Review of Particle Physics

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In the context of the scale dependence of field theoretic quantities, it should be remarked that absolute lab measurements of GN have been performed only on scales of 10-1±1 m. The Astronomical Almanac for the year 1994, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, and Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London (1993). Where possible, the values as adjusted for the fitting of the ephemerides to all the observational data are used. JPL Planetary Ephemerides, E. Myles Standish, Jr., private communication (1989). 1 AU divided by π/648 000; quoted error is from the JPL Planetary Ephemerides value of the AU [4]. Heliocentric gravitational constant from Ref. 3 times 2/c2. The given 9-place accuracy appears to be consistent with uncertainties in actually defining the earth's orbital parameters. Obtained from the heliocentric gravitational constant [3] and GN [2]. The error is the 128 ppm standard deviation of GN. 1996 mean total solar irradiance (TSI) = 1367.5 ± 2.7 [23]; the solar luminosity is 4π x (1 AU)2 times this quantity. This value increased by 0.036% between the minima of solar cycles 21 and 22.It was modulated with an amplitude of 0.039% during solar cycle 21 [24], Sackmann et al. [25] use TSI = 1370 ± 2 W m~2, but conclude that the solar luminosity (Lq = 3.853 x 1026 J s-1) has an uncertainty of 1.5%. Their value is based on three 1977-83 papers, and they comment that the error is based on scatter among the reported values, which is substantially in excess of that expected from the individual quoted errors. The conclusion of the 1971 review by Thekaekara and Drummond [26] (1353 ± 1% W m-2) is often quoted [27]. The conversion to luminosity is not given in the Thekaekara and Drummond paper, and we cannot exactly reproduce the solar luminosity given in Ref. 27. 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