Current diagnostic approaches to subarachnoid haemorrhage

Menghini VV, Brown RD Jr, Sicks JD, O’Fallon WM, Wiebers DO (1998) Incidence and prevalence of intracranial aneurysms and hemorrhage in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1965 to 1995. Neurology 51:405–411 Linn FH, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, van Gijn J (1996) Incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage: role of region, year, and rate of computed tomography: a meta-analysis. Stroke 27:625–629 Lanzino G, Kassell NF, Germanson TP, Kongable GL, Truskowski LL, Torner JC, Jane JA (1996) Age and outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: why do older patients fare worse? J Neurosurg 85:410–418 Kirkpatrick PJ (2002) Subarachnoid haemorrhage and intracranial aneurysms: what neurologists need to know. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 73(Suppl 1):i28–i33 Sudlow CL, Warlow CP (1997) Comparable studies of the incidence of stroke and its pathological types: results from an international collaboration. International Stroke Incidence Collaboration. Stroke 28:491–499 Johnston SC, Selvin S, Gress DR (1998) The burden, trends, and demographics of mortality from subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 50:1413–1418 Hop JW, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, van Gijn J (1997) Case-fatality rates and functional outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review. Stroke 28:660–664 van Gijn J, Rinkel GJ (2001) Subarachnoid haemorrhage: diagnosis, causes and management. Brain 124:249–278 Frizzell RT, Kuhn F, Morris R, Quinn C, Fisher WS III (1997) Screening for ocular hemorrhages in patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms: a prospective study of 99 patients. Neurosurgery 41:529–533, discussion 533–534 Reijneveld JC, Wermer M, Boonman Z, van Gijn J, Rinkel GJ (2000) Acute confusional state as presenting feature in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: frequency and characteristics. J Neurol 247:112–116 Ross N, Hutchinson PJ, Seeley H, Kirkpatrick PJ (2002) Timing of surgery for supratentorial aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: report of a prospective study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 72:480–484 van der Wee N, Rinkel GJ, Hasan D, van Gijn J (1995) Detection of subarachnoid haemorrhage on early CT: is lumbar puncture still needed after a negative scan? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 58:357–359 van Gijn J, van Dongen KJ (1982) The time course of aneurysmal haemorrhage on computed tomograms. Neuroradiology 23:153–156 Vermeulen M, van Gijn J (1990) The diagnosis of subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53:365–372 Rabinstein AA, Pittock SJ, Miller GM, Schindler JJ, Wijdicks EF (2003) Pseudosubarachnoid haemorrhage in subdural haematoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74:1131–1132 Noguchi K, Ogawa T, Inugami A, Toyoshima H, Okudera T, Uemura K (1994) MR of acute subarachnoid hemorrhage: a preliminary report of fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery pulse sequences. Am J Neuroradiol 15:1940–1943 Ogawa T, Inugami A, Fujita H, Hatazawa J, Shimosegawa E, Noguchi K, Okudera T, Kanno I, Uemura K, Suzuki A et al. (1995) MR diagnosis of subacute and chronic subarachnoid hemorrhage: comparison with CT. Am J Roentgenol 165:1257–1262 Noguchi K, Ogawa T, Seto H, Inugami A, Hadeishi H, Fujita H, Hatazawa J, Shimosegawa E, Okudera T, Uemura K (1997) Subacute and chronic subarachnoid hemorrhage: diagnosis with fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery MR imaging. Radiology 203:257–262 Mohamed M, Heasly DC, Yagmurlu B, Yousem DM, Heasely DC (2004) Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR imaging and subarachnoid hemorrhage: not a panacea. Am J Neuroradiol 25:545–550 Rinkel GJ, Djibuti M, Algra A, van Gijn J (1998) Prevalence and risk of rupture of intracranial aneurysms: a systematic review. Stroke 29:251–256 Longstreth WT Jr, Koepsell TD, Yerby MS, van Belle G (1985) Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 16:377–385 Kassell NF, Torner JC, Jane JA, Haley EC Jr, Adams HP (1990) The international cooperative study on the timing of aneurysm surgery. Part 2: surgical results. J Neurosurg 73:37–47 Kassell NF, Torner JC, Haley EC Jr, Jane JA, Adams HP, Kongable GL (1990) The international cooperative study on the timing of aneurysm surgery. Part 1: overall management results. J Neurosurg 73:18–36 Johnston SC, Higashida RT, Barrow DL, Caplan LR, Dion JE, Hademenos G, Hopkins LN, Molyneux A, Rosenwasser RH, Vinuela F, Wilson CB (2002) Recommendations for the endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Cerebrovascular Imaging of the American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Radiology. Stroke 33:2536–2544 Guglielmi G, Vinuela F, Dion J, Duckwiler G (1991) Electrothrombosis of saccular aneurysms via endovascular approach. Part 2: preliminary clinical experience. J Neurosurg 75:8–14 Macdonald RL, Mojtahedi S, Johns L, Kowalczuk A (1998) Randomized comparison of Guglielmi detachable coils and cellulose acetate polymer for treatment of aneurysms in dogs. Stroke 29:478–485, discussion 485–486 Molyneux A, Kerr R, Stratton I, Sandercock P, Clarke M, Shrimpton J, Holman R (2002) International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised trial. Lancet 360:1267–1274 Kirkpatrick PJ, Kirollos RW, Higgins N, Matta B (2003) Lessons to be learnt from the International Subarachnoid Haemorrhage Trial (ISAT). Br J Neurosurg 17:5–7 Heros RC (2003) Guglielmi detachable coil technology. J Neurosurg 98:945–947, discussion 947 Maurice-Williams RS (2004) Aneurysm surgery after the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75:807–808 Benitez RP, Silva MT, Klem J, Veznedaroglu E, Rosenwasser RH (2004) Endovascular occlusion of wide-necked aneurysms with a new intracranial microstent (Neuroform) and detachable coils. Neurosurgery 54:1359–1368 Cottier JP, Pasco A, Gallas S, Gabrillargues J, Cognard C, Drouineau J, Brunereau L, Herbreteau D (2001) Utility of balloon-assisted Guglielmi detachable coiling in the treatment of 49 cerebral aneurysms: a retrospective, multicenter study. Am J Neuroradiol 22:345–351 Raymond J, Roy D, Leblanc P, Roorda S, Janicki C, Normandeau L, Morel F, Gevry G, Bahary JP, Chagnon M, Guilbert F, Weill A (2003) Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms with radioactive coils: initial clinical experience. Stroke 34:2801–2806 Mawad ME, Cekirge S, Ciceri E, Saatci I (2002) Endovascular treatment of giant and large intracranial aneurysms by using a combination of stent placement and liquid polymer injection. J Neurosurg 96:474–482 van der Jagt M, Hasan D, Bijvoet HW, Pieterman H, Dippel DW, Vermeij FH, Avezaat CJ (1999) Validity of prediction of the site of ruptured intracranial aneurysms with CT. Neurology 52:34–39 Willinsky RA, Taylor SM, TerBrugge K, Farb RI, Tomlinson G, Montanera W (2003) Neurologic complications of cerebral angiography: prospective analysis of 2,899 procedures and review of the literature. Radiology 227:522–528 Cloft HJ, Joseph GJ, Dion JE (1999) Risk of cerebral angiography in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral aneurysm, and arteriovenous malformation: a meta-analysis. Stroke 30:317–320 Sugahara T, Korogi Y, Nakashima K, Hamatake S, Honda S, Takahashi M (2002) Comparison of 2D and 3D digital subtraction angiography in evaluation of intracranial aneurysms. Am J Neuroradiol 23:1545–1552 White PM, Wardlaw JM, Easton V (2000) Can noninvasive imaging accurately depict intracranial aneurysms? A systematic review. Radiology 217:361–370 White PM, Wardlaw JM, Teasdale E, Sloss S, Cannon J, Easton V (2001) Power transcranial Doppler ultrasound in the detection of intracranial aneurysms. Stroke 32:1291–1297 Turner CL, Kirkpatrick PJ (2000) Detection of intracranial aneurysms with unenhanced and echo contrast enhanced transcranial power Doppler. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 68:489–495 Turner CL, Higgins JN, Kirkpatrick PJ (2003) Assessment of transcranial color-coded duplex sonography for the surveillance of intracranial aneurysms treated with Guglielmi detachable coils. Neurosurgery 53:866–871, discussion 871–872 White PM, Teasdale EM, Wardlaw JM, Easton V (2001) Intracranial aneurysms: CT angiography and MR angiography for detection prospective blinded comparison in a large patient cohort. Radiology 219:739–749 Willinek WA, Gieseke J, von Falkenhausen M, Born M, Hadizadeh D, Manka C, Textor HJ, Schild HH, Kuhl CK (2004) Sensitivity encoding (SENSE) for high spatial resolution time-of-flight MR angiography of the intracranial arteries at 3.0 T. Rofo 176:21–26 Parker DL, Goodrich KC, Alexander AL, Buswell HR, Blatter DD, Tsuruda JS (1998) Optimized visualization of vessels in contrast enhanced intracranial MR angiography. Magn Reson Med 40:873–882 Metens T, Rio F, Baleriaux D, Roger T, David P, Rodesch G (2000) Intracranial aneurysms: detection with gadolinium-enhanced dynamic three-dimensional MR angiography—initial results. Radiology 216:39–46 Leclerc X, Navez JF, Gauvrit JY, Lejeune JP, Pruvo JP (2002) Aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery treated with Guglielmi detachable coils: follow-up with contrast-enhanced MR angiography. Am J Neuroradiol 23:1121–1127 Boulin A, Pierot L (2001) Follow-up of intracranial aneurysms treated with detachable coils: comparison of gadolinium-enhanced 3D time-of-flight MR angiography and digital subtraction angiography. Radiology 219:108–113 Raaymakers TW, Buys PC, Verbeeten B Jr, Ramos LM, Witkamp TD, Hulsmans FJ, Mali WP, Algra A, Bonsel GJ, Bossuyt PM, Vonk CM, Buskens E, Limburg M, van Gijn J, Gorissen A, Greebe P, Albrecht KW, Tulleken CA, Rinkel GJ (1999) MR angiography as a screening tool for intracranial aneurysms: feasibility, test characteristics, and interobserver agreement. Am J Roentgenol 173:1469–1475 Chappell ET, Moure FC, Good MC (2003) Comparison of computed tomographic angiography with digital subtraction angiography in the diagnosis of cerebral aneurysms: a meta-analysis. Neurosurgery 52:624–631, discussion 630–631 Tomandl BF, Kostner NC, Schempershofe M, Huk WJ, Strauss C, Anker L, Hastreiter P (2004) CT angiography of intracranial aneurysms: a focus on postprocessing. Radiographics 24:637–655 Velthuis BK, van Leeuwen MS, Witkamp TD, Boomstra S, Ramos LM, Rinkel GJ (1997) CT angiography: source images and postprocessing techniques in the detection of cerebral aneurysms. Am J Roentgenol 169:1411–1417 Wintermark M, Uske A, Chalaron M, Regli L, Maeder P, Meuli R, Schnyder P, Binaghi S (2003) Multislice computerized tomography angiography in the evaluation of intracranial aneurysms: a comparison with intraarterial digital subtraction angiography. J Neurosurg 98:828–836 Kangasniemi M, Makela T, Koskinen S, Porras M, Poussa K, Hernesniemi J (2004) Detection of intracranial aneurysms with two-dimensional and three-dimensional multislice helical computed tomographic angiography. Neurosurgery 54:336–340, discussion 340–331 Jayaraman MV, Mayo-Smith WW, Tung GA, Haas RA, Rogg JM, Mehta NR, Doberstein CE (2004) Detection of intracranial aneurysms: multi-detector row CT angiography compared with DSA. Radiology 230:510–518 Velthuis BK, van Leeuwen MS, Witkamp TD, Ramos LM, Berkelbach van der Sprenkel JW, Rinkel GJ (2001) Surgical anatomy of the cerebral arteries in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: comparison of computerized tomography angiography and digital subtraction angiography. J Neurosurg 95:206–212 Velthuis BK, Van Leeuwen MS, Witkamp TD, Ramos LM, Berkelbach van Der Sprenkel JW, Rinkel GJ (1999) Computerized tomography angiography in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: from aneurysm detection to treatment without conventional angiography. J Neurosurg 91:761–767 Hoh BL, Cheung AC, Rabinov JD, Pryor JC, Carter BS, Ogilvy CS (2004) Results of a prospective protocol of computed tomographic angiography in place of catheter angiography as the only diagnostic and pretreatment planning study for cerebral aneurysms by a combined neurovascular team. Neurosurgery 54:1329–1342 Hijdra A, Van Gijn J, Stefanko S, Van Dongen KJ, Vermeulen M, Van Crevel H (1986) Delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: clinicoanatomic correlations. Neurology 36:329–333 Fisher CM, Kistler JP, Davis JM (1980) Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid hemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning. Neurosurgery 6:1–9 van der Jagt M, Hasan D, Bijvoet HW, Pieterman H, Koudstaal PJ, Avezaat CJ (2000) Interobserver variability of cisternal blood on CT after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 54:2156–2158 Sloan MA, Alexandrov AV, Tegeler CH, Spencer MP, Caplan LR, Feldmann E, Wechsler LR, Newell DW, Gomez CR, Babikian VL, Lefkowitz D, Goldman RS, Armon C, Hsu CY, Goodin DS (2004) Assessment: transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 62:1468–1481 Vora YY, Suarez-Almazor M, Steinke DE, Martin ML, Findlay JM (1999) Role of transcranial Doppler monitoring in the diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 44:1237–1247, discussion 1247–1248 Lysakowski C, Walder B, Costanza MC, Tramer MR (2001) Transcranial Doppler versus angiography in patients with vasospasm due to a ruptured cerebral aneurysm: a systematic review. Stroke 32:2292–2298 Anderson GB, Ashforth R, Steinke DE, Findlay JM (2000) CT angiography for the detection of cerebral vasospasm in patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. Am J Neuroradiol 21:1011–1015 Otawara Y, Ogasawara K, Ogawa A, Sasaki M, Takahashi K (2002) Evaluation of vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage by use of multislice computed tomographic angiography. Neurosurgery 51:939–942, discussion 942–943 Schwartz TH, Solomon RA (1996) Perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: review of the literature. Neurosurgery 39:433–440, discussion 440 Van Der Schaaf IC, Velthuis BK, Gouw A, Rinkel GJ (2004) Venous drainage in perimesencephalic hemorrhage. Stroke (in press) Rinkel GJ, Wijdicks EF, Vermeulen M, Hasan D, Brouwers PJ, van Gijn J (1991) The clinical course of perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Ann Neurol 29:463–468 Rinkel GJ, Wijdicks EF, Hasan D, Kienstra GE, Franke CL, Hageman LM, Vermeulen M, van Gijn J (1991) Outcome in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage and negative angiography according to pattern of haemorrhage on computed tomography. Lancet 338:964–968 Hashimoto H, Iida J, Hironaka Y, Okada M, Sakaki T (2000) Use of spiral computerized tomography angiography in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage in whom subtraction angiography did not reveal cerebral aneurysms. J Neurosurg 92:278–283 Yamada M, Kitahara T, Kurata A, Fujii K, Miyasaka Y (2004) Intracranial vertebral artery dissection with subarachnoid hemorrhage: clinical characteristics and outcomes in conservatively treated patients. J Neurosurg 101:25–30 Rinkel GJ, van Gijn J, Wijdicks EF (1993) Subarachnoid hemorrhage without detectable aneurysm. A review of the causes. Stroke 24:1403–1409