An Elevated Level of Cholesterol Impairs Self-Assembly of Pulmonary Surfactant into a Functional Film

von Neergard, 1929, New views on a subject of the mechanics of breathing: the retractive force of the lung in dependence of the surface tension in the alveoli, Z. Ges. Exp. Med., 66, 373 Schurch, 1982, Surface tension at low lung volumes: dependence on time and alveolar size, Respir. Physiol., 48, 339, 10.1016/0034-5687(82)90038-X Bachofen, 2001, Alveolar surface forces and lung architecture, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 129, 183, 10.1016/S1095-6433(01)00315-4 Lewis, 2003, The role of exogenous surfactant in the treatment of acute lung injury, Annu. Rev. Physiol., 65, 613, 10.1146/annurev.physiol.65.092101.142434 Taeusch, 2001, Inactivation of pulmonary surfactant and the treatment of acute lung injury, Pediatr. Pathol. Mol. Med., 20, 519, 10.1080/pdp.20.6.519.536 Taeusch, 2005, Inactivation of pulmonary surfactant due to serum-inhibited adsorption and reversal by hydrophilic polymers: experimental, Biophys. J., 89, 1769, 10.1529/biophysj.105.062620 Rodriguez-Capote, 2006, Reactive oxygen species inactivation of surfactant involves structural and functional alterations to surfactant proteins SP-B and SP-C, Biophys. J., 90, 2808, 10.1529/biophysj.105.073106 Andersson, 1999, Oxidative inactivation of surfactants, Lung, 177, 179, 10.1007/PL00007639 Mark, 1999, Surfactant function and composition after free radical exposure generated by transition metals, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 276, L491, 10.1152/ajplung.1999.276.3.L491 Gilliard, 1994, Exposure of the hydrophobic components of porcine lung surfactant to oxidant stress alters surface-tension properties, J. Clin. Invest., 93, 2608, 10.1172/JCI117273 Karagiorga, 2006, Biochemical parameters of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in fat embolism, Intensive Care Med., 32, 116, 10.1007/s00134-005-2868-x Panda, 2004, Effect of acute lung injury on structure and function of pulmonary surfactant films, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 30, 641, 10.1165/rcmb.2003-0279OC Gunasekara, 2005, Pulmonary surfactant function is abolished by an elevated proportion of cholesterol, Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids, 1737, 27, 10.1016/j.bbalip.2005.09.002 Chi, 1996, Chemical identification of differing amphiphiles in mixed Langmuir-Blodgett films by scanning surface potential microscopy, Thin Solid Films, 284–285, 403, 10.1016/S0040-6090(95)08352-9 Jacobi, 1996, Combined scanning force, lateral force, and scanning surface potential microscopy on phase-separated Langmuir-Blodgett films, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 14, 1503, 10.1116/1.589127 Lu, 1999, Kelvin probe force microscopy on surfaces: investigation of the surface potential of self-assembled monolayers on gold, Langmuir, 15, 8184, 10.1021/la9904861 Knapp, 2002, Imaging the surface potential of active purple membrane, Surf. Interface Anal., 33, 108, 10.1002/sia.1172 Dynarowicz-Latka, 2001, Modern physicochemical research on Langmuir monolayers, Adv. Colloid Interf. Sci., 91, 221, 10.1016/S0001-8686(99)00034-2 Brockman, 1994, Dipole potential of lipid membranes, Chem. Phys. Lipids, 73, 57, 10.1016/0009-3084(94)90174-0 Leonenko, 2006, Electrical surface potential of pulmonary surfactant, Langmuir, 22, 10135, 10.1021/la061718g Yu, 2003, Lipid compositional analysis of pulmonary surfactant monolayers and monolayer-associated reservoirs, J. Lipid Res., 44, 621, 10.1194/jlr.M200380-JLR200 Nonnenmacher, 1991, Kelvin probe force microscopy, Appl. Phys. Lett., 58, 2921, 10.1063/1.105227 Zerweck, 2005, Accuracy and resolution limits of Kelvin probe force microscopy, Phys. Rev. B, 71, 125424, 10.1103/PhysRevB.71.125424 Loppacher, 2005, FM demodulated Kelvin probe force microscopy for surface photovoltage tracking, Nanotechnology, 16, S1, 10.1088/0957-4484/16/3/001 Johansson, 1994, The NMR structure of the pulmonary surfactant-associated polypeptide SP-C in an apolar solvent contains a valyl-rich α-helix, Biochemistry, 33, 6015, 10.1021/bi00185a042 Johansson, 1995, Pulmonary surfactant-associated polypeptide SP-C in lipid micelles: CD studies of intact SP-C and NMR secondary structure determination of dipalmitoyl-SP-C (1–17), FEBS Lett., 362, 261, 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00216-V Kramer, 2000, Distribution of the surfactant-associated protein C within a lung surfactant model film investigated by near-field optical microscopy, Biophys. J., 78, 458, 10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76608-2 Sengupta, 2005, The alpha helix dipole: screened out?, Structure, 13, 849, 10.1016/j.str.2005.03.010 Lipp, 1996, Phase and morphology changes in lipid monolayers induced by SP-B protein and its amino-terminal peptide, Science, 273, 1196, 10.1126/science.273.5279.1196 Krol, 2000, Formation of three-dimensional protein-lipid aggregates in monolayer films induced by surfactant protein B, Biophys. J., 79, 904, 10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76346-6 Hawgood, 1998, Structure and properties of surfactant protein B, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1408, 150, 10.1016/S0925-4439(98)00064-7 Serrano, 2006, Protein-lipid interactions and surface activity in the pulmonary surfactant system, Chem. Phys. Lipids, 141, 105, 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2006.02.017 Andersson, 1995, An amphipathic helical motif common to tumorolytic polypeptide NK-lysin and pulmonary surfactant polypeptide SP-B, FEBS Lett., 362, 328, 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00268-E Amrein, 1997, A scanning force- and fluorescence light microscopy study of the structure and function of a model pulmonary surfactant, Eur. Biophys. J., 26, 349, 10.1007/s002490050089 von Nahmen, 1997, The Structure of a model pulmonary surfactant as revealed by scanning force microscopy, Biophys. J., 72, 463, 10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78687-9 Post, 1995, Pulmonary surfactant protein C containing lipid films at the air-water interface as a model for the surface of lung alveoli, Mol. Membr. Biol., 12, 93, 10.3109/09687689509038502 von Nahmen, 1997, The phase behavior of lipid monolayers containing pulmonary surfactant protein C studied by fluorescence light microscopy, Eur. Biophys. J., 26, 359, 10.1007/s002490050090 Panda, 2003, Structural alterations of phospholipid film domain morphology induced by cholesterol, Indian J. Biochem. Biophys., 40, 114 Discher, 2002, Effect of neutral lipids on coexisting phases in monolayers of pulmonary surfactant, Biophys. Chem., 101–102, 333, 10.1016/S0301-4622(02)00191-6 Mozaffary, 1994, Cholesterol-phospholipid interaction: a monolayer study, Thin Solid Films, 244, 874, 10.1016/0040-6090(94)90590-8 Simons, 2000, Lipid rafts and signal transduction, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 1, 31, 10.1038/35036052 Nag, 1998, Phase transitions in films of lung surfactant at the air-water interface, Biophys. J., 74, 2983, 10.1016/S0006-3495(98)78005-1 Amrein, 2005, Structure and function of the molecular film of pulmonary surfactant at the air-alveolar interface: the role of SP-C Malcharek, 2005, Multilayer structures in lipid monolayer films containing surfactant protein C: effects of cholesterol and POPE, Biophys. J., 88, 2638, 10.1529/biophysj.104.050823 Schurch, 1998, Formation and structure of surface films: captive bubble surfactometry, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1408, 180, 10.1016/S0925-4439(98)00067-2 Fenster, 2003 Gopal, 2001, Morphology and collapse transitions in binary phospholipid monolayers, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105, 10348, 10.1021/jp012532n Lipp, 1998, Coexistence of buckled and flat monolayers, Phys. Rev. Lett., 81, 1650, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.1650 Manzanares, 2007, Modification of tryptophan and methionine residues is implicated in the oxidative inactivation of surfactant protein-B (SP-B), Biochemistry, 46, 5604, 10.1021/bi062304p Nag, 2004, Disparate effects of two phosphatidylcholine binding proteins, C-reactive protein and surfactant protein A, on pulmonary surfactant structure and function, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 287, L1145, 10.1152/ajplung.00408.2003 Gericke, 1997, Structure and orientation of lung surfactant SP-C and L-α-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine in aqueous monolayers, Biophys. J., 73, 492, 10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78087-1 Johansson, 2001, Membrane properties and amyloid fibril formation of lung surfactant protein C, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 29, 601, 10.1042/bst0290601