual riverine DOC flux at local and global scales, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 14, 127, 10.1029/1999GB900083 Alexander, 1961 Alvarez, 1995, Effect of temperature on soil microbial biomass and its metabolic quotient in situ under different tillage systems, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 19, 227, 10.1007/BF00336164 Amato, 1992, Decomposition of 13C labeled glucose and legume materials in soils: properties influencing the accumulation of organic residue and microbial biomass, Soil Biol. Biochem., 23, 455, 10.1016/0038-0717(92)90208-F Anderson, 1984, Organo-mineral complexes and their study by radiocarbon dating, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 48, 298, 10.2136/sssaj1984.03615995004800020014x Anderson, 1980, Quantities of plant nutrients in the microbial biomass of selected soils, Soil Sci., 130, 211, 10.1097/00010694-198010000-00008 Anderson, 1989, Ratios of microbial biomass C to total organic C in arable soils, Soil Biol. Biochem., 21, 471, 10.1016/0038-0717(89)90117-X Babiuk, 1970, The use of fluorescein isothiocyanate in the determination of the microbial biomass of grassland soils, Can. J. Microbiol., 16, 57, 10.1139/m70-011 Bai, 2013, Kinetics of amino sugar formation from organic residues of different quality, Soil Biol. Biochem., 57, 814, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.08.006 Baldock, 2012, Soil organic matter Balesdent, 1988, Soil organic matter turnover in long-term field experiments as revealed by carbon-13 natural abundance, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 52, 118, 10.2136/sssaj1988.03615995005200010021x Balestrini, 2015, Plant-soil biota interactions, 311 Bardgett, 2005 Batjes, 2014, Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 65, 10, 10.1111/ejss.12114_2 Bérdy, 2005, Bioactive materials, J. Antibiotics, 58, 1, 10.1038/ja.2005.1 Bingeman, 1953, The effect of the addition of organic materials on the decomposition of an organic soil, Soil Sci. Am. Proc., 17, 34, 10.2136/sssaj1953.03615995001700010008x Birge, 2015, Soil respiration is not limited by reductions in microbial biomass during long-term incubation, Soil Biol. Biochem., 81, 304, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.11.028 Bottomley, 2012, A consideration of the relative contributions of different microbial subpopulations to the soil N cycle, Front. Microbiol., 3, 1, 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00373 Boutton, 1996, Stable carbon isotope ratios of soil organic matter and their use as indicators of vegetation and climate change, 47 Brady, 1984 Bremner, 1982, Advances in methodology for research on nitrogen transformations in soil, 467 Broadbent, 1947, Nitrogen release and carbon loss from soil organic matter during decomposition of added plant materials, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 12, 246, 10.2136/sssaj1948.036159950012000C0057x Broadbent, 1946, Some factors affecting the availability of organic nitrogen in soil. A preliminary report, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 11, 359 Broadbent, 1948, The effect of quantity of plant material added to soil on its rate of decomposition, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 13, 271, 10.2136/sssaj1949.036159950013000C0048x Bruun, 2005, Estimating turnover of soil organic carbon fractions based on radiocarbon measurements, Radiocarbon, 47, 93, 10.1017/S0033822200052231 Calderón, 2012, Carbon allocation, below ground transfers and lipid turnover in a plant-microbial association, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 76, 1614, 10.2136/sssaj2011.0440 Calderón, 2013, Mid-infrared spectroscopy as a method of characterizing changes in soil organic matter, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 77, 1591, 10.2136/sssaj2013.04.0131 Campbell, 1967, Applicability of the carbon dating method of analysis to soil humus studies, Soil Sci., 104, 217, 10.1097/00010694-196709000-00010 Campbell, 2015, Current developments in soil organic matter modeling and expansions of models: a review, Environ. Res. Lett., 10, 123004, 10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/123004 Campbell, 1982, Low temperature scanning electron microscopy of microorganisms in soils, Soil Biol. Biochem., 14, 241, 10.1016/0038-0717(82)90033-5 Chabbi, 2009, Stabilized carbon in subsoil horizons is located in distinct parts of the soil profile, Soil Biol. Biochem., 41, 256, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.10.033 Chahal, 1968, Biosynthesis and characterization of soil polysaccharides, 207 Chattopadhyay, S., Morris, S.J., Paul, E.A., Blackwood, C.B., 2016. Do microbial guilds track organic carbon content in soil? Unpublished results. Cheeke, 2013 Chen, 2012, Stable isotope probing and its application to soil microbiology Cheng, 2008, Natural oxidation of black carbon in soil: changes in molecular form and surface charge along a climo sequence, Geochem. Cosmochem. Acta, 72, 1598, 10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.010 Chenu, 2015, Methods for studying soil organic matter: nature, dynamics, spatial accessibility and interactions with minerals, 383 Cheshire, 1974, Transformation of sugars when rye cellulose labeled with 14C decomposes in soil, J. Soil Sci., 25, 90, 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1974.tb01106.x Clapp, 2005, Chemistry of soil organic matter, vol. 8, 1 Clemente, 2013, Physical protection of lignin by organic matter and clay minerals from chemical oxidation, Org. Geochem., 58, 1, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2013.02.007 Coleman, 1991 Coleman, 2014, Soil fauna: occurrence, biodiversity and roles in ecosystem function, 111 Coleman, 2004 Collins, 1999, Soil carbon dynamics in corn-based ecosystems: results from carbon-13 abundance, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 63, 584, 10.2136/sssaj1999.03615995006300030022x Collins, 2000, Soil carbon pools and fluxes in long-term corn-belt agroecosystems, Soil Biol. Biochem., 32, 157, 10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00136-4 Conant, 2011, Temperature and soil organic matter decomposition – synthesis of current knowledge and a way forward, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 3392, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02496.x Cotrufo, 2013, The molecular efficiency-matrix stabilization (MEMS) framework integrates plant litter decomposition with soil organic matter stabilization. Do labile plant inputs form stable soil organic matter?, Glob. Change Biol., 19, 988, 10.1111/gcb.12113 Cox, 1975, Ultrastructural evidence relating to host-endophyte transfer in a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza, 297 Crawford, 1977, Preparation of specifically labeled 14C (lignin) and 14C (cellulose, lignocellulose), and their decomposition by the microflora of soils, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 33, 1247, 10.1128/aem.33.6.1247-1251.1977 Dahlman, 1968, Tagging native grassland vegetation with carbon-14, Ecology, 49, 1199, 10.2307/1934516 De Deyn, 2008, Plant functional traits and soil carbon sequestration in contrasting biomes, Ecol. Lett., 11, 516, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01164.x Di Costy, 2003, 15N CPAMS nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and biological stability of soil organic matter in whole soil and particle size fractions, Org. Geochem., 34, 1635, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2003.08.005 Dinel, 1990, Soil lipids: origin, nature, content, decomposition and effect on soil physical properties, vol. 6, 397 Drigo, 2012, Rapid incorporation of carbon from ectomycorrhizal mycelia necromass into soil fungal communities, Soil Biol. Biochem., 40, 4, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.02.003 Dungait, 2012, Soil organic matter turnover is governed by accessibility not recalcitrance, Glob. Change Biol., 18, 1781, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02665.x EPA, 2015 Fang, 2005, Similar response of labile and resistant organic pools to changes in temperature, Nature, 433, 57, 10.1038/nature03138 Feller, 1997, The concept of humus in the past three centuries Feller, 2003, The principles of rational agriculture” by Albrecht Daniel Thaer (1752–1828), an approach to the sustainability of cropping systems at the beginning of the 19th century, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 166, 687, 10.1002/jpln.200321233 Feng, 2011, Molecular-level methods for monitoring soil organic matter responses to global climate change (invited review), J. Environ. Monit., 13, 1246, 10.1039/c0em00752h Fierer, 2009, Searching for unifying principles in soil ecology, Soil Biol. Biochem., 41, 2249, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.06.009 Finch, 1971, The biochemistry of soil polysaccharides, vol. 2, 258 Follett, 1997, Carbon isotope ratios of Great Plains soils and in wheat-fallow systems, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 61, 1068, 10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100040012x Follett, 2007, Soil carbon dynamics during a long-term incubation study involving 13C and 14C measurements, Soil Sci., 172, 189, 10.1097/ss.0b013e31803403de Fontaine, 2003, The priming effect of organic matter: a question of microbial competition?, Soil Biol. Biochem., 35, 837, 10.1016/S0038-0717(03)00123-8 Foster, 1981, In situ analysis of soil components of biological origin, vol. 5, 75 Foster, 1983 Fry, 2015, The spatial distribution of soil biota, 223 Gianfreda, 2012, Enzymatic activity as influenced by soil mineral and humic colloids and its impact on biogeochemical processes Gillespie, 2014, Nitrogen input quality changes the biochemical composition of soil organic matter stabilized in the fine fraction: a long-term study, Biogeochemistry, 117, 337, 10.1007/s10533-013-9871-z Gleixner, 2013, Soil organic matter dynamics: a biological perspective derived from the use of compound specific isotope studies, Ecol. Res., 28, 683, 10.1007/s11284-012-1022-9 Goh, 1991, Carbon dating, 125 Gregorich, 1995, Turnover of soil organic matter and storage of corn residue carbon estimated from natural 13C abundance, Can. J. Soil Sci., 75, 161, 10.4141/cjss95-023 Gregorich, 1996, Transformation of plant residues into soil organic matter: chemical characterization of plant tissue, isolated soil fractions, and whole soils, Soil Sci., 161, 680, 10.1097/00010694-199610000-00005 Haddix, 2011, The role of soil characteristics on temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 75, 56, 10.2136/sssaj2010.0118 Haider, 1992, Problems related to the humification processes in soils of temperate climates, vol. 7, 55 Haider, 1975, Humus biochemistry, vol. 4, 195 Haile-Mariam, 2008, Dynamics of soil organic matter constituents determined by 13C changes during long-term incubation, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 72, 370, 10.2136/sssaj2007.0126 Hamilton, 2015 Harris, 1994, Measurement of bacterial growth rates in soil, Appl. Soil Ecol., 1, 277, 10.1016/0929-1393(94)90005-1 Hillel, 1991 Hinckley, 2014, Digging into the soil beneath our feet: bridging knowledge across scales in the age of global change, EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 95, 95, 10.1002/2014EO110004 Hinsinger, 2012, Biogeochemical, biophysical and biological processes in the rhizosphere Hoover, 2002, Use of pyrolysis molecular beam mass spectrometry (py-MBMS) to characterize forest soil carbon: preliminary results from an old-growth forest in Northwestern Pennsylvania, Environ. Pollut., 116, S269, 10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00258-5 Horwath, 2015, Carbon cycling: the dynamics and formation of organic matter, 339 Horwath, 1994, Microbial biomass, 753 Horwath, 1994, 14C allocation in tree-soil systems, Tree Physiol., 14, 1163, 10.1093/treephys/14.10.1163 Hugelius, 2014, Estimated stocks of circumpolar permafrost carbon with quantified uncertainty ranges and identified data gaps, Biogeosciences, 11, 6573, 10.5194/bg-11-6573-2014 Hungate, 1996, Detecting changes in soil carbon in CO2 enrichment experiments, Plant Soil, 187, 135, 10.1007/BF00017086 Hurisso, 2013, Rapid changes in microbial biomass and aggregate size distribution in response to changes in organic matter management in grass pasture, Geoderma, 193–194, 68, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.10.016 Jannson, 1958, Tracer studies on nitrogen transformations in soil with special attention to mineralization-immobilization relationships, K. Landbrukshögkskolans Ann., 24, 101 Jannson, 1963, Balance sheet and residual effects of fertilizer in a six year study with 15N, Soil Sci., 95, 31, 10.1097/00010694-196301000-00006 Jastrow, 1996, Soil aggregate formation and the accrual of particulate and mineral associated organic matter, Soil Biol. Biochem., 28, 656, 10.1016/0038-0717(95)00159-X Jastrow, 1998, Soil aggregate stabilization and carbon sequestration; feedback through organo-mineral associations, 207 Jenkinson, 1965, Studies on the decomposition of plant material in soil. I. Losses of carbon from 14C-labelled ryegrass incubated in the field, J. Soil Sci., 16, 104, 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1965.tb01424.x Jenkinson, 1971, Studies of the decomposition of C14 labelled organic matter in soils, Soil Sci., 111, 64, 10.1097/00010694-197101000-00008 Jenkinson, 1990, The turnover of organic carbon and nitrogen in soil, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B, 320, 361 Jenkinson, 1981, Microbial biomass in soil: measurement and turnover, vol. 5, 415 Jenkinson, 1977, The turnover of soil organic matter in some of the Rothamsted classical experiments, Soil Sci., 123, 298, 10.1097/00010694-197705000-00005 Jenny, 1941 Jones, 2009, Carbon flow in the rhizosphere: carbon trading at the soil-root interface, Plant Soil, 321, 5, 10.1007/s11104-009-9925-0 Kandeler, 2015, Physiological and biochemical methods for studying soil biota and their functions, 188 Kemmitt, 2008, Mineralization of native soil organic matter is not regulated by the size, activity or composition of the soil microbial biomass – a new perspective, Soil Biol. Biochem., 40, 61, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.06.021 Killham, 2015, The bacteria and archaea, 41 Kirkham, 1954, Equations following nutrient transformations in soil, utilizing tracer data, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 18, 189, 10.2136/sssaj1954.03615995001800010009x Kirkham, 1955, Equations following nutrient transformations in soil, utilizing tracer data, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 19, 33, 10.2136/sssaj1955.03615995001900020020x Kögel-Knabner, 2012, Mineralogical, physiochemical and microbiological controls on soil organic matter stabilization and turnover Kögel-Knabner, 2008, Organo mineral associations in temperate soils: integrating biology, mineralogy and organic chemistry, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 171, 61, 10.1002/jpln.200700048 Kong, 2011, Microbial community composition and carbon cycling within soil microenvironments of conventional, low-input, and organic cropping systems, Soil Biol. Biochem., 43, 20, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.09.005 Kononova, 1961 Krull, 2006, Importance of charcoal in determining the age and chemistry of organic carbon in surface soils, J. Geophys. Res., 111, G04001, 10.1029/2006JG000194 Kucey, 1982, Carbon flow, photosynthesis and N2 fixation in mycorrhizal and nodulated faba beans, Vicia faba, Soil Biol. Biochem., 14, 407, 10.1016/0038-0717(82)90013-X Kuzyakof, 2000, Carbon inputs by plants into soil. Review, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 163, 421, 10.1002/1522-2624(200008)163:4<421::AID-JPLN421>3.0.CO;2-R Kuzyakov, 2010, Priming effects: interactions between living and dead organic matter, Soil Biol. Biochem., 42, 1363, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.04.003 Ladd, 1975, Humus enzyme systems and synthetic, organic polymer-enzyme molecules, vol. 4, 143 Ladd, 1984, Soil organic matter studies, vol. 1, 1 Ladd, 1973, Changes in enzyme activity and distribution of acid-soluble, amino acid-nitrogen in soil during nitrogen immobilization and mineralization, Soil Biol. Biochem., 5, 825, 10.1016/0038-0717(73)90028-X Lajtha, 2014, Changes in particulate versus mineral-associated soil carbon after 50 years of litter accumulation in forest and prairie experimental ecosystems, Biogeochemistry, 119, 341, 10.1007/s10533-014-9970-5 Lal, 2015, Carbon sequestration in soils, Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain., 15, 79, 10.1016/j.cosust.2015.09.002 Lavallee, J.M., Haddix, M.L., Conant, R.T., Bird, M.I., Paul, E.A., 2015. Contribution of pyrogenic carbon to soil organic matter fractions in agricultural soils and its influence on calculated turnover times. Unpublished results. Leavitt, 1997, Field variability of carbon isotopes in soil organic carbon, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B, 123, 451, 10.1016/S0168-583X(96)00707-0 Leavitt, 2001, Stable-carbon isotopes and soil organic carbon in wheat under CO2 enrichment, New Phytol., 150, 305, 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00113.x Lehmann, 2015, The contentious nature of soil organic matter, Nature, 528, 60, 10.1038/nature16069 Lehmann, 2005, Near-edge X-ray absorptionresourcefine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy for mapping nano-scale distribution of organic carbon forms in soil: application to black carbon particles, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 19, 10.1029/2004GB002435 Löhnis, 1923 Manzoni, 2009, Soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization: theory and models across scales, Soil Biol. Biochem., 41, 1355, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.02.031 Manzoni, 2012, Analytical models of soil and litter decomposition: solutions for mass loss and time dependent decay rates, Soil Biol. Biochem., 5, 66, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.02.029 Marshall, 1971, Sorptive interactions between soil particles and microorganism, vol. 2, 409 Martel, 1974, The use of radiocarbon dating of organic matter in the study of soil genesis, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 38, 501, 10.2136/sssaj1974.03615995003800030033x Martel, 1974, Effects of cultivation on the organic matter of grassland soils as determined by the fractionation and radiocarbon dating, Can. J. Soil Sci., 54, 419, 10.4141/cjss74-056 Martin, 1974, Decomposition and distribution of residual activity of some 14C-microbial polysaccharides and cells and glucose cellulose and wheat straw in soil, Soil Biol. Biochem., 6, 221, 10.1016/0038-0717(74)90055-8 Mathieu, 2015, Deep soil carbon dynamics are driven more by soil type than by climate: a worldwide meta-analysis of radiocarbon profiles, Glob. Change Biol., 21, 4278, 10.1111/gcb.13012 Mayaudon, 1958, Ėtude de la decomposition de la matiėre organic dans le sol de moyen du carbone radioacriv II, Plant Soil, 9, 381, 10.1007/BF01343834 Mayaudon, 1963, Humification des microorganisms marquės par 14C dan le sol, Ann. l'Institut Pasteur, 105, 257 McGill, 1975, Relation between carbon and nitrogen turnover in soil organic fractions of microbial origin, Soil Biol. Biochem., 7, 57, 10.1016/0038-0717(75)90032-2 McLauchlan, 2004, Comparison of labile soil organic matter fractionation techniques, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 68, 1612, 10.2136/sssaj2004.1616 McMahon, 2005, Dynamics of microbial communities during decomposition of carbon-13 labeled ryegrass fractions in soil, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 69, 1238, 10.2136/sssaj2004.0289 Mellor, 2013, Changes in ecosystem carbon following afforestation of native sand prairie, Soil Soc. Am. J., 77, 1613, 10.2136/sssaj2012.0327 Mikha, 2013, Long-term tillage impacts on soil aggregation and carbon dynamics under wheat-fallow in the central Great Plains, Soil Soc. Am. J., 77, 594, 10.2136/sssaj2012.0125 Miltner, 2011, SOM genesis: microbial biomass as a significant source, Biogeochemistry, 111, 41, 10.1007/s10533-011-9658-z Moore, 2012 Morris, 2011, Controls on soil carbon sequestration and dynamics: lessons from land use change, Nematology, 72, 78 Myrold, 2013, The potential of metagenomic processes for understanding soil microbial approaches, Soil Sci. Am. J., 78, 3, 10.2136/sssaj2013.07.0287dgs Nannipieri, 2006, 8 Nannipieri, 2009, The chemical and functional characteristics of soil organic N and its biotic components, Soil Biol. Biochem., 41, 2357, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.07.013 Norby, 2011, Ecological lessons from free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 42, 181, 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102209-144647 Norman, 1946, Recent advances in soil microbiology, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 11, 9, 10.2136/sssaj1947.036159950011000C0002x Norman, 1943, The use of the nitrogen isotope N15 in determining nitrogen recovery from plant materials decomposing in soil, J. Am. Soc. Agron., 35, 1023, 10.2134/agronj1943.00021962003500120004x Oades, 1970, Incorporation of 14C into sugars in a soil incubated with 14C glucose, Geoderma, 4, 417, 10.1016/0016-7061(70)90057-1 O'Brien, 2013, Physical and chemical protection in hierarchical soil aggregates regulates soil carbon and nitrogen recovery in restored perennial grasslands, Soil Biol. Biochem., 61, 1, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.01.031 O'Brien, 1978, Movement and turnover of soil organic matter as indicated by carbon isotopes measurement, Soil Biol. Biochem., 10, 309, 10.1016/0038-0717(78)90028-7 O'Brien, 2015, Edaphic controls on soil organic carbon stocks in restored grasslands, Geoderma, 251–252, 117, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.03.023 Osler, 2007, Toward a completed soil C and N cycle incorporating the soil fauna, Ecology, 88, 1611, 10.1890/06-1357.1 Parton, 1987, Analysis of factors controlling soil organic matter levels in Great Plains grasslands, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 51, 1173, 10.2136/sssaj1987.03615995005100050015x Parton, 1998, DAYCENT and its land surface sub model: description and testing, Glob. Planet. Change, 19, 32, 10.1016/S0921-8181(98)00040-X Parton, 2015, The dynamics of soil organic matter and nutrient cycling, 505 Paul, 2007, Soil microbiology, ecology and biochemistry in perspective, 3 Paul, 2015, Soil microbiology, ecology and biochemistry: an exciting present and great future built on basic knowledge and unifying concepts, 1 Paul, 1986 Paul, 1981, Carbon flow in plant microbial associations, Science, 213, 473, 10.1126/science.213.4506.473 Paul, 1978, The use of tracers to determine the dynamic nature of organic matter, 61 Paul, 1980, Nutrient and energy flows through soil microbial biomass, 215 Paul, 1997, Radiocarbon dating for determination of soil organic matter pool sizes and dynamics, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 61, 1058, 10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100040011x Paul, 1999, Evolution of CO2 and soil carbon dynamics in biologically managed, row-crop agroecosystems, Appl. Soil Ecol., 11, 53, 10.1016/S0929-1393(98)00130-9 Paul, 2001, Dynamics of resistant soil carbon of Midwestern agricultural soils measured by naturally-occurring 14C abundance, Geoderma, 104, 239, 10.1016/S0016-7061(01)00083-0 Paul, 2001, The determination of soil C pool sizes and turnover rates: biophysical fractionation and tracers, 193 Paul, 2004, Management effects on the dynamics and storage rates of organic matter in long-term rotations, Can. J. Soil Sci., 84, 49, 10.4141/S03-022 Paul, 2006, Does the acid hydrolysis-incubation method measure meaningful soil organic matter pools? A review of the literature, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 70, 1023, 10.2136/sssaj2005.0103 Paul, 2011, Soil N dynamics related to soil C and microbial changes during long-term incubation, Soil Sci., 176, 527, 10.1097/SS.0b013e31822ce6e8 Pelz, 2005, Microbial assimilation of plant-derived carbon in soil traced by isotope analysis, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 41, 153, 10.1007/s00374-004-0826-3 Piccolo, 2001, The supramolecular structure of humic substances, Soil Sci., 166, 810, 10.1097/00010694-200111000-00007 Ping, 2015, Permafrost soils and carbon cycling, SOIL, 1, 147, 10.5194/soil-1-147-2015 Pisana, 2013, Molecular level analysis of long-term vegetation shifts and relation to soil organic matter composition, Org. Biogeochem., 62, 7, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2013.06.010 Pisana, 2014, Accumulation of aliphatic compounds in soil with increasing mean annual temperature, Org. Geochem., 76, 118, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2014.07.009 Pietramella, 2012, Expression of genes in soil Plante, 2009, Pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry to characterize soil organic matter composition in chemically isolated fractions from different land uses, Biogeochemistry, 92, 145, 10.1007/s10533-008-9218-3 Poirier, 2005, Dynamics and origin of the non-hydrolyzable organic fraction in a forest and a cultivated temperate soil as determined by isotopic and microscopic studies, Eur. J. Soil Sci. Rasse, 2005, Is soil carbon mostly root carbon? Mechanisms for a specific stabilization, Plant Soil, 269, 341, 10.1007/s11104-004-0907-y Redmile-Gordon, 2014, Measuring the soil-microbial interface: extraction of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from soil biofilms, Soil Biol. Biochem., 72, 163, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.01.025 Rillig, 2003, Glomalin, an arbuscular- mycorrhizal soil protein, Plant Soil, 253, 293, 10.1023/A:1024807820579 Robertson, 2015, Nitrogen transformations in soil, 421 Rumpel, 2011, Deep soil organic matter-a key, but poorly understood component of terrestrial C cycle, Plant Soil, 338, 143, 10.1007/s11104-010-0391-5 Sage, 1995, Was low atmospheric CO2 during the Pleistocene a limiting factor for the origin of agriculture?, Glob. Change Biol., 1, 93, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00009.x Sanchez, 2002, Corn root effects on the nitrogen supplying power of a conditioned soil, Agron. J., 94, 391, 10.2134/agronj2002.3910 Scharpenseel, 1977, Radiocarbon dating of soils: a review, Z. Pflanzenernahrung Bodenkd., 140, 159, 10.1002/jpln.19771400205 Scharpenseel, 1989, Bomb-carbon, 14C dating and 13C measurements as tracers of organic matter dynamics as well as of morphogenetic and turbation processes, Sci. Total Environ., 81, 99, 10.1016/0048-9697(89)90115-0 Schimel, 2001, Biogeochemical models implicit versus explicit microbiology, 177 Schindler, 2007, Chemical characterization of glomalin –related soil protein (GRSP) extracted from soils of various organic matter contents, Soil Biol. Biochem., 39, 320, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.08.017 Schmidt, 2011, Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property, Nature, 478, 49, 10.1038/nature10386 Schnitzer, 2011, Quo vadis soil organic matter research? A biological link to the chemistry of humification, Adv. Agron., 113, 139 Schnurer, 1985, Microbial biomass and activity in agricultural soil with different organic matter contents, Soil Biol. Biochem., 17, 611, 10.1016/0038-0717(85)90036-7 Schulten, 1996, Direct pyrolysis-mass spectrometry of soils: a novel tool in agriculture, ecology, forestry, and soil science, 373 Schulten, 1993, Influence of the mineral matrix on the formation and molecular composition of soil organic matter in a long-term, agricultural experiment, Biogeochemistry, 22, 1, 10.1007/BF00002754 Schulten, 1999, Advances in analytical pyrolysis of soil organic matter, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 49, 359 Schuur, 2015, Climate change and the permafrost carbon feedback, Nature, 520, 171, 10.1038/nature14338 Segoli, 2013, AggModel: a soil organic matter model with measurable pools for use in incubation studies, Ecol. Model., 263, 1, 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.04.010 Shields, 1968, Spectrophotometric measurement of soil color and its relationship to moisture and organic matter, Can. J. Soil Sci., 48, 271, 10.4141/cjss68-037 Shields, 1973, Turnover of microbial tissue in soil under field conditions, Soil Biol. Biochem., 5, 753, 10.1016/0038-0717(73)90020-5 Simpson, 2011, NMR spectroscopy in environmental research: from molecular interactions to global processes, Prog. Mol. Magnetic Spectrosc., 58, 97, 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2010.09.001 Sinsabaugh, 2012, Ecoenzymatic stoichiometry and ecological theory, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 43, 313, 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-071112-124414 Sinsabaugh, 2013, Carbon use efficiency of microbial communities: stoichiometry, methodology and modeling, Ecol. Lett., 10.1111/ele.12113 Sinsabaugh, 2016, Stoichiometry of microbial carbon use efficiency in soils, Ecol. Monogr., 10.1890/15-2110.1 Six, 2002, Soil organic matter, biota and aggregation in temperate and tropical soils-Effects of no tillage, Agronomie, 22, 755, 10.1051/agro:2002043 Six, 2002, Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter: implications for C-saturation of soils, Plant Soil, 241, 155, 10.1023/A:1016125726789 Smith, 1990, The significance of soil microbial biomass estimations, vol. 6, 357 Smith, 1997, A comparison of the performance of nine soil organic matter models using data sets from seven long-term experiments, Geoderma, 81, 153, 10.1016/S0016-7061(97)00087-6 Snellgrove, 1982, The distribution of carbon and demand of the fungal symbiont in leek plants infected with arbuscular mycorrhizae, New Phytol., 92, 75, 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1982.tb03364.x Sollins, 2006, Organic C and N stabilization in a forest soil: evidence from sequential density fractionation, Soil Biol. Biochem., 38, 3313, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.04.014 Sorensen, 1972, Role of amino acids in the formation of soil organic matter, Soil Biol. Biochem., 4, 245, 10.1016/0038-0717(72)90017-X Sorensen, 1975, The influence of clay on the rate of decay of amino acids metabolites synthesized in soil during decomposition of cellulose, Soil Biol. Biochem., 7, 171, 10.1016/0038-0717(75)90015-2 Sorensen, 1977, Factors affecting the biostability of metabolic materials in soil, vol. 2, 3 Sorensen, 1981, Carbon- nitrogen relationships during the humification of cellulose in soils containing different amount of clay, Soil Biol. Biochem., 13, 313, 10.1016/0038-0717(81)90068-7 Sorensen, 1971, Transformation of acetate carbon into carbohydrate and amino acid metabolites during decomposition in soil, Soil Biol. Biochem., 3, 173, 10.1016/0038-0717(71)90012-5 Spence, 2011, The degradation characteristics of microbial biomass in soil, Geochem. Cosmochem. Acta, 75, 2571, 10.1016/j.gca.2011.03.012 Steinweg, 2008, Patterns of substrate utilization during long-term incubations at different temperatures, Soil Biol. Biochem., 40, 2722, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.07.002 Stevenson, 1994 Stout, 1981, Chemistry and turnover of naturally occurring resistant organic compounds in soil, vol. 5, 1 Stursova, 2012, Cellulose utilization in forest litters and soils: identification of bacterial and fungal decomposers, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 80, 735, 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01343.x Tarnocai, 2009, Soil organic carbon pools in the northern circumpolar permafrost region, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 23, GB2023, 10.1029/2008GB003327 Taylor, 2015, The soil fungi, occurrence, phylogeny and ecology, 77 Thies, 2015, Molecular approaches to studying the soil biota, 151 Torn, 1997, Mineral control of soil organic matter storage and turnover, Nature, 389, 170, 10.1038/38260 Trumbore, 1993, Comparison of carbon dynamics in tropical and temperate soils using radiocarbon measurements, Glob. Biogeochem., 7, 275, 10.1029/93GB00468 Trumbore, 2009, Radiocarbon and soil carbon dynamics, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 37, 47, 10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124300 van Veen, 1981, Organic carbon dynamics in grassland soil. Background simulation and model verification, Can. J. Soil Sci., 61, 185, 10.4141/cjss81-024 Vestal, 1989, Lipid analysis in microbial ecology, Bioscience, 39, 535, 10.2307/1310976 von Lützow, 2007, SOM fractionation methods: relevance to functional pools and to stabilization mechanisms, Soil Biol. Biochem., 39, 2183, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.03.007 Voroney, 1981, Organic carbon dynamics in grassland soils. 2. Model verification of cultivation effects and prediction of long term erosion influences, Can. J. Soil Sci., 62, 211, 10.4141/cjss81-026 Voroney, 1989, Decomposition of wheat straw and stabilization of microbial products, Can. J. Soil Sci., 69, 63, 10.4141/cjss89-007 Wagner, 1968, Significance of microbial tissue to soil organic matter, 197 Wagner, 1975, Microbial growth and carbon turnover, vol. 3, 269 Wagner, 1977, Lipids of microbial origin soil organic matter in soil organic matter studies, 99 Waide, 1975, Hydroxyamides in soil systems, vol. 4, 65 Waksman, 1932 Waksman, 1938 Waksman, 1927, The composition of natural products materials and their decomposition in soil, Soil Sci., 24, 317, 10.1097/00010694-192711000-00003 Wallenstein, 2013, Litter chemistry change more rapidly when decomposed at home but converges during decomposition-transformation, Soil Biol. Biochem., 57, 311, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.09.027 Warembourg, 1977, Seasonal transfers of assimilated 14C in grassland: plant production and turnover, soil and plant respiration, Soil Biol. Biochem., 9, 295, 10.1016/0038-0717(77)90038-4 2006 Webley, 1971, Biological transformations of microbial residues in soil, vol. 2, 446 Weintraub, 2003, Interactions between carbon and nitrogen mineralization and soil organic matter chemistry in Arctic tundra soils, Ecosystems, 6, 120, 10.1007/s10021-002-0124-6 Yuan, 2012, Clay-organic reactions in the soil environment Zegouagh, 2004, Demineralization of a crop soil by mild hydrofluoric acid treatment: influence on organic matter composition and pyrolysis, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 71, 119, 10.1016/S0165-2370(03)00059-7 Zwart, 1994, Population dynamics in the belowground food webs of two different agricultural systems, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 51, 187, 10.1016/0167-8809(94)90043-4